葡萄糖基聚合物的酶催化合成及其在制备缓释微球中的应用

以脂肪酶Novozym-435催化葡萄糖和10-十一碳烯酸合成了6-O-(10-十一碳烯酸)-葡萄糖酯,在K2S2O8引发下合成了葡萄糖基聚合物.采用复凝聚法以葡萄糖基聚合物和海藻酸钠为基质材料,将非诺洛芬钙包裹制成缓释微球.通过L9(34)正交实验得出微球的最佳制备工艺条件,结果是葡萄糖基聚合物:海藻酸钠质量比=1:2,pH 3.0,搅拌速度400 r/min,反应成球温度45℃.在最佳工艺条件下制备的非诺洛芬钙缓释微球,粒径范围是10～20μm,平均药物包封率(73.74±3.12)%.同时,体外溶出试验表明,该微球具有较好的缓释作用.     

大肠杆菌微球包封效率及稳定性的研究

多聚物制备而成的微球是一种具有佐剂效应的疫苗控释系统,在疫苗研制中得到广泛应用.为改进大肠杆菌疫苗的制备质量,本文以天然高分子聚合物海藻酸钠和壳聚糖为材料,应用了三种不同制备微球的方法来制备大肠杆菌微球,观察微球的形态、粒径和稳定性,并测算其对大肠杆菌的包封率.结果表明,采用乳化-内部凝胶化法制备的大肠杆菌海藻酸钙-壳聚糖微球,圆整规则,粒径较小,包封率达到≈93.1％,具有良好的控释性能和稳定性,适于低温保存.     

喷雾干燥法制备异烟肼PLA缓释微球

采用喷雾干燥法制备了异烟肼PLA缓释微球(IN-PLA-MS).首先采用球磨法制备IN微粉颗粒,平均粒径为0.161μm,然后将IN微粉超声分散于溶有PLA的二氯甲烷溶液中(S/O),将制备的混悬液进行喷雾干燥.制备得到的微球形态圆整光滑,无粘连,分散性好,平均粒径为5.62μm,粒径均一;体外释放试验中,IN-PLA-MS23天累积释放70%,且无明显突释;大鼠(Rattus norvegicus)体内考察中,采用液相色谱-质谱/质谱(LC-MS/MS)测定肺部药物浓度,微球在大鼠体内持续释药4周.该制备方法操作简单过程容易控制,采用包裹IN微粉颗粒的方法,未引入水分,一方面避免了因水分挥发在微球内部留下的空隙,另一方面抑制了药物在微球表面的迁移,有效地减少突释,达到较好的缓释效果.     

胶原酶缓释微球的研究

目的:本实验旨在开发一种胶原酶缓释微球制剂,用以治疗手掌腱膜挛缩症,以减小现有水针剂的不足。方法:利用水相-水相乳化法和低温冷冻相分离法两种方法制备载药颗粒,分别将其包裹于PLGA微球内,制备成胶原酶微球,并用扫描电镜考察其表面形态,对其粒径进行统计学分析,测定体外释放行为并比较。结果:两种方法制备的微球表面光滑圆整,都可以达到缓释的效果,一个星期内释药完全。水相-水相乳化法制备的微球比低温冷冻相分离制备的微球粒径大,且具有统计学差异(P0.05)。水相-水相乳化法制备的微球粒径较均一,其体外释放更加平缓,突释较小。结论:本研究制得的胶原酶微球能实现理想的体外缓释效果,解决了现有技术中胶原酶粉针剂型快速释放并分散的问题。     

干扰素α缓释微球的制备及体外释放研究

目的:开发一种有效地长效缓释干扰素α微球制剂。方法:利用S/O/W乳剂-挥发法制备了包裹干扰素α多糖颗粒的PLAG微球,对其外观形态进行了考察,并用ELISA方法考察了微球体外释放效果。结果:制备的干扰素α微球圆整光滑,粒径均匀;经24天体外释放,累计释放率达到80%以上。结论:通过包封包裹干扰素α的多糖颗粒进PLGA微球,有效地保护了干扰素α在微球中的活性,实现了长效缓释,是一种可行的缓释方案。     

壳聚糖-海藻酸钠包裹Hp全菌蛋白微球剂的研制及其表征分析

以壳聚糖、海藻酸钠为主要合成材料包裹幽门螺杆菌全菌超声蛋白抗原 ,制备新型Hp疫苗制剂。采用一定工艺 ,将海藻酸钠、壳聚糖以及Hp超声全菌抗原制备成W /O/W微球。通过扫描电镜、粒径分布仪等设备检测微球粒径大小 ;微球溶出度仪、Lowry法检测蛋白含量、高压液相色谱等检测微球的蛋白的包封率以及释放速率 ;12 5I标记后口服观测微球的定向靶向作用等。所制备微球形态规则 ,粒径均在 10 μm以内 ;包封率达到 4 1%左右 ;整个包封过程对蛋白没有任何降解作用 ;微球呈缓 快 缓释药模式 ,药物缓释时间可长达 72h ;微球在肠PP结分布明显高…     

