L-缬氨酸合成的代谢流量分析

分别测定谷氨酸棒杆菌（Corynebacterium glutamicum）AS1-495及其3个逐个叠加不同遗传标记的突变株AA361、AAT231和AATV341在特定培养时段（26～28h）L缬氨酸等代谢物的胞外浓度,由此计算这一时段这些代谢物在发酵液中积累（或消耗）的速率,分别做出这4株菌在拟稳态下的代谢流量分布图,进而研究育种过程中不同遗传标记的叠加对代谢网络中L-缬氨酸合成流量分布的影响。结果表明遗传标记的引入使流量分配发生了重大变化,节点处的流量分配朝着有利于L缬氨酸合成的方向改变。6-磷酸葡萄糖节点处流入EMP途径和HMP途径的流量分配由17.0∶83.0变为24.3∶75.7;丙酮酸节点处流入L-缬氨酸合成途径和其他途径的流量分配由15.8∶842变为76.7∶23.3/L-缬氨酸合成的分支途径上的流量由最初的5.37增大为37.3,乳酸合成途径的流量从11.1最后降为1.16,L-缬氨酸产量由4g/L提高到24.5 g/L。代谢流量分布的变化趋势与L缬氨酸产量的变化趋势是互相吻合的。以2-噻唑丙氨酸抗性突变（2TAr）和L天冬氨酸氧肟酸盐超敏性突变（LAAHss）有效地进行代谢流遗传导向的事实,在代谢流量分析的层面上,证明结构类似物抗性突变和结构类似物超敏性突变是代谢流导向和设计育种的十分有效的手段,代谢流量分析会成为设计育种的校正方法。     

L-精氨酸生物合成的代谢流量分析

建立并完善了谷氨酸棒杆菌GWY020及其2个逐步叠加不同遗传标记的突变株HUI821和GUI089合成L-精氨酸的中心代谢网络。分别测定了它们在特定培养时段(50 h~52 h)L-精氨酸等代谢物的胞外浓度, 由此计算这一时段这些代谢物在发酵液中积累(或消耗)的速率, 分别作出这3株菌在拟稳态下的代谢流量分布图, 进而研究育种过程中不同遗传标记的叠加对代谢网络中L-精氨酸合成流量分布的影响。结果表明遗传标记的引入使流量分配发生了重大变化, 节点处的流量分配朝着有利于L-精氨酸合成的方向改变。从代谢流量分析角度上, 证明结构类似物抗性和敏感性突变是代谢流导向和设计育种的有效手段, 代谢流量分析将成为设计育种的提供新思路。     

L-精氨酸生物合成的代谢流量分析

建立并完善了谷氨酸棒杆菌GWY020及其2个逐步叠加不同遗传标记的突变株HUI821和GUI089合成L-精氨酸的中心代谢网络.分别测定了它们在特定培养时段(50 h～52 h)L-精氨酸等代谢物的胞外浓度,由此计算这一时段这些代谢物在发酵液中积累(或消耗)的速率,分别作出这3株菌在拟稳态下的代谢流量分布图,进而研究育种过程中不同遗传标记的叠加对代谢网络中L-精氨酸合成流量分布的影响.结果表明遗传标记的引入使流量分配发生了重大变化,节点处的流量分配朝着有利于L-精氨酸合成的方向改变.从代谢流量分析角度上,证明结构类似物抗性和敏感性突变是代谢流导向和设计育种的有效手段,代谢流量分析将成为设计育种的提供新思路.     

代谢工程改造谷氨酸棒状杆菌合成及分泌途径生产L-缬氨酸

谷氨酸棒状杆菌是目前微生物发酵生产L-缬氨酸的主要工业菌株。文中首先在谷氨酸棒状杆菌VWB-1中敲除了alaT (丙氨酸氨基转移酶),获得突变菌株VWB-2,作为出发菌株。进而对L-缬氨酸合成途径关键酶——乙酰羟酸合酶 (ilvBN) 的调节亚基进行定点突变 (ilvBN1M13),解除L-缬氨酸对该酶的反馈抑制。然后辅助过量表达L-缬氨酸合成途径关键基因ilvBN1M13、乙酰羟酸异构酶 (ilvC)、二羟酸脱水酶 (ilvD)、支链氨基酸氨基转移酶 (ilvE),加强通往L-缬氨酸的碳代谢流,提高菌株的L-缬氨酸水平。最后,基于过量表达L-缬氨酸转运蛋白编码基因brnFE及其调控蛋白编码基因lrp1,提高细胞的L-缬氨酸转运能力。最终获得工程菌株VWB-2/pEC-XK99E-ilvBN1M13CE-lrp1-brnFE在5 L发酵罐中的L-缬氨酸产量达到461.4 mmol/L,糖酸转化率达到0.312 g/g葡萄糖。     

