尖钩宽黾蝽的越冬研究

尖钩宽黾蝽ＭｉｃｒｏｖｅｌｉａｈｏｒｖａｔｈｉＬｕｎｄ－ｂｌａｄ,属半翅目,宽黾蝽科［１］,是我省稻田水面常见的捕食稻飞虱、叶蝉的优势天敌之一。为了正确评价和利用此天敌,必须查明此虫能否在我省越冬,以及其生物学和生态学特性。前人对尖钩宽黾蝽的生物学和生态学特性进行了初步研究［２］,但对该天敌能否在浙江省稻田越冬则未见报导。为此,我们于１９９６年１２月至１９９７年４月及１９９８年２月份调查了尖钩宽黾蝽的赵冬问题。现把调查结果汇总如下。１试验方法１．１尖钩宽黾蝽冬季成活调查１．１．１１９９６年１２月…     

黑肩绿盲蝽耐饥饿能力的研究

【目的】为早期释放黑肩绿盲蝽Cyrtorhinus lividipennis提供理论依据,研究了黑肩绿盲蝽不同虫态耐受饥饿及低温的能力。【方法】室内条件下,比较了稻苗+水、无苗有水和无苗无水三种食物条件下黑肩绿盲蝽耐饥力大小。【结果】适温(26℃)下,黑肩绿盲蝽3龄若虫、5龄若虫和成虫在稻苗+水的存活时间显著高于无苗有水,无苗有水时的存活时间又显著高于无苗无水,表明稻苗对于黑肩绿盲蝽有营养作用,取食稻苗有助于提高黑肩绿盲蝽的耐饥力。黑肩绿盲蝽成虫耐饥力最强,3龄若虫和5龄若虫接近,有苗有水时,3龄若虫、5龄若虫和成虫的平均存活时间分别为2.10、2.22和4.25 d。在低温(15℃)下,水稻苗对黑肩绿盲蝽成虫的存活不利,有苗有水时雌雄成虫的存活时间均低于无苗有水处理,其中雌成虫两处理间的差异显著(P=0.001)。【结论】黑肩绿盲蝽对饥饿和低温有较强的耐受性,以成虫最强,水稻生长前期田间释放时以成虫为宜。     

温度胁迫对点蜂缘蝽成虫呼吸代谢关键酶活性的影响

【目的】为明确温度对点蜂缘蝽Riptortus pedestris成虫呼吸代谢关键酶活性的影响。【方法】本研究利用生化方法测定了黑暗条件下经16,20,24,28,32和36℃处理4 h的点蜂缘蝽成虫呼吸代谢关键酶3-磷酸甘油醛脱氢酶(GAPDH)、3-磷酸甘油脱氢酶(GDH)、3-羟酰辅酶A脱氢酶(HOAD)、柠檬酸合成酶(CS)和乳酸脱氢酶(LDH)的活性。【结果】点蜂缘蝽成虫体内5种呼吸代谢关键酶的活性均随温度升高呈现先增后减的趋势。其中点蜂缘蝽成虫雌、雄个体之间的CS活性在16和28℃时存在显著差异,16℃时雌虫CS活性较高,28℃时雄虫CS活性较高;雄虫LDH活性在36℃时显著高于雌虫,提示雌、雄个体间在低温下体内三羧酸循环代谢存在显著差异,在高温下体内糖无氧酵解水平存在显著差异。不同温度处理下雌、雄成虫的GAPDH与HOAD活性比值均远大于1. 0,说明在试验温度下点蜂缘蝽呼吸代谢消耗以糖类为主。【结论】在16℃~36℃范围内,随着温度的升高点蜂缘蝽雌、雄成虫体内呼吸代谢关键酶活性呈现先增后减的趋势,点蜂缘蝽可通过调节呼吸代谢强度适应温度变化。     

越冬条件下柳蓝叶甲成虫行为及耐饥力的研究

室内观察了柳蓝叶甲成虫越冬条件下的行为和耐饥力大小。结果表明：越冬条件下柳蓝叶甲少有活动和进食行为,呈假死状态。饥饿和无水条件下单头柳蓝叶甲成虫平均寿命为14．8±2．962d,饥饿有水条件下其平均寿命为5．3±0．967d。随着密度的增加,柳蓝叶甲耐饥力是增加的,一雌一雄、二雌二雄和四雌四雄的平均耐饥力大小为：12．25±1．687d、13．38±1．321d、21．63±2．184d。同时对性别导致的耐饥力大小也进行了简单的分析,雌性耐饥力比雄性稍强。     

