中国客家人体质特征

按照国际学术界规定方法, 在广东和江西共调查了650例男性(城市汉族男性为305例, 乡村汉族男性为345例)和704例女性(城市女性为331例, 乡村女性为373例)客家成年人的86项体质指标, 计算了24项体质指数, 统计了指数分型情况, 与中国族群资料进行了比较, 对客家人体质特征进行了初步分析. 结果表明: (ⅰ) 客家人上眼睑有皱褶率低, 有蒙古褶率高, 眼裂狭窄且多呈眼外角高, 鼻根高度中等, 直鼻背, 男性鼻基部多上翘, 女性鼻基部3种类型比例较接近, 鼻翼高度中等型与高型出现率较高且二者较接近, 鼻孔最大径男性水平率与倾斜率较高, 女性水平率最高, 鼻翼较宽, 耳垂圆形率最高, 上唇皮肤部高度多为中等, 红唇多为薄唇, 发黑, 眼褐、肤黄. (ⅱ) 客家人男性头长值大,额最小宽、面宽、唇高、眼内角间宽值接近于北亚类型族群, 头宽、形态面高、鼻宽、口裂宽、鼻高值接近南亚类型族群; 客家人女性头长值大, 额最小宽、面宽、唇高、眼内角间宽值接近于北亚类型族群, 头宽、鼻宽、口裂宽值接近南亚类型族群. (ⅲ) 客家人城市、乡村的男性与女性身高均属于中等身材. 客家人男女性均以中头型(头长宽指数)、高头型、中头型(头宽高指数)、中鼻型、长躯干型、亚短腿型、宽肩型、窄骨盆型率最高. (ⅳ) 主成分分析结果显示, 客家人体质特征介于南亚、北亚类型族群之间, 相对更接近中国北亚类型族群.     

闽南人的体质特征

在福建漳州地区调查了322例男性(城市男性为149例,乡村汉族男性为173例)和357例女性(城市女性为164例,乡村女性为193例)成人的86项体质指标,计算了24项体质指数,统计了指数分型情况,与我国族群资料进行了比较,对闽南人体质特征进行了初步分析。结果 1)闽南人有皱褶率高,有蒙古褶率低,眼裂高度眼裂多为狭窄型,眼外角多高于眼内角,鼻根高度多为中等型,直鼻背,颧部突出度多为微弱型;鼻基部男性多呈水平,女性多呈上翘;鼻翼高度多为中等,鼻孔最大径多为斜位,鼻翼较宽;男性耳垂多为圆形,女性多为三角形;上唇皮肤部高度多为中等,红唇男性薄型率、中等型均较高,女性薄型率最高,发黑,肤黄、眼褐。2)总体说来,闽南人头面部测量指标值介于北亚、南亚类型族群之间。3)从指数均数来看,闽南人男女性均为圆头型、高头型、狭面型,狭鼻型。城市女性为狭头型,城市男性、乡村男性、乡村女性为中头型。闽南人头面部指数值更接近于南亚类型族群。4)从体部指标值和体部指数来看。闽南人更接近于北亚类型族群。闽南人体质介于南亚与北亚类型族群之间,男性相对接近于北亚类型族群,女性相对接近于南亚类型族群。     

中国独龙族与莽人的体质特征

在云南省贡山县独龙江乡调查了200例(男为97例,女为103例)独龙族人的体质,在金平县金水河镇调查了56例(男33例,女23例)莽人的体质,计算了体质指数,统计了指数分型情况。研究结果显示:1)独龙族、莽人体质特征接近,并与侗、拉祜、彝、德昂族较为一致。2)在蒙古人种南亚类型诸人群中,独龙族、莽人眼内角间宽值较大,而其他多数指标值偏小。3)独龙族男女均以高头型、狭头型、中胸型、中骨盆型率最高。男性还以中头型、狭面型、中鼻型、长躯干型、中腿型、宽肩型率最高。女性还以圆头型、阔面型、狭鼻型、中躯干型、亚短腿型、窄肩型率最高。4)莽人男女均以中头型(头长宽指数)、高头型、中鼻型、中腿型、中胸型、宽肩型、中骨盆型率最高。男性还以中头型(头宽高指数)、阔面型、长躯干型率最高。女性还以狭头型、中躯干型率最高。女性超阔面型率与阔面型率相等。5)独龙族与莽人蒙古褶率低,鼻根高度较低、鼻宽值多大于我国蒙古人种北亚类型诸人群。     

