2014 年中国医药市场发展蓝皮书——零售终端部分（Ⅲ）

介绍了中国零售药店发展概况、2007—2013 年中国药品零售终端规模以及中国药品零售行业集中度，并对中国药品零售终端主要大类的重点品牌前10 位进行了分析。     

Ecotoxicity of soils contaminated with industrial and domestic wastewater in western Shenyang, China

Soil samples were collected from 7 sites in the up-, mid- and down-reach along and nearby the wastewater irrigation channel, western Shenyang of China. The concentrations of selected pollutants (mineral oil, PAHs - polycycle aromatic hydrocarbons and Cd) were determined by UV spectrometer, HPLC and AAS (atomic adsorption spectrometer) spectrometer, respectively. Toxicity effects of soils were evaluated by seedling emergence test with root length of wheat as the end-point and by earthworms test with the mortality rate and inhibition rates of body weight as endpoints. Results showed accumulation of pollutants for most soils with concentration of 200.2 mg·kg-1-1600 mg·kg-1 for mineral oil, 0.33 mg·kg-1-1.81 mg·kg-1 for Cd and 900.16 mg·kg-1 -2737.91 mg·kg-1 for PAHs. The inhibition rates of root elongation were from -20% up to 40 %, and mortality rates of earthworms ranged from 0%-40% from the exposure period of two weeks to eight weeks by sampling interval of two weeks, the inhibition rates of earthw     

SUMO E3 Ligase AtMMS21 Regulates Drought Tolerance in Arabidopsis thaliana

Post-translational modifications of proteins by small ubiquitin-like modifiers (SUMOs) play crucial roles in plant growth and development, and in stress responses. The MMS21 is a newly-identified Arabidopsis thaliana L. SUMO E3 ligase gene aside from the SIZ1, and its function requires further elucidation. Here, we show that MMS21 deficient plants display improved drought tolerance, and constitutive expression of MMS21 reduces drought tolerance. The expression of MMS21 was reduced by abscisic acid (ABA), polyethylene glycol (PEG) or drought stress. Under drought conditions, mms21 mutants showed the highest survival rate and the slowest water loss, and accumulated a higher level of free proline compared to wild-type (WT) and MMS21 over-expression plants. Stomatal aperture, seed germination and cotyledon greening analysis indicated that mms21 was hypersensitive to ABA. Molecular genetic analysis revealed that MMS21 deficiency led to elevated expression of a series of ABA-mediated stress-responsive genes, including COR15A, RD22, and P5CS1 The ABA and drought-induced stress-responsive genes, including RAB18, RD29A and RD29B, were inhibited by constitutive expression of MMS21. Moreover, ABA-induced accumulation of SUMO-protein conjugates was blocked in the mms21 mutant. We thus conclude that MMS21 plays a role in the drought stress response, likely through regulation of gene expression in an ABA-dependent pathway.     

ABA诱致叶绿体膜脂变化和脂褐素类似物积累

酰脂是叶绿体膜结构的主要组分,它们的种类和在膜上的分布与膜的功能有关(Rawyler和Siegenthaler 1980)。Henry等(1982)曾证明,叶绿体在体外老化时膜的半乳糖脂和磷脂的相对含量发生变化。ABA一般能加速叶片的衰老反应,它在叶片衰老时积累(Wright和 Hiron 1970)。在气孔开启状态下,激动素有防止衰老的效应(Thimann和Satler 1979)。在衰老的菜豆(Pha-     

低温对植物叶片中超氧物歧化酶、过氧化氢酶和过氧化氢水平的影响

番茄和鸡蛋果叶片中可提取的SOD活性不受低温的影响。在电泳谱带上SOD主同工酶带被氰化物而不被低温抑制,次同工酶带在低温下不稳定,且活性很低,它的变化不影响总的SOD活性。一些冷敏感植物叶片中CAT活性被低温抑制,而H_2O_3水平在低温下稳定或有增加,这可能使毒性更强的羟基离子(OH·)易于形成。     

多效唑调节水稻植株生长的作用机理

多效唑处理水稻植株后使株高降低和分蘖增加,植株体内的GA类物质和IAA含量相应下降,乙烯释放率显著增加;用外源GA_3和氮肥能逆转多效唑的抑制作用而使株高增加,同时GA类物质含量也明显增加。因此,多效唑不仅调节体内的GA类物质含量,还能通过调节IAA含量和乙烯释放率而影响植物生长。