麻疯树种子的研究进展

麻疯树（Jatropha curcas L．）为大戟科（Euphorbiaceae）麻疯树属半肉质小乔木或大灌木,具有很强的抗旱、耐贫瘠的特性。麻疯树的根、树皮、叶和种子均可人药。种子中主要含有脂肪类物质、蛋白质和萜类物质,其毒素为麻疯树毒蛋白和种子油。种仁中的含油量约为50％,可作为理想的生物柴油;毒蛋白、种子油及其他种子提取物可作为生物农药。关于麻疯树种子的发育、脱水行为及其调控研究较少。麻疯树是二种具有重要经济价值的战略资源。     

金沙江干热河谷地区麻疯树单粒种子核糖体失活蛋白含量及其与种子性状的相关性

对金沙江干热河谷地区麻疯树(Jatropha curcas L.)种子中具有抗肿瘤活性的核糖体失活蛋白curcin含量及其生物学性状进行研究。结果表明,用酶联免疫吸附法测定麻疯树单颗种子的curcin含量为0.275～3.183 mg g-1,平均(1.369±0.055)mg g-1。Pearson相关性分析表明:单粒麻疯树种子的curcin含量与种子其他性状的相关性均未达显著水平,但与种子质量、种仁质量及含油量存在一定程度的负相关,而与出仁率和可溶性蛋白含量存在一定的正相关,且与可溶性蛋白含量的正相关系数(0.190)和与含油率的负相关系数(–0.177)较高。这表明可在金沙江干热河谷地区开展高curcin含量麻疯树种质资源收集和选育工作,以及培育高含油量、高curcin含量的双高品种,以提高麻疯树生物燃油产业的综合效益。     

影响农杆菌介导的麻疯树基因转化因素的研究(简报)

麻疯树(Jatropha curcas)为大戟科麻疯树属植物,是一种多年生木本油料植物。原产美洲,广泛分布于热带亚热带地区。因其种子含油量高达 60％,可作生物燃料之用,麻疯树是目前正在被开发利用的重要能源植物之一。除此之外,麻疯树的种子含有多种活性成分,有着重要的农药和医药价值;其生长能耐干旱贫瘠,可用于荒山造林。因此,麻疯树是一种具有多种用途、重要经济价值和学术研究价值的植物。目前对其研究多停留在植物组织培养、植物化学、毒理学、种植业方面等。     

木本油料植物麻疯树的研究进展

近来,麻疯树(Jatropha curcas L.)因可以作为生物柴油的原料而受到广泛关注。虽然麻疯树具有含油量高且可在边际土地种植的优势,但同时存在理想品种缺乏、种植面积限制、基础研究薄弱等方面的问题。为了使常规育种和生物技术改良工作者更好地了解麻疯树的研究进展,确定日后麻疯树育种和遗传改良的方向,综述了麻疯树种质资源与遗传多样性分析、生理及对环境适应性、组学研究、油脂合成功能基因研究、育种等方面国内外的最新进展。     

过氧化氢脱毒前后小桐子油饼营养成分分析

小桐子(Jatropha curcas Linn.)又名麻疯树,属于大戟科(Euphorbiaceae)麻疯树属(Jatropha Linn.)植物,在中国西南各省均有大规模种植基地。小桐子树皮和叶片具有多种生物活性[1-2];种子含丰富油脂,可作为生物柴油的原料[3]。小桐子油饼是一种在小桐子生物柴油生产过程中大量产生的副产品,其中的蛋白质含量较高、氨基酸组成合理,是优     

黑皂树种子化学成分分析和利用研究

黑皂树(Jatropha curcas L。)又名小桐子、麻疯树、膏桐、木花生等,属大戟科(Euphorbiaceae)麻疯属多年生小乔木或灌木,蒴果卵形,长3～4厘米,直径2.5～3厘米。种子形似蓖麻,黑色,长1.8～2.0厘米,径1.1厘米。     

麻疯树分子生物学研究进展

麻疯树Jatropha curcas L.作为一种新兴的生物柴油型能源树种已经得到广泛的认可,关于它的各项研究持续升温。文中综述了近年来国内外关于麻疯树分子生物学方面的研究进展,一是揭示麻疯树遗传多样性和系统分类的分子标记研究;二是全面解析麻疯树分子网络的基因组、转录组和蛋白质组研究;三是以培育优质高抗品系为目标的代谢和发育调控相关基因的分离、克隆和功能研究;最后讨论了目前研究的不足和麻疯树未来分子生物学研究的方向。     