云南蒙古族体质特征

在云南省通海县调查了439例(男为202例, 女为237例)蒙古族人的67项体质指标(9项观察指标和58项测量指标), 计算出32项体质指数, 并对身高和11项指数进行了分型统计。研究结果表明: (1)云南蒙古族有蒙古褶率较低,有上眼睑皱褶率较低。鼻根高度男的中型率最高, 女的低型率最高。鼻翼高度男女均以中型率最高, 上唇皮肤部高度男女多为中等; 耳垂男女以三角形率最高。发色多为黑色, 眼色多为褐色, 肤色多为黄色。(2)云南蒙古族身高男女均为亚中等身材, 男性的亚中等型率最高, 女性的矮型率最高。按分型比例来看, 云南蒙古族男女均为中头型(头长宽指数)、高头型、超狭面型、中胸型、中肩型、中腿型、窄骨盆型、中躯干型率最高。头宽高指数男性为中头型率最高, 女性为阔头型率最高。(3)在7个蒙古族族群中, 蒙古族头长值、鼻高值最大, 鼻宽、口裂宽、形态面高值最大,头宽、额最小宽、面宽、身高、体重值最小。(4)在14个云南族群中, 云南蒙古族形态面高、鼻高、体重值大, 身高值较大,鼻宽、口裂宽值较小。(5)云南蒙古族体质与阿昌、白族、彝族最为接近。(6)云南蒙古族总体上属于蒙古人种南亚类型体质, 是南亚类型中体质相对接近于北亚类型的一个族群。(7)云南蒙古族体质形成与其族源及与周边族群的基因交流有关。     

海南文昌汉族体质特征

在海南文昌市调查了城市汉族315例(男为150例, 女为165例)和乡村汉族407例(男为216例, 女为191例)成人的73项体质指标, 计算了25项体质指数, 统计了指数分型情况, 与我国族群资料进行了比较, 对海南文昌汉族体质特征进行了初步分析。结果显示: 1)文昌汉族有上眼睑皱褶, 蒙古褶欠发达,眼裂窄且多呈眼外角高, 鼻根高度中等, 直鼻梁, 鼻基部上翘, 鼻翼高度中等, 鼻孔最大径斜位, 鼻翼宽, 耳垂多为圆形、三角形, 上唇皮肤部高度中等, 红唇较厚, 发色黑, 肤色、眼色较深。2)文昌汉族男女性均为特圆头型、高头型、中头型、中鼻型。男性还为中面型, 女性还为狭面型。3)文昌汉族男女性均为长躯干型、中胸型、中肩型、中骨盆型, 男性还为中腿型, 女性还为亚短腿型。文昌汉族城市、乡村的男性与女性身高均属于中等身材。4)文昌汉族头面部特征更接近于我国蒙古人种北亚类型族群。从体部指标来看。文昌汉族介于北亚类型族群与南亚类型族群之间, 更接近于北亚类型族群。     

珞巴族与门巴族的体质特征

在西藏米林县调查了珞巴族人的67项体质指标, 在错那县调查了门巴族人的67项体质指标, 计算了体质指数, 对珞巴族、门巴族与我国其他人群体质数据进行了比较。研究结果显示: (1)珞巴族男女均为高头型、中面型、中头型(头宽高指数)、中腿型、中胸型、中骨盆型。(2)门巴族男女均为圆头型、高头型、中面型、中鼻型、宽肩型、中胸型、中骨盆型。(3)珞巴族男性、女性均为中等型身高。门巴族男性、女性均为亚中等身高。(4)珞巴族与门巴族蒙古褶率低,上眼睑皱褶率低, 鼻翼高度以中等型率最高, 上唇皮肤部高度以中等型率最高, 发色均为黑色, 眼色褐色率最高, 肤色以黄色率最高。珞巴族耳垂以三角形率最高, 门巴族以圆型率最高。珞巴族、门巴族鼻根高度男性均以中等型率最高, 女性均以低型率最高。(5)珞巴族与门巴族体质特征很接近。他们的头面部特征与甘肃藏族、四川藏族较为接近。珞巴族、门巴族虽生活在我国南方, 体部主要测量指标值与蒙古人种北亚类型接近。     