L-谷氨酰胺产生菌的选育和代谢流量分析

目的:建立并完善嗜乙酰乙酸棒杆菌YL012及其突变株LCHA0082合成L-谷氨酰胺的中心代谢网络.方法:分别测定了它们在特定培养时段(48h～50h)L-谷氨酰胺等代谢物的胞外浓度,由此计算这一时段这些代谢物在发酵液中积累(或消耗)的速率,分别作出这两株菌在拟稳态下的代谢流量分布图,进而研究诱变育种过程中不同诱变标记对代谢网络中L-谷氨酰胺合成流量分布的影响.结果:育种操作使流量分配朝着有利于L-谷氨酰胺合成的方向改变,流入谷氨酸节点的流量由29.198mmol/L·h上升到44.854mmol/L·h,提高到原来的1.5倍左右,合成L-谷氨酰胺的流量由18.138mmol/L·h上升至31.065mmol/L·h,效果明显.结论:从代谢流量分析角度上,证明诱变育种对代谢流量的改变起到明显的作用,代谢流量分析也为新的设计育种提供了思路.     

须糖多孢菌Saccharopolyspora pogona的核糖体工程改造对丁烯基多杀菌素合成的影响

核糖体工程是以微生物的各类抗生素抗性突变为筛选标记,高效获得次生代谢产物合成能力提高的突变株的一种育种新方法。通过核糖体工程技术,使用链霉素对须糖多孢菌Saccharopolyspora pogona进行抗性选育,以获得高产丁烯基多杀菌素突变菌株。对原始菌株和所获得的突变菌株代谢产物的研究发现,相对于原始菌株,其中突变株S13的丁烯基多杀菌素产量提高幅度最大,相比原始菌株提高了1.79倍。经质谱测定表明,其代谢物中比原始菌株多了一种丁烯基多杀菌素组分Spinosynα1。对抗性突变株S13的DNA序列进行分析,发现在编码核糖体S12蛋白的rps L基因保守区域中出现点突变,第314位和第320位的胞嘧啶(C)分别突变为腺嘌呤(A)和胸腺嘧啶(T),对应的氨基酸残基分别由脯氨酸突变为谷氨酰胺,丙氨酸突变为缬氨酸。研究显示,突变株S13遗传稳定性良好。     

L-缬氨酸高产菌株的选育研究

以产L-缬氨酸的谷氨酸棒状杆菌(Corynebacterium glutamicum)为原始菌株,利用注入低能氮离子束进行一系列诱变,获得一株稳定的高产L-缬氨酸突变菌株。摇瓶培养96h后发酵能力可达38.0g·L-1,较出发菌株提高18.01%。通过对摇瓶中葡萄糖、玉米浆浓度及培养条件进行优化,发酵能力达到40.6g·L-1,50L发酵罐的发酵能力可达70g·L-1左右。     

常温常压等离子体诱变选育高产L-异亮氨酸大肠杆菌

旨在选育L-异亮氨酸高产大肠杆菌.以大肠杆菌K12(Met-)为出发菌株,经常温常压等离子体(ARTP)诱变,通过微生物高通量液滴培养系统(MMC)筛选,以α-氨基丁酸(α-AB)抗性为筛选标记,得到一株高产L-异亮氨酸的突变菌株大肠杆菌NXU12,并对其遗传稳定性进行了研究.结果表明,出发菌株大肠杆菌K12(Met-...     