麻疯树的二萜成分

从麻疯树（Jatropha curcas L.)的根中分离得到3个二萜,鉴定为麻疯树酚酮A（iatropholone A)。麻疯树酚酮B（jatropholone B)和一个新的二萜,其结构推定为16－羟基麻疯树酚酮（16-hydroxyjatropholonc),定名麻疯树醇（jatrophol),同时还得到麻疯素（jatrophin),β-谷甾醇－β-D－葡萄糖甙（β－D－glucoside-β-sitosterol),tomentin,蒲公英脑（taraxerol)以及β-谷甾醇。     

麻疯树的二萜成分

从麻疯树（Jatropha curcas L.)的根中分离得到3个二萜,鉴定为麻疯树酚酮A（iatropholone A)。麻疯树酚酮B（jatropholone B)和一个新的二萜,其结构推定为16－羟基麻疯树酚酮（16-hydroxyjatropholonc),定名麻疯树醇（jatrophol),同时还得到麻疯素（jatrophin),β-谷甾醇－β-D－葡萄糖甙（β－D－glucoside-β-sitosterol),tomentin,蒲公英脑（taraxerol)以及β-谷甾醇。     

大戟科麻疯树属三种植物花器官发生

利用扫描电子显微镜观察了大戟科Euphorbiaceae麻疯树属Jatropha麻疯树J. curcas L.、佛肚树J. podagrica Hook.和棉叶麻疯树J. gossypifolia L.花器官发生。结果表明: 麻疯树、佛肚树和棉叶麻疯树花萼原基均为2/5型螺旋发生。在同一个种不同的花蕾中, 花萼的发生有两种顺序: 逆时针方向和顺时针方向。远轴面非正中位的1枚先发生。5枚花瓣原基几乎同时发生。雄花中雄蕊两轮, 外轮对瓣, 内轮对萼。研究的3种麻疯树属植物雄蕊发生方式有两种类型: 麻疯树亚属麻疯树的5枚外轮雄蕊先同时发生, 5枚内轮雄蕊后同时发生, 佛肚树亚属佛肚树和棉叶麻疯树雄蕊8-9枚, 排成两轮, 内外轮雄蕊同时发生。雌花的3枚心皮原基为同时发生。麻疯树属单性花, 雌花的子房膨大而雄蕊退化, 雄花的雄蕊正常发育, 子房缺失。根据雄蕊发生方式, 支持将麻疯树属分为麻疯树亚属subgen. Jatropha和佛肚树亚属subgen. Curcas。     

Improvement of nutritive value of grass pea (Lathyrus sativus) seed meal in the formulated diets for rohu, Labeo rohita (Hamilton) fingerlings after fermentation with a fish gut bacterium

Eight isonitrogenous (35% crude protein approximately) and isocaloric (4.0 kcalg(-1) approximately) diets were formulated incorporating raw and fermented grass pea (Lathyrus sativus) seed meal at 10%, 20%, 30% and 40% levels by weight into a fish meal based diet and fed to rohu, Labeo rohita, fingerlings for 80 days and fish performance was studied. A particular bacterial strain (Bacillus sp.) isolated from the intestine of adult common carp (Cyprinus carpio) reared in the wild having significant amylolytic, cellulolytic, lipolytic and proteolytic activities were used for fermentation of seed meal for 15 days at 37 degrees C. Fermentation of grass pea seed meal was effective in significantly reducing the crude fibre content and anti-nutritional factors, such as tannins, phytic acid and the neurotoxin, beta-ODAP and enhancing the available free amino acids and fatty acids. In terms of growth response, feed conversion ratio and protein efficiency ratio, 30% fermented grass pea seed meal incorporated diet resulted in significantly (P < 0.05) better performance of rohu fingerlings. In general, growth and feed utilization efficiencies of fish fed diets containing fermented seed meal were superior to those fed diets containing raw seed meal. The apparent protein digestibility (APD) values decreased with increasing levels of raw seed meal in the diets. The APD for raw seed meal was lower at all levels of inclusion in comparison to those for the fermented seed meals. The highest deposition of carcass protein was recorded in fish fed the diet containing 40% fermented seed meal. The results indicated that fermented grass pea seed meal can be incorporated in carp diets up to 30% level compared to 10% level of raw seed meal.     

