Ab initio study of mechanism of forming a spiro-heterocyclic ring compound with Si and Ge between dimethylsilylene germylidene (Me2Si?=?Ge:) and acetone

The mechanism of the cycloaddition reaction between singlet state dimethylsilylene germylidene (Me(2)Si?=?Ge:) and acetone has been investigated with CCSD(T)//B3LYP/6-31G* method. From the potential energy profile, it could be predicted that the reaction has one dominant reaction pathway. The reaction rules presented are that the two reactants first form a Si-heterocyclic four-membered ring germylene through the [2?+?2] cycloaddition reaction. Because of the 4p unoccupied orbital of Ge atom in the Si-heterocyclic four-membered ring germylene and the π orbital of acetone forming a π→p donor-acceptor bond, the Si-heterocyclic four-membered ring germylene further combines with acetone to form an intermediate. Because the Ge atom in the intermediate happens sp(3) hybridization after transition state, then, the intermediate isomerizes to a spiro-heterocyclic ring compound with Si and Ge via a transition state.     

老龄活体供肾研究新进展

本文主要从老龄供肾优缺点分析,老龄供肾特征性改变情况分析,老龄供肾移植后功能变化分析,老龄供肾必须遵循的法律与伦理标准,取肾原则及疗效评估等多层次阐述了国内外老龄供肾在肾移植手术中的新进展,同时对其发展瓶颈与前景进行了剖析。     

G-CSF对大鼠脊髓损伤后神经细胞凋亡及caspase-3表达的影响

目的:通过观察粒细胞集落刺激因子(G-CSF)对大鼠急性脊髓损伤后神经细胞凋亡及Caspase-3的表达的影响,探讨其对脊髓保护的作用机制.方法:32只Vistar大鼠随机分成2组:对照组和治疗组,每组16只,采用改良的Allen's装置制成大鼠急性脊髓损伤模型.在术前及术后对大鼠进行BBB功能评分观察大鼠的神经功能变化;用免疫荧光法检测脊髓损伤后个时间点Caspase-3表达;原位脱氧核糖核苷酸末端转移酶介导的缺口末端标记法(Tunel法)检测凋亡细胞.结果:大鼠急性脊髓损后Caspase-3表达与细胞凋亡均呈现先升高后下降的趋势,损伤后3d可见大量的Caspase-3和TUNEL阳性细胞,7d时达到高峰,此后表达逐渐减少,21d时仍可见少量阳性细胞.与对照组比较,G-CSF治疗组各时间点Caspase-3表达和细胞凋亡显著降低,功能恢复显著优于对照组,差异具有统计学意义.结论:G-CSF可以减轻大鼠脊髓损伤后的神经元凋亡,从而发挥神经保护作用,其作用可能是通过抑制Caspase-3的表达使脊髓损伤周围神经细胞凋亡显著下降而实现的.     

梅花和蜡梅被西方世界认识的历史考证

文中收集、整理了自17世纪至20世纪共22位西方学者(包括西方化的日本学者)认识、命名、收集、培育梅花Prunus mume、蜡梅Chimonanthus praecox的文献资料及其历史贡献,并比较两种植物被西方世界认识的历史差异,分析成因。最后探讨梅花、蜡梅在世界范围内推广的困境及原因。     

高原鼢鼠prestin基因的组织特异性表达与适应地下生活的关系

高原鼢鼠是青藏高原特有的地下鼠,地下鼠具有准确的空间定位能力。prestin蛋白是在耳蜗特异性表达且与回声定位有关的蛋白分子。为了探讨prestin基因与高原鼢鼠地下空间定位之间的关系,我们克隆了高原鼢鼠prestin基因的编码区序列,并与其他物种的prestin基因序列进行序列比对;运用PAML软件对高原鼢鼠的prestin基因进行进化分析;根据已克隆的序列,应用实时荧光定量的方法测定高原鼢鼠耳蜗、尾部、足垫和鼻垫组织中prestin基因mRNA的表达水平。研究结果表明,与人、大鼠、小鼠、裸鼢鼠、家兔和牛6种哺乳类动物相比,高原鼢鼠prestin基因编码的氨基酸序列显示存在9个氨基酸残基突变;Test2模型未检测到统计上显著的正选择位点;高原鼢鼠耳蜗prestin基因mRNA的表达水平显著高于高原鼠兔(P<0.05),高原鼢鼠耳蜗和尾部prestin基因mRNA的表达水平显著高于足垫和鼻垫（P<0.01）。以上结果说明,prestin基因不仅在高原鼢鼠耳蜗中表达,而且在尾部、足垫和鼻垫组织中也有表达。高原鼢鼠在地下洞道生活过程中,可能利用尾巴、前后足和鼻子辅助感知低频声波,从而准确地进行空间定位。     

角马蜂贮精囊及精子的形态学观察

昆虫贮精囊和精子的形态多样性是重要的分类和系统发育分析特征之一, 然而在马蜂亚科乃至整个胡蜂科中却鲜有涉及。本文首次解剖了角马蜂Polistes chinensis antennalis Pérez的雄性生殖系统, 着重对其贮精囊的超微结构进行描述, 并简要报道了精子的外部形态。角马蜂的贮精囊由输精管亚前端膨大而成, 有一层发达的柱状上皮细胞贴在基底膜内壁： 细胞核位于柱状细胞基部, 上皮细胞端半部线粒体密集, 顶膜特化成微绒毛。角马蜂精子头长21.4 μm, 体长94 μm, 是已报道胡蜂科精子中长度最短、 相对头长最长的种类。研究结果为胡蜂科昆虫系统发育以及繁殖生理提供理论依据。     

Ubiquitin-dependent Argonauteprotein MEL1 degradation is essential for rice sporogenesis and phasiRNA target regulation

MEIOSIS ARRESTED AT LEPTOTENE1 (MEL1), a rice (Oryza sativa) Argonaute (AGO) protein, has been reported to function specifically at premeiotic and meiotic stages of germ cell development and is associated with a novel class of germ cell-specific small noncoding RNAs called phased small RNAs (phasiRNAs). MEL1 accumulation is temporally and spatially regulated and is eliminated after meiosis. However, the metabolism and turnover (i.e. the homeostasis) of MEL1 during germ cell development remains unknown. Here, we show that MEL1 is ubiquitinated and subsequently degraded via the proteasome pathway in vivo during late sporogenesis. Abnormal accumulation of MEL1 after meiosis leads to a semi-sterile phenotype. We identified a monocot-specific E3 ligase, XBOS36, a CULLIN RING-box protein, that is responsible for the degradation of MEL1. Ubiquitination at four K residues at the N terminus of MEL1 by XBOS36 induces its degradation. Importantly, inhibition of MEL1 degradation either by XBOS36 knockdown or by MEL1 overexpression prevents the formation of pollen at the microspore stage. Further mechanistic analysis showed that disrupting MEL1 homeostasis in germ cells leads to off-target cleavage of phasiRNA target genes. Our findings thus provide insight into the communication between a monocot-specific E3 ligase and an AGO protein during plant reproductive development.

The degradation of Argonaute protein MEL1 is mediated by a monocot-specific E3 ubiquitin ligase XBOS36 to avoid off-target regulation of phasiRNAs during rice sporogenesis.