HIF‐1α forms regulatory loop with YAP to coordinate hypoxia‐induced adriamycin resistance in acute myeloid leukemia cells

Despite the improvement in acute myeloid leukemia (AML) treatments, most patients had a poor prognosis and suffered from chemoresistance and disease relapse. Therefore, there is an urgent need for elucidation of mechanism(s) underlying drug resistance in AML. In the present study, we found that AML cells showed less susceptibility to adriamycin (ADR) in the presence of hypoxia, while inhibition of hypoxia‐inducible factor 1α (HIF‐1α) by CdCl₂ can make AML cells re‐susceptibile to ADR even under hypoxia. Moreover, HIF‐1α is overexpressed and plays an important role in ADR‐resistance maintenance in resistant AML cells. We further found hypoxia or induction of HIF‐1α can significantly upregulate yes‐associated protein (YAP) expression in AML cells, and resistant cells express a high level of YAP. Finally, we found that YAP may not only enhance HIF‐1α stability but also promote HIF‐1α's activity on the target gene pyruvate kinase M2. In conclusion, our data indicate that HIF‐1α or YAP may represent a therapeutic target for overcoming resistance toward adriamycin‐based chemotherapy in AML.     

Life cycles,phenology and genetic structure of endangered Megacrania tsudai Shiraki (Phasmatodea: Phasmatidae): Male individuals from a geographic parthenogenesis species

Megacrania tsudai, a peripherally distributed member of Megacrania, requires conservation in Taiwan; it has limited distribution in Taiwan and its eastern offshore islands. It feeds on screw pines (Pandanus odoratissimus) in nature and has demonstrated a specific defensive mechanism involving actinidine secretion from the prothoracic gland. However, details of its distribution area, life cycle and developmental phenology remain largely unknown. In this study, a field survey and review of published works revealed M. tsudai distribution in coastal zones and along river shores near estuaries. At room temperature, the egg period was 128 days. The development of the first to sixth instars required 17, 26, 27, 26, 34 and 43 days, respectively, on average; and a generation cycle required approximately 204 days. The phenology of the mesonotal granules was recorded. Moreover, genetic analysis of the mitochondrial cytochrome oxidase I (COI), 16S ribosomal DNA (16S rDNA) and the nuclear ribosomal spacer indicated the occurrence of genetic drift. Therefore, the rearing procedures proposed in this study for the primary and last instars of M. tsudai can facilitate its conservation. Megacrania tsudai was previously recorded as parthenogenetic; however, two male individuals were fostered unexpectedly. The male body length was 91 mm, which is shorter than the female length (120 mm). During mating, the male climbs onto the female's back and protrudes its genitalia downward. Geographical parthenogenesis is likely the reproductive strategy among peripheral M. tsudai; however, the rarely found M. tsudai male could be an intermediate link of reproductive strategy in the transition from tychoparthenogenesis to parthenogenesis.     

Simulation modeling reveals the evolutionary role of landscape shape and species dispersal on genetic variation within a metapopulation

Different shapes of landscape boundaries can affect the habitat networks within them and consequently the spatial genetic-patterns of a metapopulation. In this study, we used a mechanistic framework to evaluate the effects of landscape shape, through watershed elongation, on genetic divergence among populations at the metapopulation scale. Empirical genetic data from four, sympatric stream-macroinvertebrates having aerial adults were collected from streams in Japan to determine the roles of species-specific dispersal strategies on metapopulation genetics. Simulation results indicated that watershed elongation allows the formation of river networks with fewer branches and larger topographic constraints. This results in decreased interpopulation connectivity but a lower level of spatial isolation of distal populations (e.g. those found in headwaters) occurring in the landscapes examined. Distal populations had higher genetic divergence when their downstream-biased dispersal (relative to upstream- and/or overland-biased dispersal) was high. This underscores the importance of distal populations influencing genetic divergence at the metapopulation scale for species having downstream-biased dispersal. In turn, lower genetic divergence was observed under watershed elongation when the genetic isolation of distal populations was decreased in such species. This strong association between landscape shape and evolutionary processes highlights the importance of natural, spatial architecture in assessing the effectiveness of conservation and management strategies.     

Extraordinarily conserved chromosomal synteny of Citrus species revealed by chromosome‐specific painting

Reliable identification of individual chromosomes in eukaryotic species is the foundation for comparative chromosome synteny and evolutionary studies. Unfortunately, chromosome identification has been a major challenge for plants with small chromosomes, such as the Citrus species. We developed oligonucleotide‐based chromosome painting probes for all nine chromosomes in Citrus maxima (Pummelo). We were able to identify all C. maxima chromosomes in the same metaphase cells using multiple rounds of sequential fluorescence in situ hybridization with the painting probes. We conducted comparative chromosome painting analysis in six different Citrus and related species. We found that each painting probe hybridized to only a single chromosome in all other five species, suggesting that the six species have maintained a complete chromosomal synteny after more than 9 million years of divergence. No interchromosomal rearrangement was identified in any species. These results support the hypothesis that karyotypes of woody species are more stable than herbaceous plants because woody plants need a longer period to fix chromosome structural variants in natural populations.     

