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1.
D. Tab Rasmussen 《International journal of primatology》1985,6(5):501-517
Breeding records of 11 taxa of captive lemurs housed at the Duke University Primate Center (DUPC), North Carolina, were analyzed
for differences in the timing of births, for the relationship between breeding season and photoperiod, and for differences
in litter size. At DUPC there are significant differences in the timing of births among certain taxa, including differences
among some subspecies of Lemur fulvus.However, changes in latitude result in changes in the timing of the breeding season. Lemurs moved to higher latitudes mate
at lower light-dark ratios than on Madagascar. The data presented here are consistent with the following model: a photoperiodic
cue initiating reproductive activity, presumably a light-dark threshold, precedes the actual mating season by approximately
2 months, with an intervening period of physiological and social preparation. On Madagascar, selection may have favored births
that coincide with the end of dry seasons and the beginning of wet seasons, which results in lactation and weaning during
times of resource abundance. Taxa from the north and east have the highest mean litter sizes; those from the west have the
lowest. 相似文献
2.
Effects of grazing intensity and grazing exclusion on litter decomposition in the temperate steppe of Nei Mongol,China 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
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《植物生态学报》2016,40(8):748
Aims Grazing intensity and grazing exclusion affect ecosystem carbon cycling by changing the plant community and soil micro-environment in grassland ecosystems. The aims of this study were: 1) to determine the effects of grazing intensity and grazing exclusion on litter decomposition in the temperate grasslands of Nei Mongol; 2) to compare the difference between above-ground and below-ground litter decomposition; 3) to identify the effects of precipitation on litter production and decomposition. Methods We measured litter production, quality, decomposition rates and soil nutrient contents during the growing season in 2011 and 2012 in four plots, i.e. light grazing, heavy grazing, light grazing exclusion and heavy grazing exclusion. Quadrate surveys and litter bags were used to measure litter production and decomposition rates. All data were analyzed with ANOVA and Pearson’s correlation procedures in SPSS. Important findings Litter production and decomposition rates differed greatly among four plots. During the two years of our study, above-ground litter production and decomposition in heavy-grazing plots were faster than those in light-grazing plots. In the dry year, below-ground litter production and decomposition in light-grazing plots were faster than those in heavy-grazing plots, which is opposite to the findings in the wet year. Short-term grazing exclusion could promote litter production, and the exclusion of light-grazing could increase litter decomposition and nutrient cycling. In contrast, heavy-grazing exclusion decreased litter decomposition. Thus, grazing exclusion is beneficial to the restoration of the light-grazing grasslands, and more human management measures are needed during the restoration of heavy-grazing grasslands. Precipitation increased litter production and decomposition, and below-ground litter was more vulnerable to the inter-annual change of precipitation than above-ground litter. Compared to the light-grazing grasslands, heavy-grazing grasslands had higher sensitivity to precipitation. The above-ground litter decomposition was strongly positively correlated with the litter N content (R2 = 0.489, p < 0.01) and strongly negatively correlated with the soil total N content (R2 = 0.450, p < 0.01), but it was not significantly correlated with C:N and lignin:N. Below-ground litter decomposition was negatively correlated with the litter C (R2 = 0.263, p < 0.01), C:N (R2 = 0.349, p < 0.01) and cellulose content (R2 = 0.460, p < 0.01). Our results will provide a theoretical basis for ecosystem restoration and the research of carbon cycling. 相似文献
3.
Feedbacks between nutrient cycling and vegetation predict plant species coexistence and invasion 总被引:5,自引:0,他引:5
To investigate the role of species‐specific litter decomposability in determining plant community structure, we constructed a theoretical model of the codevelopmental dynamics of soil and vegetation. This model incorporates feedback between vegetation and soil. Vegetation changes the nutrient conditions of soil by affecting mineralization processes; soil, in turn, has an impact on plant community structure. The model shows that species‐level traits (decomposability, reproductive and competitive abilities) determine whether litter feedback effects are positive or negative. The feedback determines community‐level properties, such as species composition and community stability against invasion. The model predicts that positive feedback may generate multiple alternative steady states of the plant community, which differ in species richness or community composition. In such cases, the realized state is determined by initial abundance of co‐occurring species. Further, the model shows that the importance of species‐level traits depends on environmental conditions such as system fertility. 相似文献
4.