Apparent digestibilities and growth experiments with tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus) fed soybean meal, cottonseed meal and sunflower seed meal

Apparent digestibility and growth experiments with three oil seed by-products, soybean meal, cottonseed meal, and sunflower seed meal, were conducted using tilapia ( Oreochromis niloticus ) with an initial average body weight of 93 ± 5 g and 64 ± 1 g, respectively. The diets were formulated on an isonitrogeneous and isoenergetic basis. During the experimental period the fish were fed 1% and 1.5% of their metabolic body weight (kg^0.8) daily in the digestibility experiment and the growth experiment, respectively. Water temperature was maintained at 26.5 ± 1°C. Apparent digestibilities of the components and the diets were determined using an indirect method, i.e. with HCl-insoluble ash as an indicator. Faeces collection was carried out using a sedimentation technique.
Results of the apparent digestibilities showed that the crude protein, crude fat, as well as the gross energy digestibilities of soybean meal (93.0%, 94.6%, and 77.2%, respectively), were better than those of cottonseed meal (79.4%, 83.2%, and 57.9%, respectively) and sunflower seed meal (89.8%, 82.9%, and 49.3%, respectively). With the exception of the crude protein digestibility, nutrient and gross energy digestibilities of the cottonseed meal were found to be better than that of sunflower seed meal.
Growth experiment results indicated that soybean meal diet groups had inferior growth performance and feed conversion in comparison to the fishmeal control diet or the other test diets at an inclusion level of 32% of the digestible protein. Fish fed cottonseed meal diet and sunflower seed meal diet showed a relatively better, but not significantly different performance than did the fishmeal control diet. Supplementation diets with lysine and methionine did not enhance fish performance.     

Nutritional evaluation of fermented black gram (Phaseolus mungo) seed meal in compound diets for rohu, Labeo rohita (Hamilton), fingerlings

Six isonitrogenous (approximately 35% crude protein) and isocaloric (approximately 4.0 kcal g⁻¹) diets were formulated incorporating raw and fermented black gram, Phaseolus mungo, seed meal at 20%, 30% and 40% levels by weight into a fishmeal‐based control diet fed to rohu, Labeo rohita, fingerlings (mean weight, 1.81 ± 0.21 g) for 80 days for a study of fish performance. A particular bacterial strain (Bacillus sp.) isolated from the intestine of adult common carp (Cyprinus carpio) reared in the wild having significant amylolytic, cellulolytic, lipolytic and proteolytic activities was used for fermentation of seed meal for 15 days at 37 ± 2°C. Fermentation of P. mungo seed meal was effective in significantly reducing the crude fibre content and antinutritional factors such as tannins and phytic acid, and enhancing available free amino acids and fatty acids. In terms of growth, feed conversion ratio and protein efficiency ratio, the 30% fermented black gram seed meal incorporated diet resulted in a significantly (P < 0.05) better performance of rohu fingerlings. In general, growth and feed utilization efficiencies of diets containing fermented seed meal were superior to diets containing raw seed meal. The apparent protein digestibility (APD) values decreased with increasing levels of raw seed meal in the diets. The APD for raw seed meal was lower at all levels of inclusion in comparison to those for the fermented seed meals. The maximum deposition of protein in the carcass was recorded in fish fed the diet containing 40% fermented seed meal. The results indicate that fermented black gram seed meal can be incorporated in carp diets up to the 30% level compared to the 10% level of raw seed meal.     

Marine ash‐products influence growth and feed utilization when Atlantic cod Gadus morhua L. are fed plant‐based diets

Atlantic cod Gadus morhua L. were fed high plant protein diets added to either shrimp‐shell meal or crab‐shell meal. The aims were to investigate if diluting dietary energy would reduce the liver index (HSI) and if marine ash would add value to plant protein‐based diets. Two control diets were used: a high plant protein control diet (PP) with no marine ash addition, and a fishmeal‐based diet (FM) with no marine ash addition. All diets were evaluated in small cod (initial weight 79 ± 15g) and in market‐size cod (initial weight 1579 ± 20 g). Addition of crab‐shell meal up to 20% and shrimp‐shell meal up to 10% did not influence liver size in either small or market‐size cod. An addition of up to 20% crab‐shell meal and 10% shrimp‐shell meal improved growth compared to the PP control diet, and stimulated increased feed intake. However, 10% shrimp‐shell meal and 20% crab‐shell meal diets resulted in a similar intake of energy and protein as the control groups. Increasing shrimp‐shell meal to 20% resulted in reductions in feed intake, fat digestibility and growth, and in altered gut histology. All diets, except the 20% shrimp added diet, resulted in normal ranges of plasma nutrients and blood hematological values, showing good fish health with or without the marine ash addition.     