军配盲蝽对五种网蝽捕食作用研究

【目的】网蝽科Tingidae害虫严重危害我国农林经济作物,盲蝽科Miridae昆虫作为该虫的主要天敌类群之一,对网蝽害虫的绿色防控具重要意义。为明确军配盲蝽Stethoconus japonicus(Schumacher)雌、雄成虫对5种重要网蝽害虫的控害潜能,评价其生防潜力。【方法】在恒定条件(温度(26±1)℃,相对湿度70%±5%,L︰D=14︰10)下研究了军配盲蝽雌、雄成虫对茶网蝽Stephanitis chinensis(Drake)、梨网蝽S.nashi(EsakietTakeya)、桂花网蝽Eteoneussigillatus(Drakeet Poor)、入侵害虫菊方翅网蝽Corythucha marmorata(Uhler)和悬铃木方翅网蝽C. ciliate(Say)成虫的捕食选择性及捕食作用。【结果】军配盲蝽雌、雄虫对5种网蝽捕食选择率大小依次为茶网蝽悬铃木方翅网蝽梨网蝽菊方翅网蝽桂花网蝽,且雌虫比雄虫选择偏好性更强;军配盲蝽对5种网蝽的平均捕食量存在显著性差异,雌虫较雄虫平均捕食量大;军配盲蝽雌、雄虫对5种网蝽的捕食功能反应均符合HollingⅡ型,对茶网蝽捕食效能a'/Th最高,最大日捕食量1/Th,分别为36.2和28.6头,其次为悬铃木方翅网蝽,而对桂花网蝽捕食效能最低,最大日捕食25.4和18.7头。【结论】军配盲蝽成虫对5种网蝽均具有较好的控害潜能,对茶网蝽和入侵害虫悬铃木方翅网蝽有较强的选择偏好性和捕食效能,研究为准确评价军配盲蝽捕食网蝽的生防潜能提供了理论依据。     

长颚斗蟋长翅和短翅型雄成虫营养物质的积累与分配差异

【目的】翅多型雄虫在繁殖方面的能量投入与雌虫相异,这种差异可能会导致雄虫飞行与繁殖权衡的生理机制发生改变。因此,本研究旨在探究翅二型长颚斗蟋Velarifictorus aspersus雄成虫在营养物质积累与分配方面是否存在飞行与繁殖的权衡关系。【方法】选取长颚斗蟋V. aspersus头幅相近的长翅和短翅型雄成虫,对羽化后7 d内两型雄成虫的体重的动态变化进行了比较,利用分光光度计法测定了两型雄成虫虫体及飞行和繁殖器官内蛋白质、总脂和糖原含量。【结果】长颚斗蟋V. aspersus长翅雄成虫在羽化后前7 d内体重保持不变,而短翅雄成虫的体重显著增加。羽化当日长、短翅雄成虫体内蛋白质含量分别为46.5±2.7和42.3±1.9 mg,二者差异显著,且长翅雄成虫羽化后体内蛋白质含量的增加速率明显高于短翅雄成虫;而羽化当日两型雄成虫体内总脂含量无显著差异,但羽化后第5和7天短翅雄成虫体内总脂含量均显著高于长翅雄成虫。成虫羽化后7 d内长翅雄成虫飞行肌内蛋白质和总脂含量均显著高于短翅雄成虫,羽化当日两型雄成虫附腺内的蛋白质与总脂含量无显著差异,但从第3天开始,短翅雄成虫附腺内蛋白质和总脂含量均显著高于长翅雄成虫。【结论】 结果说明翅二型长颚斗蟋V. aspersus雄成虫体内营养物质的积累与分配方面存在飞行与繁殖的权衡关系。     