维吾尔族体质类型:来自喀什的资料

隋唐以前欧洲人种的地中海类型一直是喀什地区古代居民的主要种族类型.北亚蒙古人种回鹘人西迁进入新疆后,与其他族群发生长期融合,逐渐形成维吾尔族.目前维吾尔族人种学特征如何,是学术界关注的问题.在维吾尔族最具代表性的喀什地区,采用人体测量方法对喀什维吾尔族560(男273,女287)例成人进行了测量.研究发现,维吾尔族体质中包含明显的欧亚人种的因素,也包含部分南亚与北亚成分,但更多的是东亚类型成分.从体质指数分型来看,喀什维吾尔族男性、女性身高均为中等型(男性已经达到中等型的上限),体重值较大,头较圆、较高,面较狭,中鼻型,头宽度中等(男)或较狭(女),胸较宽,肩较宽,骨盆较宽,躯干较长,腿长中等(男)或较短(女).在中国13个族群中,维吾尔族男性眼外角高率、鼻根中等率中等,有蒙古褶、凹鼻背率较低,维吾尔族女性眼外角高率、凹鼻背率中等,圆耳垂率高、鼻基部上翘率低.南疆维吾尔族比北疆维吾尔族更接近东亚类型族群.南疆维吾尔族头型、鼻型和蒙古族接近,北疆维吾尔族和蒙古族面型相对接近.维吾尔族上眼睑有皱褶率很高,一部分人眼内角有蒙古褶,眼外角多高于眼内角,眼色多为褐色,提示其具有蒙古人种的基本特征.维吾尔族与东亚类型族群面宽、头长、形态面高、头宽值相对接近.维吾尔族头较圆、头较高,上身相对较长,腿相对较短,具有东方人群体质的基本特征.研究发现,维吾尔族体质类型既具有亚洲东方人群特点,也具有欧亚人群特点.在亚洲东方各个类型中,维吾尔族体质更接近东亚类型族群,也具有一定的南亚类型、北亚类型族群的特点.维吾尔族体质特征反映出其多族群融合的历史进程.     

中国僜人体质特征

在西藏察隅县调查了144例(男为60例, 女为84例)僜人成人的67项体质指标, 计算了31项体质指数, 统计了指数分型情况, 对僜人的体质进行了初步分析。结果显示: (1)僜人上眼睑皱褶率、蒙古褶率极低,鼻翼高度多为中等型, 鼻根高度男多为中等型, 女多为低型, 耳垂、上唇皮肤部高度多为中等型。(2)在藏缅语族中, 僜人头面部的很多指标值小或偏小, 只有头宽值较大。僜人男女均以高头型、狭头型、中面型率最高。此外, 男性还以中头型(头长宽指数)、中鼻型率最高, 女性还以圆头型、狭鼻型率最高。(3)僜人男女均以长躯干型、中骨盆型率最高。此外, 男性以中腿型、中胸型、宽肩型率最高, 女性以亚短腿型、宽胸型、中肩型率最高。僜人男女身材均以矮型率最高, 僜人体部测量指标值均很小。(4)僜人体质特征与独龙族最为接近, 属于蒙古人种南亚类型的体质特征。     

藏族的体质类型和人种学特征

藏族的体质类型和人种学特征一直受到学术界的关注。2018-2021年,我们测量了1530例卫藏、康巴和安多三个藏族人群的体质数据,统计结果发现,藏族男性、女性均为超中等身材,体质量超重,均为圆头型、高头型、中头型、中鼻型、中躯干型、宽胸型、宽肩型、宽骨盆型、中腿型,多有上眼睑皱褶,有内眦褶。对中国15个族群测量指标均数的主成分分析显示,藏族与东亚类型的汉族位点距离近于多数北亚类型族群,更近于多数南亚类型族群。藏族数据与国外资料中的东亚、南亚、北亚、北极类型数据的主成分分析结果显示,藏族与东亚类型位点最为接近。研究证实,当代藏族具有东亚蒙古人种类型的体质特征。     

中国白马人的体质特征

白马人是我国的未识别族群之一。我们在四川省平武县调查了白马人233例（男为93例,女为140例）的69项体质测量指标与228例（男为93例,女为135例）的观察指标15项。初步分析了白马人的体质特征。结果如下：1）白马人男性上眼睑皱褶出现率为80.65%,女性上眼睑皱褶出现率则为85.93%。白马人蒙古褶率男性为33.33%,女性则为39.26%。白马人男女眼裂高度以窄型为主。眼外角多高于眼内角。白马人的鼻根高度多为中等型。男女均以直型鼻梁为主。白马人男女颧骨扁平,颧骨体突出。鼻基部多为水平方向。鼻翼高度约占鼻高的1/4,以中等为主。白马人男女多为圆形耳垂。上唇皮肤部高度多为中等。红唇厚度以薄唇为主,眼色多为黑褐色。2）按头面部、体部指数分型,白马人男女均以高头型、阔头型、中鼻型、长躯干型、亚短腿型、宽胸型、宽肩型、宽骨盆型率最高。白马人男性还以中头型、中面型率最高,女性还以圆头型、阔面型率最高。根据男女身高均数,白马人男女均为中等型身材。3）白马人体质特征属于北方族群类型,与赫哲族、俄罗斯族比较接近,与安多藏族距离较远。     

