以疏勒河流域为例的“山水林田湖草”生态修复多尺度耦合框架及方法

为解决过去保护修复工程只考虑单要素、单一类型生态系统的问题，我国于2016年开展了“山水林田湖草”生态修复工程，旨在通过整体、系统、综合的方法对各类生态系统进行统筹治理。然而，目前的工程治理中仍然存在对系统内部及系统间耦合概念理解不充分、系统耦合机制不明晰、对“尺度”的关注不足、缺少科学的分析方法等问题，制约了保护修复的成效。对此，首先将多个尺度下的耦合研究方法进行归纳总结，并以国家重点冰川水源涵养区及生物多样性保护优先区——疏勒河流域为例，将耦合方法用于分析要素间、自然生态系统间的耦合关系，最后基于该实例研究，提出多尺度耦合分析框架与“升尺度”保护修复模式，以期帮助相关决策者明晰“山水工程”中要素、系统间的耦合关系，增强治理的科学性与有效性，进而推进我国社会与环境的可持续发展。     

Substrate-Specific Clades of Active Marine Methylotrophs Associated with a Phytoplankton Bloom in a Temperate Coastal Environment

Marine microorganisms that consume one-carbon (C₁) compounds are poorly described, despite their impact on global climate via an influence on aquatic and atmospheric chemistry. This study investigated marine bacterial communities involved in the metabolism of C₁ compounds. These communities were of relevance to surface seawater and atmospheric chemistry in the context of a bloom that was dominated by phytoplankton known to produce dimethylsulfoniopropionate. In addition to using 16S rRNA gene fingerprinting and clone libraries to characterize samples taken from a bloom transect in July 2006, seawater samples from the phytoplankton bloom were incubated with ¹³C-labeled methanol, monomethylamine, dimethylamine, methyl bromide, and dimethyl sulfide to identify microbial populations involved in the turnover of C₁ compounds, using DNA stable isotope probing. The [¹³C]DNA samples from a single time point were characterized and compared using denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis (DGGE), fingerprint cluster analysis, and 16S rRNA gene clone library analysis. Bacterial community DGGE fingerprints from ¹³C-labeled DNA were distinct from those obtained with the DNA of the nonlabeled community DNA and suggested some overlap in substrate utilization between active methylotroph populations growing on different C₁ substrates. Active methylotrophs were affiliated with Methylophaga spp. and several clades of undescribed Gammaproteobacteria that utilized methanol, methylamines (both monomethylamine and dimethylamine), and dimethyl sulfide. rRNA gene sequences corresponding to populations assimilating ¹³C-labeled methyl bromide and other substrates were associated with members of the Alphaproteobacteria (e.g., the family Rhodobacteraceae), the Cytophaga-Flexibacter-Bacteroides group, and unknown taxa. This study expands the known diversity of marine methylotrophs in surface seawater and provides a comprehensive data set for focused cultivation and metagenomic analyses in the future.     

The Role of Perceptual and Structural Similarity in Cross-adaptation

Cross-adaptation, the decrease in sensitivity to one odorantfollowing exposure to a different odorant, is affected by odorantsimilarity, both perceptual and structural, but the preciserelationship is obscure. The present series of studies was designedto explore various aspects of perceptual and structural similarityas they relate to cross-adaptation. In Experiment 1, cross-adaptationwas assessed between androstenone and five odorants that sharea common urinous note with androstenone, but retain unique perceptualcharacteristics; only the compound judged most perceptuallysimilar to androstenone cross-adapted it. In Experiment 2, odorantsboth perceptually and structurally similar (androstenone andandrostanone) displayed significant, mutual cross-adaptation.Furthermore, magnitude estimates for androstanone were significantlyreduced following exposure to 3-methylidene-5a-androstane (3M5A),a structurally similar, perceptually odorless compound. Thisfinding appears to be the first demonstration that an odorlesscompound can affect, via cross-adaptation, the perception ofan odorous compound. Finally, in Experiment 3, significant,asymmetric cross-adaptation was observed between compounds thatare perceptually and structurally dissimilar (4-cyclohexylcyclohexanone[4-CHCH] and androstenone). These findings indicate that therole of similarity in cross-adaptation is difficult to quantifyand emphasize the numerous odorant characteristics that canaffect cross-adaptation. Chem. Senses 21: 223–237, 1996.     