Foliar litterfall nutrient concentrations were analysed for selected members of Taxodiaceae and Cupressaceae families andPseudotsuga menziesii for two arboreta in western Oregon and Washington. Nutrient results between arboreta show similar concentrations with the
exception of magnesium, which may be the result of historical land use. Nutrient concentrations between species vary considerably.Pseudotsuga menziesii is particularly distinctive from the Cupressaceae and Taxodiaceae by retaining large amounts of phosphorus and potassium.
Taxodiaceae is distinctive by high concentration of Mg while Cupressaceae retains calcium, especiallyChamaecyparis nootkatensis. Results suggest that all members of Taxodiaceae and Cupressaceae retain considerably more Ca than Pinaceae in foliar litter. 相似文献
5.
Calcium, magnesium and potassium dynamics in decomposing litter of three tree species were measured over a two-year period. The speices studied were flowering dogwood (Cornus florida), red maple (Acer rubrum) and chestnut oak (Quercus prinus). The order of decomposition was:C. florida>A. rubrum>Q. prinus.Calcium concentrations increased following any initial leaching losses. However, there were net releases of Ca from all three litter types since mass loss exceeded the increases in concentration. Net release of Ca by the end of two years from all three species combined was 42% of initial inputs in litterfall. Magnesium concentrations increased in the second year, following decreases due to leaching during the first year inC. florida andA. rubrum litter. Net release of Mg by the end of two years was 58% of initial inputs. Potassium concentrations decreased rapidly and continued to decline throughout the study. Net release of K by the end of two years was 91% of initial inputs.These data on cation dynamics, and similar data on N, S and P dynamics from a previous study, were combined with annual litterfall data to estimate the release of selected nutrients from foliar litter of these tree species at the end of one and two years of decomposition. The relative mobility of all six elements examined in relation to mass loss after two years was; K>Mg>mass>Ca>S>P>N. 相似文献
6.
Environmental networks,compensating life histories and habitat selection by white-footed mice 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
Douglas W. Morris 《Evolutionary ecology》1992,6(1):1-14
Summary Analysis of 6 years' data on a population of free-living white-footed mice documents both phenotypic and environmental control of litter size. Litter size was positively correlated with maternal body size. Maternal size depended upon both seasonal and annual variation. Paradoxically, the proportion of small versus large litters varied among habitats independently of the effects of body size. The result is an influence of habitat on life history that yields patterns of reproduction and survival opposite to the predictions of demographic theory. The habitat producing the largest litters had a relatively high ratio of adult/juvenile survival. Litter size was small in the habitat where the adult/juvenile survival ratio was smallest. All of these anomalous patterns can be explained through density-dependent habitat selection by female white-footed mice. Life-history studies that ignore habitat and habitat selection may find spurious correlations among traits that result in serious misinterpretations about life history and its evolution. 相似文献
7.
The influence of invertebrates on the breakdown ofPotamogeton pectinatus L. in a coastal marina (Zandvlei,South Africa) 总被引:1,自引:1,他引:0
The influence of invertebrates upon the decomposition ofPotamogeton pectinatus L. in a coastal Marina system was examined over 112 days using litter bags. Invertebrate inclusion bags (2 mm mesh, 5 mm holes) registered a dry mass loss of 1% d–1, while exclusion litter bags (80 µm mesh) produced a 0.4% mass loss d–1 (a 2.5 fold difference). Losses of ash and N from inclusion bags were greater than those from exclusion bags (p < 0.05). There was a three fold difference between the two treatments in the time taken for litter to breakdown to half the initial stock: T1/2 for inclusion bags = 43 d, exclusion bags = 130 d. In both treatments, minerals showed an expected rapid loss, due to leaching, with a subsequent slow increase relative to the dry material remaining. A total of nine invertebrate taxa was recorded from inclusion bags, with a peak biomass of 64 mg g–1 dry massPotamogeton bag–1 reached at 64 days after immersion. Grazing amphipods,Melita zeylanica Stebbing andAustrochiltonia subtenuis (Barnard), numerically dominated the litter bag fauna, whileM. zeylanica and nymphs of the zygopteran predatorIschnura senegalensis (Rambur) formed most of the biomass. Scanning Electron Microscopy indicated heavy grazing of micro-organisms by invertebrates, with major qualitative differences occurring 112 days after immersion. Invertebrates significantly accelerated the rate of litter breakdown through their feeding activities, assisting fragmentation and thus contributing to plant losses and also by increasing the surface area for microbial colonisation and attack. 相似文献
8.