包封不对称膜高分子囊泡对PLGA微球中蛋白释放行为的改善作用

目的:研究含蛋白的不对称膜高分子囊泡包封进PLGA微球后对其体外释放动力学的改善作用.方法:将包封有BSA蛋白的不对称膜高分子囊泡采用S/O/W法包裹进PLGA微球中,制备复合微球,对微球表征后,以包封葡聚糖颗粒的微球做对照品,于37℃测定微球的体外释放,比较两者的释放曲线,考察不对称膜高分子囊泡时微球中蛋白释放的改善作用.结果:①经扫描电镜(SEM)观察,包裹高分子囊泡的复合微球形态圆整,表面光滑,平均粒径为75.20μm,粒径较为均匀,复合微球制备成功.②比较复合微球和对照微球的释放曲线,发现对照微球有较小的突释,而复合微球的几乎没有突释效应.结论:不对称膜高分子囊泡包封进PLGA微球后可以很好的改善蛋白的释放行为,获得更为理想的释放曲线.     

粒细胞-巨噬细胞集落刺激因子微球制剂的体外释放研究

目的：开发一种粒细胞-巨噬细胞集落刺激因子（GM—CSF）长效缓释微球剂型。方法：采用S／O／hO法制备了包裹粒细胞一巨噬细胞集落刺激因子多糖玻璃体颗粒的PLGA微球,考察了微球的表面形态、粒径分布等,并且运用ELISA方法考察了微球的体外释放效果。结果：本方法制备的粒细胞-巨噬细胞集落刺激因子微球光滑圆整,粒径分布均匀,体外可以缓释达32天,累积释放率接近90％。结论：本方法制备的粒细胞-巨噬细胞集落刺激因子微球能有效地保护蛋白活性,同时实现长效缓释的目标,是一种可行的蛋白缓释方案。     

贝尼尔聚乳酸微球缓释制剂的制备方法解析

文章根据单因素设计的要点，通过溶剂挥发的方式综合研究微球载药量，从具体微球粒径大小入手设计贝尼尔聚乳酸微球缓释制剂的制备方法。重点阐述如何制备贝尼尔聚乳酸微球缓释制剂，首先分析贝尼尔聚乳酸微球缓释制剂的制备思路，然后从制剂材料载药量的影响、制剂制备的稳定性、制剂制备质量几个方面深入说明并探讨贝尼尔聚乳酸微球的制备效果，全面总结和归纳制备贝尼尔聚乳酸微球缓释制剂的要点，强化制剂制备的综合效益，希望能为相关研究提供条件支持。     

空心磁性微球负载La掺杂TiO_2的制备和光催化性能

以自制的粒径均一分散P(St-AA)聚合物微球为模板,制备了P(St-AA)/Fe_2O_3纳米颗粒,热处理后获得的纳米磁性空心微球;在溶胶凝胶法制备La掺杂TiO_2方法的基础上,制备了以磁性空心微球为载体的空心磁性微球负载La掺杂TiO_2,通过紫外光催化实验表明,该产品降解亚甲基蓝的效率优于同等条件制备的La掺杂TiO_2。通过SEM、TEM对产物的形貌和微观结构进行了表征。     

Process and formulation variables in the preparation of injectable and biodegradable magnetic microspheres

The aim of this study was to prepare biodegradable sustained release magnetite microspheres sized between 1 to 2 μm. The microspheres with or without magnetic materials were prepared by a W/O/W double emulsion solvent evaporation technique using poly(lactide-co-glycolide) (PLGA) as the biodegradable matrix forming polymer. Effects of manufacturing and formulation variables on particle size were investigated with non-magnetic microspheres. Microsphere size could be controlled by modification of homogenization speed, PLGA concentration in the oil phase, oil phase volume, solvent composition, and polyvinyl alcohol (PVA) concentration in the outer water phase. Most influential were the agitation velocity and all parameters that influence the kinematic viscosity of oil and outer water phase, specifically the type and concentration of the oil phase. The magnetic component yielding homogeneous magnetic microspheres consisted of magnetite nanoparticles of 8 nm diameter stabilized with a polyethylene glycole/polyacrylic acid (PEG/PAA) coating and a saturation magnetization of 47.8 emu/g. Non-magnetic and magnetic microspheres had very similar size, morphology, and size distribution, as shown by scanning electron microscopy. The optimized conditions yielded microspheres with 13.7 weight% of magnetite and an average diameter of 1.37 μm. Such biodegradable magnetic microspheres seem appropriate for vascular administration followed by magnetic drug targeting.     

