濒危植物宽叶羌活天然居群cpDNA非编码区多态性分析

采用叶绿体DNA非编码区直接测序的方法,对青海、甘肃、四川3个省区内濒危植物宽叶羌活14个天然居群的遗传多样性和遗传结构进行了研究,以明确其遗传背景,为宽叶羌活的保护提供理论依据。结果表明:(1)14个居群138个个体的序列长度介于509~515bp;碱基组成A+T含量较高(平均67.6%)。(2)根据序列的核苷酸变异共鉴定出31个单倍型,其中9种单倍型(H5、H1、H9、H10、H16、H17、H19、H20、H22)为居群所共享,而且单倍型H5分布最广、在10个群体的67个个体中检测到,占总样品数的48.56%。(3)14个居群宽叶羌活具有高水平单倍型多样性(Hd=0.750 3)和较高水平核苷酸多样性(Pi=0.007 11),但31个单倍型没有按地理分布形成明显的族群,各地理单元中的单倍型相互混杂,没有明显的地理分化模式。(4)AMOVA分析、居群间分化度(FST=0.602 4)分析和基因流(Nm=0.330)分析的结果一致,表明宽叶羌活大部分遗传变异(60.24%)发生在居群间,居群间的基因流较低,群体间变异是宽叶羌活的主要变异来源。(5)14个居群的遗传距离在0.000~0.007,平均为0.003,表明居群间的亲缘关系较远,且居群间的遗传距离与地理距离之间无显著相关关系(P=0.143),说明宽叶羌活居群遗传变异的分布没有明显的地理趋势。研究认为,宽叶羌活居群间高的遗传变异可能是由基因流受阻、遗传漂变、地理隔离造成的,并提出了对该物种遗传多样性的保护策略。     

基于cpDNA非编码序列的北沙柳遗传多样性分析

为揭示北沙柳(Salix psammophila)的遗传多样性、遗传结构及分化特征,利用叶绿体非编码区序列(trnL-trnF和trnD-trnT)对分布于毛乌素沙地和库布齐沙漠的16个北沙柳居群(339个个体)进行了遗传研究,为北沙柳种子资源库遗传管理、遗传改良、遗传育种及品种选育提供理论依据。结果表明:(1)经trnL-trnF和trnD-trnT片段联合比对获得了1811 bp序列,共有12个核苷酸变异位点(8个简约信息位点,4个变异位点),得到16个单倍型。(2)单倍型多样性指数(Hd)为0.737,核苷酸多样性指数(π)为0.00107;且单倍型H3的分布在所有居群中位于单倍型网络图中心,其余单倍型随机分布于各个居群。(3)AMOVA分析表明,北沙柳cpDNA的变异主要来源于居群内(91.16%),居群间遗传分化程度中等(FST=0.08837),各居群间的基因交流非常频繁(Nm=2.58);遗传分化系数NST(0.085)显著大于GST(0.056,0.01相似文献   

利用rp132-trnL分析阿尔金山自然保护区真藓居群遗传多样性

本研究对分布在中国新疆维吾尔自治区阿尔金山自然保护区的6个真藓(Bryum argenteum)居群的遗传结构及遗传多样性进行比较。通过对32条叶绿体DNA的rpl32-trnL序列的核苷酸序列变异的分析,发现了14种单倍型,存在201个可变位点;分子变异分析显示有51.02%的遗传变异发生在居群间水平,居群内部的遗传变异为48.98%,真藓居群间的遗传分化程度较高略大于居群内的遗传分化。居群遗传变异的分化系数为0.510 2,基因流值为0.48,显示各居群间的基因流低。单倍型多态性水平为(0.780 2±0.076 0),核苷酸多态性水平为(0.058 59±0.020 09),表明真藓居群遗传多样性丰富。对所有变异位点进行的Taijma's检验的结果是Taijma's D值为-1.567 05 (p0.10),显示所有变异符合中性进化假说。     