食物胁迫对翅二型丽斗蟋飞行肌和繁殖发育的影响

前期研究表明,在食物充足的条件下,翅二型丽斗蟋雌成虫长、短翅型间存在着资源投入和收益的权衡关系(trade-off);而雄成虫长短翅型间不存在此类权衡关系。在自然条件下,昆虫可能遭受食物缺乏的胁迫,因而进一步就食物胁迫对丽斗蟋飞行肌和繁殖发育的影响进行了研究。结果表明,在食物胁迫的条件下,长翅雌虫仍维持飞行肌的发育,但繁殖发育受到显著的抑制;而短翅雌虫飞行肌显著降解,繁殖发育亦维持在较高水平。说明即使是营养缺乏时,其雌成虫长、短翅型也依然存在资源配置的差异,具飞行肌和繁殖发育的权衡关系。长翅雄虫飞行肌的重量与食物充足组并无显著差异,但精巢的干重显著降低;而短翅雄虫在食物胁迫条件下飞行肌显著降解,但其精巢重量与食物充足组并无显著差异。可以认为,丽斗蟋雄虫的长、短翅型间也存在飞行肌和繁殖发育的权衡关系。     

悬铃木方翅网蝽触角感器扫描电镜观察

利用扫描电镜对悬铃木方翅网蝽Corythucha ciliata(Say)雌、雄成虫触角背面和腹面进行观察。结果表明:悬铃木方翅网蝽触角为棒状,共4节,分为柄节、梗节和鞭节。触角上共有4种感器,分别为刺型感器、锥形感器、毛型感器和芽型感器;这些感器不存在性二型现象。其中,刺型感器分为大刺型感器和小刺型感器2种类型;芽型感器首次在异翅亚目昆虫触角上发现。雄成虫触角感器数量明显多于雌成虫,不同类型的感器在触角各节上的数量与分布各不相同。     

褐飞虱高温条件下应激反应及体内保护酶系活性的研究

利用34℃、36℃、38℃3个温度处理褐飞虱的若虫和不同型成虫,研究其在热休克过程中体内保护酶系活性及脂质过氧化物含量的变化。结果表明,热休克对4龄若虫过氧化氢酶（CAT）活性影响大于3龄、5龄,而其成虫期CAT活性则随日龄增加而增加,36℃为CAT清除H2O2最适温度。高龄若虫全内谷胱甘肽过氧化物本(GSH-px）活性高于低龄若虫,老熟成虫体内GSH－px清除H2O2能力强于初羽化成虫,超氧化物歧化酶（SOD）活性与处理温度呈正相关,而同一处理温度下SOD活性随成虫龄期和成虫日龄增加而降低,长型成虫体内CAT、GSH－px、SOD活性均高于短翅型,而雌、雄成虫间CAT、GSH－px、SOD活性无明显差异（α＞0.05）。褐飞虱体内脂质过氧化物（LPO）含量随处理温度升高而上升,同一处理温度下随若虫龄期和成虫日龄的增加而增加,短型成虫体内LPO含量高于长翅型。     

长颚斗蟋长翅和短翅型雌成虫飞行肌发育、生殖力及寿命的比较

为探讨长颚斗蟋Velarifictorus asperses (Walker)翅型分化的生态学意义, 对室内饲养获得的长翅和短翅型雌成虫飞行肌和卵巢的发育, 以及长、 短翅型雌成虫的生殖力和寿命进行了比较研究。结果表明： 羽化当日, 长翅型雌成虫飞行肌重38.68±9.15 mg, 显著高于短翅型的17.53±4.44 mg （P<0.05）; 而二者卵巢重量无显著差异（P>0.05）, 分别为4.69±1.04 mg和4.88±0.97 mg。羽化后8 d内, 长翅型雌成虫飞行肌重量增加了48.9%, 短翅型雌成虫飞行肌重量无明显增加; 而短翅型雌成虫卵巢的重量增加至93.5±11.7 mg, 约为长翅型雌成虫的4.5倍。短翅型雌成虫的产卵前期显著短于长翅型, 其早期产卵量及总产卵量亦显著高于长翅型; 而两翅型雌成虫中后期产卵量及寿命无显著差异（P>0.05）。此外, 长翅型雌成虫在羽化后12 d开始发生飞行肌的降解, 飞行肌降解个体的卵巢重量显著高于未降解个体, 与短翅型相似。结果提示, 飞行肌与生殖系统的发育之间存在资源分配的权衡关系（trade-off), 且这种资源分配的差异可能会导致长翅型与短翅型个体在生活史策略上出现分化, 即长翅型个体具有飞行能力, 而短翅型个体则在生殖方面获得更高的收益, 且飞行肌的降解可能是长翅型个体由飞行转向生殖发育的生理信号。     