Formulation optimization of chelerythrine loaded O-carboxymethylchitosan microspheres using response surface methodology

The aims of this investigation were to develop a procedure to prepare chelerythrine (CHE) loaded O-carboxymethylchitosan (O-CMCS) microspheres by emulsion cross-linking method and optimize the process and formulation variables using response surface methodology (RSM) with a three-level, three-factor Box-Behnken design (BBD). The independent variables studied were O-CMCS/CHE ratio, O/W phase ratio, and O-CMCS concentration, dependent variables (responses) were drug loading content and encapsulation efficiency. Mathematical equations and response surface plots were used to relate the dependent and independent variables. The process and formulation variables were optimized to achieve maximum drug loading content and entrapment efficiency by the desirability function. The optimized microsphere formulation was characterized for particle size, shape, morphology and in vitro drug release. Results for mean particle size, drug loading content, entrapment efficiency, and in vitro drug release of CHE-loaded O-CMCS microspheres were found to be of 12.18 μm, 4.16 ± 3.36%, 57.40 ± 2.30%, and 54.5% at pH 7.4 after 70 h, respectively. The combination use of RSM, BBD and desirability function could provide a promising application for O-CMCS as controlled drug delivery carrier and help to develop procedures for a lab-scale microemulsion process.     

DNA encapsulation by an air-agitated, liquid-liquid mixer

Smooth and spherical alginate microspheres and nylon-membrane bound microcapsules were formed in an air-agitated, liquid-liquid mixer by emulsification/internal gelation and interfacial polymerization respectively. The mean diameter of the alginate microspheres ranged from 100 to 800 mum, and was controlled by process modifications. Increase in emulsifier concentration, gas flowrate, and emulsification time resulted in smaller microsphere size as did a decrease in liquid height. Increase in the dispersed phase viscosity resulted in a longer emulsification time required for approaching a minimum microsphere size. Microspheres could be formed with the proportion of dispersed phase approaching 30%. The yield of alginate microspheres was 70%, with losses attributed to incomplete recovery during washing and filtration operations. The yield of DNA encapsulation within the fraction of recovered microspheres, was 94%. The small loss was thought to occur by surface release during the washing of the microspheres. (c) 1997 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. Biotechnol Bioeng 56: 464-470, 1997.     

Dynamic changes in size distribution of emulsion droplets during ethyl acetate-based microencapsulation process

This study investigated the dynamic effect of the emulsification process on emulsion droplet size in manufacturing microspheres using ethyl acetate as an organic solvent. A dispersed phase consisting of poly(lactide-co-glycolide) and ethyl acetate was emulsified in a poly(vinyl alcohol) aqueous solution for a predetermined time ranging from 2 to 9, 16, 23, 30, 40, 50, or 60 minutes. Ethyl acetate was then quickly extracted to transform emulsion droplets into solidified microspheres, and their size distribution was determined. This experimental design allowed quantification of the size distribution of emulsion droplets over the course of emulsification. When emulsification time was extended from 2 to 60 minutes, the emulsion droplets decreased in size from 98.1 to 50.3 microm and their surface area increased from 0.07 to 0.29 m2/g. Overall, prolonging emulsification time up to 60 minutes resulted in the progressive evolution of smaller emulsion droplets (1-60 microm) and the simultaneous disappearance of larger ones (> 81 microm). Increases in the total number of microspheres and their surface area were caused mainly by continuous fragmentation of emulsion droplets before ethyl acetate extraction. The increase in the smaller microsphere population might also be due in part to shrinkage of microspheres. These results show that the onset of ethyl acetate extraction influenced the kinetics of the breakup and formation of emulsion droplets, thereby affecting to a great extent the size distribution of microspheres.     