花椒种籽油的含蜡量测定与脱蜡

花椒种籽油的含蜡量测定与脱蜡是长期困扰花椒种籽油处理的一项关键技术,本研究通过分析混合压榨制备的花椒种籽油,花椒籽种壳油及种仁油的含蜡量,研究了5种脱蜡方法脱除花椒籽油中蜡质的脱蜡效果,确定了脱除花椒籽油中蜡质的有效方法,研究结果表明,花椒籽油的含蜡量在15－20％,左右,而这些蜡质基本上都含在种壳油内一即种壳上,种仁油基本不含蜡质,脱除花椒籽油中蜡质的合理方法应是：（1）含蜡量相对较低的精制粗油可选用表面活性剂法脱蜡;（2）当含蜡量相对较高时,为降低脱蜡过程中油的耗损率可选用分步脱蜡法脱蜡;（3）需进行碱炼的油,可在碱炼过程中将蜡质与游离脂肪酸一半除去。     

Chemical composition and nutritional value of para-rubber seed and its products for chickens

Para-rubber (Hevea brasiliensis) seed and its products were subjected to different methods of processing such as decortication, oil extraction, autoclaving and fermentation and assayed for their chemical composition and nutritional value. Peanut oil meal and yellow maize were also assayed similarly for comparison.

Decortication reduced the crude fibre content, with proportionate increases in other nutrients and energy value. Autoclaving and fermentation failed to improve the nutritional value of undecorticated rubber seed oil meal.

Crude protein content of rubber seed and its products ranged from 11.5% in rubber seeds to 27.4% in commercial decorticated rubber seed oil meal. The oil content of the rubber seeds and kernels was 24.0 and 40.1%, respectively. The available carbohydrate content of rubber seed and its products ranged from 6.3% in rubber seeds to 15.9% in commercial decorticated rubber seed oil meal; these values may be compared with the value of 59.0% for yellow maize.

Both undecorticated and decorticated rubber seed oil meals appeared to be deficient in sulphur-containing amino acids and lysine. The gross protein value of undecorticated and decorticated rubber seed oil meals and peanut oil meal was estimated to be 43.6, 47.0 and 49.7, respectively.

Both undecorticated and decorticated rubber seed oils were rich in oleic and stearic acids, but relatively poor in poly-unsaturated fatty acids, compared with peanut oil.

Determined apparent ME (AME) values were (kcal/g dry matter): rubber seeds, 2.91; kernels, 4.70; undecorticated rubber seed oil meal, 2.00; and decorticated rubber seed oil meal, 2.80. The true ME (TME) values were 3.24, 5.16, 2.22 and 3.00 kcal/g dry matter, respectively. In general, TME values were about 10% higher than the AME values.     

Genetic enhancement of Brassica napus seed quality

The ultimate value of the Brassica napus (canola) seed is derived from the oil fraction, which has long been recognized for its premium dietary attributes, including its low level of saturated fatty acids, high content of monounsaturated fatty acids, and favorable omega-3 fatty acid profile. However, the protein (meal) portion of the seed has also received favorable attention for its essential amino acids, including abundance of sulfur-containing amino acids, such that B. napus protein is being contemplated for large scale use in livestock and fish feed formulations. Efforts to optimize the composition of B. napus oil and protein fractions are well documented; therefore, this article will review research concerned with optimizing secondary metabolites that affect the quality of seed oil and meal, from undesirable anti-nutritional factors to highl value beneficial products. The biological, agronomic, and economic values attributed to secondary metabolites have brought much needed attention to those in Brassica oilseeds and other crops. This review focuses on increasing levels of beneficial endogenous secondary metabolites (such as carotenoids, choline and tochopherols) and decreasing undesirable antinutritional factors (glucosinolates, sinapine and phytate). Molecular genetic approaches are given emphasis relative to classical breeding.     