Multi-parent populations in crops: a toolbox integrating genomics and genetic mapping with breeding

Crop populations derived from experimental crosses enable the genetic dissection of complex traits and support modern plant breeding. Among these, multi-parent populations now play a central role. By mixing and recombining the genomes of multiple founders, multi-parent populations combine many commonly sought beneficial properties of genetic mapping populations. For example, they have high power and resolution for mapping quantitative trait loci, high genetic diversity and minimal population structure. Many multi-parent populations have been constructed in crop species, and their inbred germplasm and associated phenotypic and genotypic data serve as enduring resources. Their utility has grown from being a tool for mapping quantitative trait loci to a means of providing germplasm for breeding programmes. Genomics approaches, including de novo genome assemblies and gene annotations for the population founders, have allowed the imputation of rich sequence information into the descendent population, expanding the breadth of research and breeding applications of multi-parent populations. Here, we report recent successes from crop multi-parent populations in crops. We also propose an ideal genotypic, phenotypic and germplasm ‘package’ that multi-parent populations should feature to optimise their use as powerful community resources for crop research, development and breeding.Subject terms: Plant genetics, Plant breeding, Agricultural genetics, Quantitative trait

Over recent years, numerous multi-parent populations (MPPs) have been successfully developed in crops (Huang et al. 2015; Cockram and Mackay 2018). MPPs bring together key genomic, phenotypic and germplasm resources to form a platform for research and development. In this review, we examine three themes covering new developments in crop MPP research: (1) we survey the rapidly expanding variety of crop MPPs, explaining how differences in their design and construction affect their power and precision in mapping quantitative trait loci (QTL), on which we provide a brief primer. (2) We review the use of genomic technologies in MPPs, which have proven particularly suitable for gathering dense genomic information across large populations. We make general recommendations for collecting genotypic resources in MPPs. (3) We discuss successful applications of MPPs, particularly where they have been used for breeding and pre-breeding. This includes the identification of QTL, the application of genomic prediction to MPPs, and the direct use of MPP lines as germplasm for varietal release or pre-breeding. These recent developments have shown the potential of MPPs for crop improvement.     

Demands for preserved blood and blood transfusions in planned operations

An analysis is described which deals with the relation existing between those amounts of stored blood which are demanded and used in serological cross tests on the one hand and that transfused stored blood used in operations which can be planned in selected clinics on the other hand by accounting for the demanding parameters of 3 stored blood items and less and 4 stored blood items and more.     

“山水林田湖草沙生命共同体”耦合框架、模型与展望

“山水林田湖草沙生命共同体”系统保护与修复是我国生态文明建设的重要内容。明确生命共同体的耦合机制，是科学地进行生态保护和修复工作的关键。针对当前生命共同体耦合机制不清、理论和方法不健全的问题，从耦合的视角出发，在小流域尺度上单一生态系统内部生态要素的耦合、流域尺度上不同生态系统之间的耦合、区域尺度上人与自然的耦合三个方面进行整合，在此基础上探讨了多尺度山水林田湖草沙耦合理论，提出了一般性的山水林田湖草沙耦合理论框架。梳理并比较了当前主要的生态系统模型、景观模型、统计学模型以及复合生态系统的多模型耦合方法，综合提出了一个适用于"山水林田湖草沙生命共同体"耦合研究方法。对进一步完善山水林田湖草沙一体化保护修复提出了建议，包括：一是构建多源信息数据库，推进定量化耦合机制研究；二是开展全生命周期监测与评估，探索适应性治理路径；三是强化多元主体参与，完善协同保护机制。