L-异亮氨酸产生菌的选育

以黄色短杆菌BF420为出发菌株,经紫外线和亚硝基胍复合诱变处理后,单菌落分离筛选到一株营养缺陷型突变菌株BF35(Lys-).进一步采用氨基酸结构类似物S-2-氨基乙基-L-半胱氨酸(AEC)、α-氨基丁酸(α-AB)进行抗性筛选,获得一株带有遗传标记的L-异亮氨酸高产突变株BF3510(Lys-+AECr +a-ABr).该菌株在培养基未优化的条件下摇瓶产酸量为6.4g·L-1,比出发菌株增加了83％.     

米根霉乙醇脱氢酶(ADH)突变菌株的诱变选育

米根霉发酵生产L-乳酸过程中,由于丙酮酸在丙酮酸脱羧酶、乙醇脱氢酶(ADH)催化下生成乙醇,使得丙酮酸向乳酸转化的流量减少。采用亚硝基胍(NTG)诱变米根霉AS3．3462孢子液,诱变剂量为0．15 mg/ mL时,致死率为70%～80%。在含丙烯醇的YPD筛选培养基上筛选获得两株ADH活力降低的突变株mut-1和mut-2,检测突变株mut-1和mut-2的最大ADH活力分别为35．67和43．09U/mL,是原始菌株的41．63%和50．29%。发酵72h后,原始菌株的乙醇与乳酸浓度分别为28．9g/L和40．31g/L,而mut-1和mut-2突变株的乙醇产量分别为4．87g/L和6．56g/L,乳酸产量为54．45g/L和44．07g/L。在相同的发酵条件下,米根霉ADH突变株mut-1和mut-2对还原糖的利用速率高于出发菌株,其生物量积累亦高于出发菌株。     

谷氨酸棒状杆菌厌氧产丁二酸的发酵条件

考察谷氨酸棒状杆菌ATCC13032Δldh厌氧产丁二酸的发酵条件。结果发现:补加NaHCO3的效果最好,并且考察了NaHCO3浓度对葡萄糖转化速率及丁二酸生成速率的影响。运用代谢流分析方法分析了乳酸脱氢酶基因敲除对谷氨酸棒状杆菌厌氧代谢的影响,发现乳酸脱氢酶基因敲除导致磷酸烯醇式丙酮酸生成丁二酸的流量提高了214.3%,流向乳酸的流量变为0;分批厌氧转化36 h生成41.2 g/L丁二酸,产率45.0%。     

Linking central metabolism with increased pathway flux: L-valine accumulation by Corynebacterium glutamicum

Mutants of Corynebacterium glutamicum were made and enzymatically characterized to clone ilvD and ilvE, which encode dihydroxy acid dehydratase and transaminase B, respectively. These genes of the branched-chain amino acid synthesis were overexpressed together with ilvBN (which encodes acetohydroxy acid synthase) and ilvC (which encodes isomeroreductase) in the wild type, which does not excrete L-valine, to result in an accumulation of this amino acid to a concentration of 42 mM. Since L-valine originates from two pyruvate molecules, this illustrates the comparatively easy accessibility of the central metabolite pyruvate. The same genes, ilvBNCD, overexpressed in an ilvA deletion mutant which is unable to synthesize L-isoleucine increased the concentration of this amino acid to 58 mM. A further dramatic increase was obtained when panBC was deleted, making the resulting mutant auxotrophic for D-pantothenate. When the resulting strain, C. glutamicum 13032DeltailvADeltapanBC with ilvBNCD overexpressed, was grown under limiting conditions it accumulated 91 mM L-valine. This is attributed to a reduced coenzyme A availability and therefore reduced flux of pyruvate via pyruvate dehydrogenase enabling its increased drain-off via the L-valine biosynthesis pathway.     