Growth rate of tank-reared Mediterranean amberjack, Seriola dumerili (Risso 1810) fed on three different diets

Mediterranean amberjack Seriola dumerili (Risso 1810) has aquaculture potential. The growth rate and food conversion ratio of S. dumerili on three different types of food (A: 100% frozen sardines; B: 50% frozen sardines and 50% pellet; C: 100% pellet) were measured, and analysed with respect to temperature, condition index and chemical composition of the fish fillet. Wild S. dumerili, average body weight 248 g and average total length 26.9 cm were caught in August and September 1994 in the South Adriatic Sea near Dubrovnik, Croatia and kept in three tanks (n=15 in each tank; duration of experiment, 226 days). The fish that were fed on diet A [initial weight, 252 ± 71 g; total length (TL), 24.3 ± 2.6 cm] started feeding immediately; however, fish assigned to diet C began to feed entirely on the pelleted diet 1 month after the start of the experiment. The mortality of fish fed on diet A was negligible, the registered growth rate was 313 ± 74 g (124.2%), specific growth rate was 0.32% day^?1 and the food conversion rate was 6.7. The fish fed on diet B (initial weight, 246 ± 74 g; TL, 28.2 ± 2.5 cm) started to feed on day 3 and achieved a total growth rate of about 98% (final weight gain, 241 ± 69 g) and specific growth rate of 0.24% day^?1 (feed conversion rate of 9.00 and mortality 13%). The fish fed on diet C (initial weight, 246 ± 74 g; TL, 28.2 ± 2.5 cm) started to feed on the pellets after 1 month and had a growth rate of 87% (weight gain 214 ± 85 g), a specific growth rate of 0.24% day^?1 and a food conversion rate of 10.6 with considerable mortality (27%). In all three diet groups the fish grew with considerable variation in food consumption and growth rate, depending on seasonal temperature variations of the ambient sea water supplied to the rearing tanks. Chemical analysis showed that the protein level (amount) in the fish meat exceeded 20% in all three fish fillet samples.     

Effect of water temperature,feeding frequency,and protein percent in the diet on water quality,growth and behavior of Nile tilapia Oreochromis niloticus (Linnaeus, 1758)

This study evaluated how water temperature (26, 28, and 30°C), number of meals per day (one or two meals), and protein percent in diet (20, 25 and 30%) impact growth performance, biometric indices, and feeding behavior of Nile tilapia, Oreochromis niloticus. Fish were randomly allocated into 18 equal replicate groups. Higher final body weight was observed in fish reared at 30°C and fed one meal per day containing 30% crude protein. Better weight gain, weight gain %, feed conversion ratio, specific growth rate, and condition factor were recorded in fish reared at 26°C and fed one meal per day containing 30% protein. The best length weight relationship was obtained in fish reared at 26°C and fed one meal per day containing 30% crude protein. Shorter feeding duration and duration of appetite inhibition latency were recorded in fish reared at 30°C, fed one meal per day, and given a diet containing 30% protein. The highest proactivity was recorded in fish reared at 30°C, received one meal per day, and with 25% crude protein in their diet. Conclusively, rearing Nile tilapia at 26–30°C with a lower feeding frequency (one meal/day) and a 30% crude protein diet achieved better performance and feeding behavior.     

Performance of guinea fowl fed hevea seed meal or cashew nut meal as a partial substitute for soya bean meal

Guinea fowl production is increasing in developing countries and has a crucial role in the fight against poverty. However, the feed cost is very high, especially the soya bean meal cost, and farmers cannot afford to buy commercial feed. Consequently, animals do not receive feed adapted to their nutritional needs and they exhibit poor performance. The aim of this paper is to partially substitute soya bean meal by local by-products, discarded, in abundant supply and not used in human nutrition. French Galor guinea fowl (Numida meleagris) and local African guinea fowl (150 birds per breed) were reared for 16 weeks and fed the same starter diet for the initial 4 weeks. From 4 weeks of age, experimental birds from each breed were randomly assigned to three grower isoproteic and isolipidic dietary treatments, each containing five replications (floor pens); each replication included 10 birds of the same breed. The guinea fowl of each breed were fed either control grower diet using soya bean meal as the protein supplement GS, or trial grower diet GN (soya bean meal supplement partially substituted by 15% cashew nut (Anacardium occidentale) meal) or trial grower diet GH (soya bean meal supplement partially substituted by 15% hevea seed (Hevea brasiliensis) meal). The results indicated that hevea seed meal contained a high content of n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs) (21.2% of total fatty acids (FAs)). The use of hevea seed meal in guinea fowl grower diet was found to exert no adverse effect on growth performance and carcass yield. However, the use of cashew nut meal led to negative effects on performance like daily weight gain and feed conversion ratio. Therefore, cashew nut meal cannot be considered as a suitable partial substitute for soya bean meal in diets. The use of hevea seed meal led to a very low abdominal fat proportion and low blood triglyceride and cholesterol content. Additionally, inclusion of dietary hevea seed meal resulted in guinea fowl meat enriched in PUFAs, especially n-3 FAs, thereby significantly improving the nutritional value.