云南虫生真菌粉棒束孢遗传分化研究

对云南粉棒束孢8个当地居群和蝙蝠蛾拟青霉2个当地居群进行ITS测序和RAPD扩增分析,结合Gen Bank中相关序列,对粉棒束孢开展遗传多样性、居群遗传结构及其种内分化研究。共获得大范围内地理距离远的6个居群共97条粉棒束孢ITS序列,共有33种单倍型,单倍型多样性Hd=0.546和总核苷酸多样性Pi=0.00276,显示粉棒束孢在物种水平上遗传多样性较低。云南粉棒束孢共37条序列,有14种单倍型(10种为云南特有),具有较高单倍型多样性和核苷酸多样性(Hd=0.659,Pi=0.00274);单倍型聚类和网状分支分析表明云南粉棒束孢单倍型类型丰富,遗传多样性高,暗示云南为粉棒束孢多样性分布中心之一。ITS序列分析表明,云南当地居群间遗传分化系数Fst=51.95%;RAPD分析表明,居群间遗传分化系数Gst=0.5547,基因流Nm=0.4014;说明云南当地居群粉棒束孢分化剧烈。居群遗传距离与地理距离相关性研究表明,粉棒束孢居群遗传距离与地理距离无明显相关。中性检验和失配分析表明粉棒束孢经历过近期居群扩张。结合单倍型聚类和网状分支分析,表明Hap 19为扩张建群单倍型,但原始祖先单倍型(Hap 1)依然是粉棒束孢居群中最优势单倍型(频率为48.45%),表明粉棒束孢并不存在明显的因地理原因造成的生殖隔离。值得重视的是,通过ITS单倍型和RAPD分析,支持将蝙蝠蛾拟青霉作为粉棒束孢异名处理。     

基于cpDNA trnL-F序列的胡黄连保护遗传学研究

胡黄连为特产中国-喜马拉雅特有高山植物,作为常用中、藏药材,受到灭绝性采挖,作为濒危和二级保护植物亟待科学的保护。该研究以云南和西藏7个野生居群91个个体为材料,基于 cpDNA trnL-F 非编码序列测序分析胡黄连的遗传多样性和遗传结构,分析显著进化单元,确立优先保护居群并提出科学的保护策略。结果表明：胡黄连 trnL-F 序列长度为871~876 bp,根据序列的核苷酸变异共鉴定出5个单倍型,西藏占有2个单倍型,云南占有3个单倍型,西藏和云南2个地区的所有单倍型均不共享。胡黄连具有较低的单倍型多样性(Hd ＝0.43419)和核苷酸多样性(Dij ＝0.00466)。种群间分化度(Fst ＝0.864520)和基因流(Nm ＝0.04)、居群间的遗传分化水平(GST ＝0.916)、AMOVA 分析(0.78％的遗传变异发生在居群内,60.97％的遗传变异发生在地区内居群间,38.25％的遗传变异发生在地区间)均表明,胡黄连居群间存在明显遗传分化。多数一致性树将胡黄连划分为3个进化分支(Ⅰ、Ⅱ、Ⅲ),这3个分支均与地理相关,分支Ⅰ分布于横断山区的4个居群,分支Ⅱ是分布于东喜马拉雅的一个居群,分支Ⅲ是分布于喜马拉雅中段的2个居群。3个分支分属于3个“进化显著单元(ESU)”。这3个 ESU 中白马雪山、茨中、定日、波密、聂拉木五个居群都需要保护,建议现阶段应优先保护的居群是云南白马雪山和西藏波密居群,以就地保护为主。     

新疆东部叶城沙蜥五个居群线粒体ND4-tRNALeu基因序列变异与遗传分化

采用PCR方法测定了新疆东部达坂城(DB)、吐鲁番(TU)、鄯善(SS)、柳树泉(HL)和哈密东郊(HD)的叶城沙蜥(Phrynocephalus axillaris)的5个居群66只个体的线粒体ND4-tRNALeu基因序列,序列比对得到838bp位点,29个变异位点定义了17种单倍型. 除DB居群外,其余居群及5个居群总体均呈现单倍型多样性较高[(0.600±0.113)≤h≤(0.922±0.012)],而核苷酸多样性较低[(0.00082±0.00020)≤π≤(0.00917±0.00037)].系统发育分析支持5个居群形成了Clade Ⅰ(DB+TU+SS)和Clade Ⅱ(HL+HD)两个分支.单倍型网络图也表明,5个居群均有谱系地理结构.分子变异分析(AMOVA)表明,81.67%(P<0.01)的遗传分化来自5个居群之间,而距离隔离分析(isolation by distance)显示各居群之间的遗传分化(Fst)与居群间地理距离无显著关系(r=0.5324,P=0.1196).歧点分布(mismatch distributionl分析和Fu's Fs检验显示,TU和HL居群町能经历近期的种群扩张,而SS和HD居群相对稳定.DB居群特殊的栖息生境及遗传多样性的匮乏揭示该种群可能处于瓶颈期.推测更新世以来,这些区域的地质、气候变动引起的叶城沙蜥柄息地变化及遗传漂变共同导致了这5个居群的遗传分化.     