Influence of temperature on developmental rate,wing length,and larval head capsule size of pestiferous midge Chironomus crassicaudatus (Diptera: Chironomidae)

Larvae of Chironomus crassicaudatus Malloch were reared individually at nine constant temperatures from 12.5 to 32.5 degrees C (2.5 degrees C increments) for 120 d. Duration of immature stages (egg, four instars, and pupa), head capsule width of fourth instars, and wing length were recorded. Some adults emerged at all temperatures, except at 12.5 degrees C where individuals developed to fourth instars during the experiment. Sharpe and DeMichele's four-parameter model with high-temperature inhibition described the temperature-dependent developmental rates. The slowest development was observed at 15 degrees C, with developmental rate peaking between 25 and 27.5 degrees C. Developmental rate increased rapidly with increasing temperature up to 20 degrees C, slowed between 20 and 27.5 degrees C, and decreased at temperatures >27.5 degrees C. No developmental inhibition at high temperatures was observed in eggs. The most apparent high-temperature inhibition of development was recorded in fourth instars, which comprised the largest proportion of developmental time. Males developed faster than females, but females had wider larval head capsules and longer wings than males. Adult size was negatively related with temperature in both sexes, but this relationship was steeper in males than in females. Larval size peaked at 20 degrees C, whereas the head capsule width was reduced at temperatures higher and lower than 20 degrees C.     

Biological studies onTrichogrammatoidea armigera Nagaraja a new dimorphic egg parasite ofHeliothis armigera (Hübner) in India

A new species ofTrichogrammatoidea which is being described byH. Nagaraja asT. armigera, has been reared from eggs ofHeliothis armigera onPolianthes tuberosa and from those of an unidentified Lepidopteron onCajanus cajan. In the laboratory the parasite was successfully bred onCorcyra cephalonica, Achaea janata, Gnorimoschema operculella andPlutella xylostella; it did not show any perceptible preference for any of these hosts. It also parasitised eggs ofSpodoptera litura, but although development proceeded to the adult stage, adults failed to emerge, suggesting unsuitability of this host. The males ofT. armigera are found to exhibit dimorphism — one form being alate and the other typically apterous. The apterous males were almost exclusively produced only by fertilised females and in the progeny of virgin females these forms were extremely rare (1 apterous male: 1,500 winged males). Among the progeny of a single mated female, an apterous male developed invariably in association with a female, but this rule did not apply when a singleCorcyra egg was parasitised by more than one parental female. However, in no case did an apterous male alone emerge from a single host egg. The biology ofT. armigera has been studied at 25°C±1°C. and R.H. 75%, usingC. cephalonica eggs. The parasite completed its life-cycle in 7–9 days — the egg, larval and pupal periods occupying, 1, 2–3 and 4–5 days, respectively. When fed honey, the average longevity of females was 7 (max. 11) days, of alate males 6 (max. 10) days and of apterous males 1 (max. 2) day. The maximum fecundity was 118 while the average was about 63. From 2–26 (average 9) eggs were parasitised per day. The sex-ratio was 62% females: 38% males (35% alate and 3% apterous). An alate male during its lifetime inseminated upto 10 (Av. 9) females while an apterous one inseminated up to 4 (Av. 3) females.     

Temperature-Dependent Expression of the APTEROUS Phenotype in DROSOPHILA MELANOGASTER

Mutations at the apterous (ap) locus in Drosophila melanogaster produce a variety of developmental defects, including several classes of wing abnormalities. We describe the wing phenotype produced by homozygotes and hemizygotes of three different temperature-sensitive apterous alleles grown at 16, 18, 20, 22, 25, and 29 degrees. We also describe the phenotype produced by each of these three alleles when heteroallelic with the non-temperature-sensitive apc allele. Constant-temperature and temperature-shift experiments show that each of the heteroallelic genotypes can produce several of the previously described apterous phenotypes and that the length of the temperature-sensitive period for a given phenotype depends on the allelic combinations used to measure it. We suggest that the stage-specific requirements of the tissue for gene product, rather than the time of gene expression per se, determine the temperature-sensitive periods for apterous and other loci. The results support the hypothesis that the various wing phenotypes produced by apterous mutations are due to quantitative reductions in the activity of gene product and that failure to meet specific threshold requirements for gene product can lead to qualitatively different phenotypes.     