Metabolic phenotype of phosphoglucose isomerase mutants of Corynebacterium glutamicum

A series of experiments reported in the literature using fluxomics as an efficient functional genomics tool revealed that the L-lysine production of the Corynebacterium glutamicum strain MH20-22B correlates with the extent of intracellular NADPH supply. Some alternative metabolic engineering strategies to increase intracellular NADPH supply in the C. glutamicum strain DSM5715 were considered and finally the redirection of carbon flux through the pentose phosphate pathway with two NADPH generating enzymatic reactions was favored. Elsewhere, the construction of a phosphoglucose isomerase (Pgi) null mutant of the C. glutamicum strain DSM5715 has been described by utilizing genetic engineering as well as some aspects of its metabolic phenotype. Most interestingly, it was shown that not only could the L-lysine formation be increased by 1.7-fold but the by-product concentration for the null mutant strain was also able to be drastically reduced. In this publication we discuss this metabolic phenotype in detail and present additional data on by-product formation as well as yield considerations. Results from isotope based metabolic flux analysis in combination with considerations on NADPH metabolism clearly exclude the existence of Pgi isoenzymes in C. glutamicum strain DSM5715. The genome region containing the pgi gene was analyzed. It cannot be excluded that polar effects might have been caused by the disruption of the pgi gene and might have contributed to the observed metabolic phenotype of C. glutamicum Pgi mutants. We illustrate growth characteristics of a Pgi mutant of an industrial L-lysine production strain. A reduced growth rate and a biphasic growth behavior was observed. The importance of NADPH reoxidation for well balanced growth in Pgi mutants is discussed. Another phosphoglucose isomerase mutant of C. glutamicum has been described in literature with which an increase in L-lysine yield from 42 to 52% was observed. This finding highlights the general potential of metabolic flux redirection towards the pentose phosphate pathway, which could be used for metabolic engineering of the biotechnological synthesis of (1) aromatic amino acids and (2) chemicals whose synthesis depends on intracellular NADPH supply.     

L-色氨酸生物合成的代谢流量分析

建立了谷氨酸棒杆菌合成L-色氨酸(L-Try)的代谢流量平衡模型,应用该模型计算出发酵中后期的代谢流分布并通过MATLAB软件线性规划得到Try理想代谢流分布。结果表明75．15％的碳架进入糖酵解,24．85％的碳架进入HMP途径;但与理想代谢流相比,应从遗传改造和发酵控制方面降低TCA循环的代谢流,减少副产氨基酸的生成,摸索最适的溶氧控制对提高Try产率至关重要。     

L-valine production with pyruvate dehydrogenase complex-deficient Corynebacterium glutamicum

Corynebacterium glutamicum was engineered for the production of L-valine from glucose by deletion of the aceE gene encoding the E1p enzyme of the pyruvate dehydrogenase complex and additional overexpression of the ilvBNCE genes encoding the L-valine biosynthetic enzymes acetohydroxyacid synthase, isomeroreductase, and transaminase B. In the absence of cellular growth, C. glutamicum DeltaaceE showed a relatively high intracellular concentration of pyruvate (25.9 mM) and produced significant amounts of pyruvate, L-alanine, and L-valine from glucose as the sole carbon source. Lactate or acetate was not formed. Plasmid-bound overexpression of ilvBNCE in C. glutamicum DeltaaceE resulted in an approximately 10-fold-lower intracellular pyruvate concentration (2.3 mM) and a shift of the extracellular product pattern from pyruvate and L-alanine towards L-valine. In fed-batch fermentations at high cell densities and an excess of glucose, C. glutamicum DeltaaceE(pJC4ilvBNCE) produced up to 210 mM L-valine with a volumetric productivity of 10.0 mM h(-1) (1.17 g l(-1) h(-1)) and a maximum yield of about 0.6 mol per mol (0.4 g per g) of glucose.     

过量表达异柠檬酸裂解酶对ldh-1谷氨酸棒状杆菌产丁二酸的影响

谷氨酸棒状杆菌SA001是缺失了乳酸脱氢酶基因 (ldhA) 的菌株。为了增加厌氧条件下经异柠檬酸到丁二酸的代谢通量,以提高丁二酸的产量。将来自大肠杆菌Escherichia coli K12的异柠檬酸裂解酶基因导入谷氨酸棒状杆菌SA001 (SA001/pXMJ19-aceA) 中。该菌经0.8 mmol/L的IPTG有氧诱导12 h后,转入厌氧发酵16 h,丁二酸的产量为10.38 g/L,丁二酸的生产强度为0.83 g/(L·h)。与出发菌株比较,异柠檬酸裂解酶的酶活提高了5.8倍,丁二酸的产量提高了48%。结果表明过量表达异柠檬酸裂解酶可以增加由乙醛酸途径流向丁二酸的代谢流。