基于核基因和叶绿体基因的台湾水韭遗传多样性和遗传结构的分析

利用核基因和叶绿体基因对台湾水韭（Isoetes taiwanensis Devol）2个居群20个样本的遗传多样性和遗传结构进行了分析,并对台湾水韭的保育提出了建议。核基因的检测结果显示,2个居群共存在18个单倍型,单倍型多样性为0.9842,核苷酸多样性为0.00215,居群间基因流N_m为4.26,居群间分化系数G_st值为0.05543;叶绿体DNA的检测结果显示,单倍型数目为6,单倍型多样性为0.6211,核苷酸多样性为0.00326。其中台北居群的单倍型多样性和核苷酸多样性均比金门居群高。核基因和叶绿体基因的AMOVA分析显示,居群内的遗传差异远高于居群间。台湾水韭的核苷酸多样性相对其他水韭属植物较低,可能与台湾水韭的染色体倍型以及狭域分布有关。居群结构的形成可能和基因流以及奠基者效应有关。宜采用原地和迁地保护的方法对居群进行保护。     

基于叶绿体单倍型的山东丹参居群遗传结构分析

依据叶绿体psbA-trnH基因间隔区的序列多态对来自山东地区丹参的3个自然居群和1个栽培居群进行了遗传结构研究.结果显示,80个供试材料中共有10种单倍型,核苷酸多样性为0.024,叶绿体DNA单倍型进化分支分析把10种单倍型分为2大支,但每支都由4个居群的单倍型共同构成;Nei多样性指数为0.284,Shannon信息指数为0.406,多态位点百分比率为70%;4个居群总基因多样性为0.905,居群内平均基因多样性指数为0.747,遗传分化系数为0.175;不同居群间的遗传分化系数为0.017～0.199,基因流为2.013～28.912;AMOVA分析揭示居群间只有5%的遗传差异.研究结果表明,山东丹参遗传多样性水平较高,但由于彼此较高的基因交流,居群间遗传分化水平低,仅有的遗传差异主要存在于居群内;另外,序列谱系关系分析表明山东栽培丹参来源复杂且具有丰富的遗传多样性.     

横断山地区六叶龙胆复合群的遗传分化与种群动态历史

以六叶龙胆(Gentiana hexaphylla Maximowicz ex Kusnezow)复合群的21个居群为材料,首先通过居群内关键形态性状的统计对复合群加以区分,随后以叶绿体片段trn S-trnG为分子标记,对其遗传分化与种群动态历史进行研究。结果显示:六叶龙胆复合群21个居群共鉴定出20个单倍型,居群平均单倍型多样性、核苷酸多样性和核苷酸多样性指数分别为0.444、0.00732和3.73,表现出较高的遗传多样性水平;居群间共享单倍型少,遗传变异主要发生在居群间(72.74%)。贝叶斯分析结果表明复合群内的遗传分化主要发生在近两百万年以内。歧点分布分析和中性检验结果均显示,复合群近期未经历明显的居群扩张。因此,六叶龙胆复合群的遗传分化可能是横断山地区第四纪环境与气候变化以及高山峡谷地貌的地理隔离两者共同作用的结果。     

濒危植物长柄扁桃的遗传变异格局研究

该研究基于ITS1-ITS4序列对濒危植物长柄扁桃(Amygdalus pedunculata)自然分布区内的8个居群,105个个体的遗传多样性及遗传结构进行了分析,以明确长柄扁桃的地理分布及其遗传多样性特征。结果表明:(1)ITS1-ITS4序列长度583bp,变异位点13个,共定义了8个单倍型;居群间总的遗传多样性(hT)为0.727,居群内平均遗传多样性(hS)为0.564,各居群单倍型多样性、核酸多样性的变化范围分别为0.182~0.636、0.000 6~0.006 3。(2)AMOVA分析表明,33.65%的遗传变异来自居群间,而66.35%的遗传变异来自居群内;居群间平均基因流(Nm)为0.986,居群间遗传分化系数NSTGST(GST=0.225,NST=0.362,P0.05),表明长柄扁桃居群间存在不十分显著的遗传分化,但谱系地理结构显著;中性检验和错配分布曲线表明,居群自然分布区内的长柄扁桃没有经历明显的近期扩张。(3)单倍型网络和最大似然树都表明:内蒙古和陕西的长柄扁桃居群分别聚为2个明显的分支。     