Overexpression of the persimmon abscisic acid β‐glucosidase gene (DkBG1) alters fruit ripening in transgenic tomato

β‐Glucosidases (BG) are present in many plant tissues. Among these, abscisic acid (ABA) β‐glucosidases are thought to take part in the adjustment of cellular ABA levels, however the role of ABA‐BG in fruits is still unclear. In this study, through RNA‐seq analysis of persimmon fruit, 10 full‐length DkBG genes were isolated and were all found to be expressed. In particular, DkBG1 was highly expressed in persimmon fruits with a maximum expression 95 days after full bloom (DAFD). We verified that, in vitro, DkBG1 protein can hydrolyze ABA‐glucose ester (ABA‐GE) to release free ABA. Compared with wild‐type, tomato plants that overexpressed DkBG1 significantly upregulated the expression of ABA receptor PYL3/7 genes and showed typical symptoms of ABA hypersensitivity in fruits. DkBG1 overexpression (DkBG1‐OE) accelerated fruit ripening onset by 3–4 days by increasing ABA levels at the pre‐breaker stage and induced early ethylene release compared with wild‐type fruits. DkBG1‐OE altered the expression of ripening regulator NON‐RIPENING (NOR) and its target genes; this in turn altered fruit quality traits such as coloration. Our results demonstrated that DkBG1 plays an important role in fruit ripening and quality by adjusting ABA levels via hydrolysis of ABA‐GE.     

果胶甲酯酶的结构与功能研究进展

果胶甲酯酶(PME)是一种重要的果胶酶,其水解果胶中的甲酯基从而释放甲醇并降低果胶的甲酯化程度。目前在食品加工、茶饮料、造纸等生产工艺中有着广泛的应用前景。随着对PME的深入研究,已报道了几种不同来源的酶晶体结构,对这些已获得的晶体结构进行分析发现,PME属于右手平行β-螺旋结构,其催化残基为2个保守的天冬氨酸和1个谷氨酰胺残基,并且在催化过程中分别起到了一般酸碱、亲核试剂以及稳定中间体的作用。同时对其底物特异性进行分析,初步了解其底物与活性位点的识别机制。文中针对这几个相关方面进行了系统的综述。     

海南岛木麻黄林林下植物天然更新影响因素的研究

木麻黄海防林是海南岛重要的海岸生态屏障,天然更新对其持续发挥防护功能具有重要意义。调查发现海南岛大多数木麻黄林林下天然更新困难,然而却存在局部更新良好的现象。为了探究天然更新存在巨大差异的原因,并为促进海南海防林由人工林向近自然林转化提供一定的理论基础,通过分析不同林地更新质量的差异,研究影响木麻黄海防林林下天然更新的主要影响因素。该研究在海南岛木麻黄海防林中共设置73块临时样地,采用方差分析和相关分析等统计方法,分别研究林地所属气候区、林分条件、土壤因子和凋落物累积量对天然更新质量和密度的影响。结果表明:(1)湿润气候区的木麻黄林下更新要显著优于半干旱区;(2)木麻黄林分密度与更新密度和草本盖度存在显著负相关,但林分条件其他因子对更新影响不大;(3)不同更新质量样地的土壤pH和养分均无显著性差异,但铵态氮对幼苗、有机质对幼树的更新存在一定的促进作用;(4)凋落物的累计整体不利于天然更新的进行。结果说明气候因子、木麻黄林分密度、木麻黄凋落物积累量是木麻黄海防林林下植物天然更新的主要影响因素。     

木麻黄种子萌发的限制生态因子

成功的天然更新应同时具备三个条件:(1)种源数量充足、质量良好;(2)适宜种子萌发的微生境;(3)幼苗、幼树存活的生态条件。为进一步揭示海南岛木麻黄(Casuarina equisetifolia)海防林自身无法天然更新的障碍因子,该文对影响其天然更新的三个条件之一的种子萌发条件进行了研究,并探讨了不同的生态因子,如木麻黄化感、土壤酸碱度、盐度、温度、基质类型、水分等对木麻黄种子萌发的影响。结果表明:(1)不同浸提物的不同浸提液浓度处理的种子萌发率与CK组无显著性差异。(2)设定范围内的pH、盐度和温度对木麻黄种子萌发率无显著影响。(3)不同浓度梯度PEG溶液处理的木麻黄种子萌发率存在显著性差异,且伴随PEG溶液浓度增加,木麻黄种子萌发率随之锐减。(4)不同基质及浇水频度对种子萌发率也具有显著影响。从综合PEG干旱胁迫、基质及浇水频度的结果可以发现,木麻黄种子抗旱能力较弱,对水分敏感。因此,水分是制约木麻黄种子萌发的主要限制因子,凋落物层及滨海沙土较差的保水性不同程度地制约了种子的萌发。