Differentiation of HL-60 promyelocytic leukemia cells: simultaneous determination of phagocytic activity and cell cycle distribution by flow cytometry

Phagocytosis of fluorescent microspheres by HL-60 promyelocytic leukemia cells following induction of differentiation with dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO) was monitored using flow cytometry. Initiation of phagocytic capability following initiation of differentiation with 1.5% DMSO coincided with the attainment of respiratory burst activity as measured by NBT (nitro blue tetrazolium) reduction; the degree of phagocytic activity was dependent upon parameters such as microsphere size, microsphere number, and exposure time. Ingestion of fluorescent microspheres did not interfere with the measurement of DNA content using propidium iodide; thus, simultaneous determination of phagocytic activity and the cell cycle phase was possible. Accumulation of cells in the G1/G0 phase of the cell cycle following DMSO treatment was correlated with the acquisition of the capacity to phagocytize. Analysis of two-parameter correlated data also indicated that phagocytosis is coupled with residence in the G1/G0 phase of the cell cycle, further suggesting that the ability to phagocytize fluorescent microspheres is associated with end-stage differentiation.     

重组人粒细胞集落刺激因子缓释微球的研究

目的：研究固体／油／水法制备重组人粒细胞集落刺激因子缓释微球,为开发其缓释剂型进行初步研究。方法：以聚乳酸．聚羟乙酸共聚物（PLGA）为载体材料：用固体／油／水法和水／油／水法制备载rhG-CSF缓释微球;考察粒径大小、外观、包封率等理化性质;用MieroBCA法考察微球的体外释药特性及影响因素;用SEC-HPLC和MTT比色法初步评价了微球制备工艺过程对rhG-CSF稳定性的影响。结果：两种方法制得的微球形态圆整、分散性良好,包封率均超过80％。固／油／水法制得的微球体外释放在2周内可超过90％,而水／油／水法制得的微球在相同的时间内仅释放30％。对于固／油／水法制备过程,SEC-HPLC法测定蛋白无明显聚集体出现,MTT法测定蛋白活性无明显损失。结论：实验证明了固／油／水法制备的PLGA微球可以实现2周以上的体外缓释。     

Formation of nano-hydroxyapatite in gelatin droplets and the resulting porous composite microspheres

A one-pot strategy was first presented in this paper to synthesize gelatin/hydroxyapatite (HAP) composite microspheres in a water-in-oil (W/O) emulsion. Using gelatin droplets as microreactors and colloid protective medium, needle-like nano-HAP crystals (5 nm x 60-100 nm) in form of clusters were homogeneously and orderly precipitated within gelatin matrix. The results of scanning electron microscopy (SEM) revealed that the as-prepared microspheres with an average diameter of 7.5 microm displayed a narrow particle size distribution, a high dispersity and a naturally porous structure. This microsphere material is expected to have a great potential for both controlled drug release and faster bone in-growth in bone tissue engineering.     

Influence of Some Formulation Variables on the Optimization of pH-dependent,Colon-targeted,Sustained-release Mesalamine Microspheres

The aim of this work was to understand the influence of different formulation variables on the optimization of pH-dependent, colon-targeted, sustained-release mesalamine microspheres prepared by O/O emulsion solvent evaporation method, employing pH-dependent Eudragit S and hydrophobic pH-independent ethylcellulose polymers. Formulation variables studied included concentration of Eudragit S in the internal phase and the ratios between; internal to external phase, drug to Eudragit S and Eudragit S to ethylcellulose to mesalamine. Prepared microspheres were evaluated by carrying out in vitro release studies and determination of particle size, production yield, and encapsulation efficiency. In addition, morphology of microspheres was examined using optical and scanning electron microscopy. Emulsion solvent evaporation method was found to be sensitive to the studied formulation variables. Particle size and encapsulation efficiency increased by increasing Eudragit S concentration in the internal phase, ratio of internal to external phase, and ratio of Eudragit S to the drug. Employing Eudragit S alone in preparation of the microspheres is only successful in forming acid-resistant microspheres with pulsatile release pattern at high pH. Eudragit S and ethylcellulose blend microspheres were able to control release under acidic condition and to extend drug release at high pH. The stability studies carried out at 40°C/75% RH for 6 months proved the stability of the optimized formulation. From the results of this investigation, microencapsulation of mesalamine in microspheres using blend of Eudragit S and ethylcellulose could constitute a promising approach for site-specific and controlled delivery of drug in colon.     

一种白细胞介素 -12 缓释微球制备及体外表征

目的:开发一种白细胞介素-12(IL-12)长效缓释微球剂型。方法:采用水包油-油包固(S/O/W)法制备了白介素-12因子多糖微粒的聚乳酸-聚羟基乙酸共聚物(PLGA-PLA)微球,研究了微球的表面形态和粒径大小,并且运用ELISA方法考察了微球的体外释放效果和免疫活性。结果:本方法制备的白介素-12因子微球光滑圆整,体外缓释达45天,累积释放率近90%。结论:本方法制备的白介素-12因子微球,不仅具有有效地保护IL-12蛋白活性,同时实现长效缓释的目标,是一种可行的IL-12缓释方案。