Curcuminoids as inhibitors of thioredoxin reductase: A receptor based pharmacophore study with distance mapping of the active site

Curcumin is the yellow pigment of turmeric that interacts irreversibly forming an adduct with thioredoxin reductase (TrxR), an enzyme responsible for redox control of cell and defence against oxidative stress. Docking at both the active sites of TrxR was performed to compare the potency of three naturally occurring curcuminoids, namely curcumin, demethoxy curcumin and bis-demethoxy curcumin. Results show that active sites of TrxR occur at the junction of E and F chains. Volume and area of both cavities is predicted. It has been concluded by distance mapping of the most active conformations that Se atom of catalytic residue SeCYS498, is at a distance of 3.56 from C13 of demethoxy curcumin at the E chain active site, whereas C13 carbon atom forms adduct with Se atom of SeCys 498. We report that at least one methoxy group in curcuminoids is necessary for interation with catalytic residues of thioredoxin. Pharmacophore of both active sites of the TrxR receptor for curcumin and demethoxy curcumin molecules has been drawn and proposed for design and synthesis of most probable potent antiproliferative synthetic drugs.     

A Unique Protease Cleavage Site Predicted in the Spike Protein of the Novel Pneumonia Coronavirus (2019-nCoV) Potentially Related to Viral Transmissibility

正Dear Editor,In December 2019, a novel human coronavirus caused an epidemic of severe pneumonia(Coronavirus Disease 2019,COVID-19) in Wuhan, Hubei, China(Wu et al. 2020; Zhu et al. 2020). So far, this virus has spread to all areas of China and even to other countries. The epidemic has caused 67,102 confirmed infections with 1526 fatal cases     

Comparative morphology of the carpel in the Liliaceae: Hewardieae, Petrosavieae, and Tricyrteae

The young pistils in the melanthioid tribes, Hewardieae, Petrosavieae and Tricyrteae, are uniformly tricarpellate and syncarpous. They lack raphide idioblasts. All are multiovulate, with bitegmic ovules. The Petrosavieae are marked by the presence of septal glands and incomplete syncarpy. Tepals and stamens adhere to the ovary in the Hewardieae and the Petrosavieae but not in the Tricyrteae. Two vascular bundles occur in the stamens of the Hewartlieae and Tricyrtis latifolia. Ventral bundles in the upper part of the ovary of the Hewardieae are continuous with compound septal bundles and placental bundles in the lower part. Putative ventral bundles occur in the alternate position in the Tricyrteae and putative placental bundles in the opposite. position in the Petrosavieae. The dichtomously branched stigma in each carpel of the Tricyrteae is supplied by a bifurcated dorsal bundle.     

Entwicklungsgeschichte und Ultrastruktur von Pollenkitt und Exine bei nahe verwandten entomophilen und anemophilen Angiospermensippen derAlismataceae,Liliaceae, Juncaceae,Cyperaceae, Poaceae undAraceae

Some closely related members of the monocotyledonous familiesAlismataceae, Liliaceae, Juncaceae, Cyperaceae, Poaceae andAraceae with variable modes of pollination (insect- and wind-pollination) were studied in relation to the ultrastructure of pollenkitt and exine (amount, consistency and distribution of pollenkitt on the surface of pollen grains). The character syndromes of pollen cementing in entomophilous, anemophilous and intermediate (ambophilous or amphiphilous) monocotyledons are the same in principal as in dicotyledons. Comparing present with former results one can summarize: 1) The pollenkitt is always produced in the same manner by the anther tapetum in all angiosperm sub-classes. 2) The variable stickiness of entomophilous and anemophilous pollen always depends on the particular distribution and consistency of the pollenkitt, but not its amount on the pollen surface. 3) The mostly dry and powdery pollen of anemophilous plants always contains a variable amount of inactive pollenkitt in its exine cavities. 4) A step-by step change of the pollen cementing syndrome can be observed from entomophily towards anemophily. 5) From the omnipresence of pollenkitt in all wind-pollinated angiosperms studied one can conclude that the ancestors of anemophilous angiosperms probably have been zoophilous (i.e. entomophilous) throughout.

     

Identification and Characterization of the First Equine Parainfluenza Virus 5

正Dear Editor,Parainfluenza virus 5 (PIV5), known as canine parainfluenza virus in the veterinary field, is a negative-sense,nonsegmented, single-stranded RNA virus belonging to the Paramyxoviridae family (Chen 2018). The virus was first reported in primary monkey kidney cells in 1954 (Hsiung1972), then it has been frequently discovered in various