Life history of Aptesis nigrocincta (Hymenoptera: Ichneumonidae) a cocoon parasitoid of the apple sawfly, Hoplocampa testudinea (Hymenoptera: Tenthredinidae)

Aptesis nigrocincta: Gravenhorst is a bivoltine ectoparasitoid of apple sawfly cocoons, hosts that must be found and parasitized by females at a depth of 10-25 cm in the soil. Females are significantly smaller than males and nearly wingless. After encountering a host, females needed 29.3 min at 20 degrees C and 19. 9 min at 25 degrees C to deposit an egg on the host. Development from egg to adult took 39.6 days for females and 38.0 days for males at 20 degrees C. This small difference was significant. At 20 degrees C, the longevity of females that had no opportunity to oviposit was on average 72.5 days, significantly higher than male longevity (50.6 days). The longevity of females given access to hosts throughout their lifetime averaged 58.6 days. Females were able to mate immediately after emergence and copulation lasted on average 21.7 s. After a pre-oviposition period averaging 5.8 days, females laid 20.2 eggs during their lifetime, thus less than one egg per day. Neither the fecundity nor longevity of individual females was correlated with body size. If females were deprived of food, longevity as well as lifetime fecundity were drastically reduced. Field studies were carried out in one organically managed apple orchard in Switzerland. Aptesis nigrocincta showed parasitism rates ranging from 12.1 to 39.7 % within single parasitoid generations, thereby constituting the most important mortality factor of apple sawfly cocoons.     

环斑猛猎蝽对猎物的选择捕食作用

研究了环斑猛猎蝽雌成虫对玉米螟和蚜虫混合种群的选择捕食作用。结果表明:当玉米螟2龄幼虫和3龄幼虫共存时,环斑猛猎蝽雌成虫对玉米螟在各猎物密度下均表现正喜好性,而对蚜虫在各猎物密度下均不表现喜好性。对玉米螟的转换效应因总猎物密度的不同而不同,即在低密度(60头·瓶-1)和中密度(90头·瓶-1)时无转换行为,在高密度(120头·瓶-1)时有负转换行为;对蚜虫在低密度(60头·瓶-1)和中密度(90头·瓶-1)时有负转换行为,在高密度(120头·瓶-1)时无转换行为。当2龄、3龄玉米螟幼虫和蚜虫3种猎物共存、总猎物密度为90头·瓶-1时,环斑猛猎蝽雌成虫对玉米螟3龄幼虫表现正喜好性并有正转换行为,对蚜虫则表现负喜好性和负转换行为。     

Functional ecological implications of intraspecific differences in wing melanization in Colias butterflies

Variation in the degree of insect wing melanin affects thermoregulation, and is expected to be adapted to local environmental conditions, for example over an elevational gradient. The effects of melanization on flight activity and egg maturation rate were assessed in the closely related butterflies Colias philodice eriphyle and C. eurytheme using experimental manipulation of wing darkness and transplant experiments between high and low elevation sites. Experimental manipulation of wing darkness in C. p. eriphyle demonstrated that light males had reduced flight activity at high elevations, and darkened males had reduced flight activity at low elevations. In contrast, the transplant experiments revealed asymmetrical adaptation for male C. p. eriphyle . At high elevations darker, high-elevation males had higher flight activity than lighter, low-elevation males, but there was no difference between the two groups at low elevation. For females, melanization had no effect on flight activity. However, an increase in female C. eurytheme wing darkness led to a significantly higher egg maturation rate at cold ambient temperatures, which may increase female reproductive output under natural conditions. Therefore, dispersers moving down in elevation may be more successful than those moving up.  © 2004 The Linnean Society of London, Biological Journal of the Linnean Society , 2004, 82 , 79–87.     

Mobility of mass-reared diapaused and nondiapaused Cydia pomonella (Lepidoptera: Tortricidae): effect of mating status and treatment with gamma radiation