Kerstin Huss-Danell 《Plant and Soil》1986,91(1):43-49
Summary A pot experiment withAlnus incana (L.) Moench growing in sand was set up to compare the amounts of nitrogen released from plants shoot litter with that released below ground as root litter and/or root exudation. No nitrogen fixation by free-living microorganisms was found in the sand and the increased nitrogen content of the plant + soil system was therefore due to nitrogen fixation byFrankia in the alder root-nodules. Most of the nitrogen released from the plants was in the nitrogen-rich leaf and other shoot litter. Only small amounts of nitrogen were found in the drainage water from the pots and were recorded as increased nitrogen content of the sand. 相似文献
9.
The formation of mor humus in an experimental grassland plot, which has been acidified by long-term fertiliser treatment,
has been studied by comparing the rates of cellulose, soil organic matter and plant litter decay with those in an adjacent
plot with near-neutral pH and mull humus. The decomposition of cellulose filter paper in litter bags of 5 mm, 1-mm and 45-μm
mesh size buried at 3 to 4 cm depth the plots was followed by measuring the weight loss and changes in glucose content over
a 6 month period. Soil pH was either 5.3 or 4.3. Decomposition of native soil organic matter and plant litter in soil from
the same plots were followed using CO2 evolution in laboratory microcosms. Cellulose weight loss at pH 5.3 was greatest from the 5-mm mesh bags and least from the
45-um mesh bags. At pH 4.3 there was little weight loss from bags and no significant differences in weight loss between bags
with different sized mesh. There was, however, a reduction in the glucose content of the hydrolysed and derivatised filter
paper with time. The decomposition rate of native soil organic matter in the low pH soil was increased to that observed in
the less acid soil when the pH of the former was increased from 4.3 to 5.3. The increase in decomposition rate of added plant
litter in the more acid soil as a result of CA(OH)2 addition was only 60% of that observed in the soil with pH 5.3. These data support the hypothesis that the absence of soil
animals and the restricted microbial decomposition in the acidic soil was responsible for mor humus formation. 相似文献
10.
The importance of litter to nutrient and organic matter storage and the possible influence of species selection on soil fertility
in ten stands each consisting of a separate tree species were examined in this study. The plantations had been grown under
similar conditions in an arboretum in the Luquillo Experimental Forest, Puerto Rico. The species involved were: Anthocephalus chinensis, Eucalyptus × patentinervis, E. saligna, Hernandia sonora, Hibiscus elatus, Khaya nyasica, Pinus caribaea var. hondurensis, P. elliottii var. densa, Swietenia macrophylla, and Terminalia ivorensis. After 26 yr, litter mass ranged from 5 mg ha-1 in the H. sonora stand to 27.2 Mg ha-1 in the P. caribaea stand. Nutrients in the litter (N, P, K, Ca, and Mg) also varied widely, but stands were ranked in different order when ranked
by nutrients in the litter than then ranked according to accumulation of mass. Only E. saligna and A. chinensis stands were ranked similarly in accumulation of both nutrients and mass, and the stand of H. elatus was ranked higher with respect to nutrient accumulation than to accumulation of mass. The nutrient concentration in standing
leaf litter generally increased in the order of recently fallen <old intact< fragmented. Nutrient concentration of standing
leaf litter appears to increase with age and depth in the litter layer. The amount of nutrients stored in the litter compartment
of these plantations was in the same order of magnitude as the quantity of available nutrients in the top 10-cm of mineral
soil. Total litter mass was negatively correlated with the mass-weighted concentration of N, K, and Mg. The same relationship
was found for Ca in the leaf litter and N in the fine wood litter compartments. In some stands (notably P. caribaea, P. elliottii, and E. saligna), leaf litter derived from species other than the species planted in that particular stand had higher nutrient concentration
than leaf litter from the planted species. Soils of the 10 stands were classified in the same soil series and had similar
texture (clay soils). However, significantly different chemical characteristics were found. Results obtained by analysis of
covariance and by limiting comparisons to adjacent stands with similar soil texture, indicate that different species have
had different influences on the concentration of available nutrients in soil. 相似文献