Mass-reared insects may differ in their behavioral traits depending on whether they have undergone diapause. We studied the mobility of mass-reared diapaused and nondiapaused Cydia pomonella (L.) with a focus on understanding the effect of mating status and treatment with gamma radiation as these insects are destined for use in an areawide program that uses the sterile insect technique (SIT). Actograph-measured mobility was assessed one gender at a time for 4 h during which the photoperiod transitioned from day to night. We tested 20-30 individuals per treatment. For experiments on the effect of mating status, we used 24-48-h-old adults (diapause [D]-virgin, D-mated, standard [N]-virgin, and N-mated), which is the typical age class that is released in the SIT program. Diapaused females were significantly more mobile than females reared through standard production, whereas no differences were detected in male mobility because of rearing strategy. Mated females were significantly more mobile than virgin females, whereas no difference in mobility because of mating status was detected for males. Mated females were significantly more mobile than mated males. In contrast, virgin females were significantly less mobile than virgin males. For experiments on the effect of treatment with gamma radiation, adults from all rearing strategies and treatments (D-0Gy, D-100Gy, D-250Gy, N-0Gy, N-100Gy, and N-250Gy), were tested simultaneously. Adult males were tested at two different constant temperatures (25 and 20 degrees C), whereas adult females were tested only at 25 degrees C. For standard-reared adults, we found a significant linear decrease in mobility as the radiation dose increased from 0 to 250 Gy. In contrast, the relationship between mobility and dose of radiation was quadratic for diapaused males and absent for diapaused females.     

Flight activity and oviposition characteristics of the seasonal form of a migrant skipper,Parnara guttata guttata (Lepidoptera: Hesperiidae)

The flight activity of adults of a migrant skipper (Parnara guttata guttata) was measured on the day of emergence, and at 4 and 7 days after emergence by a flight mill and the activity was compared among the three seasonal forms which emerged under 12, 14 and 16 hr photoperiods. The flight activity of adults reared under 12 and 14 hrs was higher than that under 16 hr especially on the day of emergence. The flight activity of males under 12 and 14 hrs was higher on the day of emergence and decreased at 4 and 7 days. The activity of males under 16 hr was maintained at a low and constant level. The activity of females under 12 and 14 hrs increased or was constant on the days after the emergence, on the other hand, the activity of females under 16 hr was highest at 4 days after the emergence. The wing size did not affect the flight activity. The oviposition characteristics of females reared under the three photoperiods was compared. The female under 14 hr has a longer preoviposition period and lesser fecundity than that under 16 hr. The female under 12 hr has intermediate values of the former two. The size of eggs laid by females under 12 hr was also intermediate.     

Male production by apterous viviparae of the aphid Myzus persicae temporarily exposed to different scotoperiods

Male production by apterous viviparae of a holocyclic biotype of the green peach aphid, Myzus persicae, was induced by pre-natal and/or post-natal exposures to a long-night regime of 15 h dark per diem. When the apterae were exposed to three or more long nights immediately after birth and they subsequently developed under a short-night regime of 8 h dark per diem, they produced females (mostly alate viviparae) during the first 8–10 days of reproduction and a high proportion of males thereafter. When the apterae were exposed to two long nights immediately before their birth and to short nights thereafter, they produced relatively few females (mostly alate viviparae), and males were deposited already after 4–6 days of reproduction, i.e. 16–18 days after the first exposure to the long nights. The proportion of males among the progeny of these apterae was highest when the two prenatal exposures comprised scotophases of 11–15 h; under such long-night regimes many aphids switched to producing males exclusively. To achieve this effect, the two long scotophases had to be separated by a photophase of more than 1–2 h. Fewer males were produced and most of the apterae reverted to the production of females (apterous viviparae) when the duration of the two prenatal scotophases was 9 h 45 min-10 h 30 min, or 18 h and longer.One long night of 15–39 h could also induce temporary male production if the aphids were exposed to it late in the 4th larval instar or as teneral adults.     

Wing wear of adult Choristoneura fumiferana (Lepidoptera: Tortricidae) in relation to age, sex, sex ratio, and presence of host plant

Wing wear of adult butterflies has been used to record age-related demographic parameters in hundreds of studies, but this technique has surprisingly been rarely used in moths and never in the context of pest management. A method for scoring wing wear of eastern spruce budworm, Choristoneura fumiferana (Clemens), the most severe pest in eastern North American boreal forests, is proposed based on the proportion of forewings covered with scales. Studies conducted in the laboratory reveal a higher level of wing damage for males than females, for 4-day-old individuals than 2-day-old individuals, and for adults that are in contact with host plant material. Males provided with mating opportunities had a lower incidence of wing damage than males deprived of mating opportunity, whereas wing wear of females was independent of the presence or absence of males. In combination with other variables, wing wear of adult spruce budworms may help to identify and forecast migration events.