Ectogenesis and the case against the right to the death of the foetus

Ectogenesis, or the use of an artificial womb to allow a foetus to develop, will likely become a reality within a few decades, and could significantly affect the abortion debate. We first examine the implications for Judith Jarvis Thomson’s violinist analogy, which argues for a woman’s right to withdraw life support from the foetus and so terminate her pregnancy, even if the foetus is granted full moral status. We show that on Thomson’s reasoning, there is no right to the death of the foetus, and abortion is not permissible if ectogenesis is available, provided it is safe and inexpensive. This raises the question of whether there are persuasive reasons for the right to the death of the foetus that could be exercised in the context of ectogenesis. Eric Mathison and Jeremy Davis have examined several arguments for this right, doubting that it exists, while Joona Räsänen has recently criticized their reasoning. We respond to Räsänen’s analysis, concluding that his arguments are unsuccessful, and that there is no right to the death of the foetus in these circumstances.     

On the diversity of the Cladocera in the tropics

The mythical concept of an impoverished tropical cladoceran fauna is refuted. On a planetary scale, around half of the cladoceran species presently known occur exclusively in the tropics-subtropics, often with considerable restriction to particular geographical subzones. On a regional (political) scale, the situation is often unclear because of the continued fragmentary nature of studies, and because political units are not a good basis for biogeographical comparisons. At the finest level of resolution (lake-perlake comparisons), there appears to be an upper limit of c. 50 cladoceran species per individual lake. No significant difference between lakes in the temperate zone and in the tropics could be established here. Daphnia is largely absent from the tropics, but is replaced by more Sidids, Moinids, and Bosminids, such that the average cladoceran community in the limnetic zone of a tropical lake is not characterized by less species but rather by lower population densities. This, in turn, is considered a consequence of higher prevalent predation levels in the tropics.     

Tubular networks in the terminal endings of the visual receptor cells in the human,the monkey,the cat and the dog

Summary A tubular network was found in the terminal endings of the visual receptor cells in the human, the monkey (Macaca mulatta), the cat and the dog. These tubules are arranged in close groups in the vicinity of the synaptic lamellae and the invaginated dendrites. According to the form, diameter, density of the tubules and to the consistence of the network formed by them one can distinguish at these places an initial type (type I), a transitory (type II) and a vesicular one (type III). In the the type III branching, bizarre forms are frequent. The diameter of all the tubules reaches 500–600 Å, their density and walls being the same as in the synaptic vesicles.Similar networks also occur in the axons of the visual receptor cells of the monkey.

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Zusammenfassung In den Endigungen der Photorezeptorzellen von Mensch, Affe (Macaca mulatta), Katze und Hund kommen aus Tubuli bestehende Komplexe vor. Organellenartig in geschlossenen Gruppen angeordnet, liegen sie in Nähe der synaptischen Lamellen und der invaginierten Dendriten. An diesen Stellen kann man nach Form, Durchmesser, Dichte und Konsistenz der von den Tubuli gebildeten Komplexe drei Typen unterscheiden: 1. einen initialen (Typus I), 2. einen Übergangstypus (Typus II) und 3. einen vesiculären Typus (Typus III). In letzterem kommen häufig verzweigte, bizarre Formen vor. Der Durchmesser sämtlicher Tubuli erreicht 500–600 Å. Ihre Dichte und ihre Wand gleicht denen der synaptischen Vesikel.Ähnliche Komplexe fanden wir auch in den Axonen der Photorezeptorzellen vom Affen.

     

Assessing the Physiological State of the Fucoids from the Barents Sea Littoral by the End of the Polar Night

Methods of amperometry and potentiometric titration were used to follow dark respiration (DR) and apparent photosynthesis (AP) in the fucoids Ascophyllum nodosum (L.) Le Jol, Fucus vesiculosus L., and F. serratus L. from the Barents Sea littoral by the end of the 40-day-long polar night. The macroalgae were shown to manifest species-specific low rates of photosynthesis and respiration. However, in spite of their low photosynthetic status due to the effects of subzero temperature and prolonged low or zero illumination, the macroalgae have been able to restore DR and AP to the initial level already by the day 9; the ability to restore AP depended on the level of illumination. The study of the changes in the carbonate–bicarbonate system in the light and darkness demonstrated that the macroalgae grown in darkness, in contrast to those grown in twilight, could absorb bicarbonate in darkness; however, they lost this capacity after two-day-long illumination at an irradiance of 7 mol/(m² s). Bicarbonate uptake in darkness and the capacity to restore the systems of photosynthesis and respiration in fucoid cells are discussed in the context of algal energy metabolism under the polar night conditions.     

Arranging the elements of the potassium channel: the T1 domain occludes the cytoplasmic face of the channel

The voltage-gated potassium channel is currently one of the few membrane proteins where functional roles have been mapped onto specific segments of sequence. Although high-resolution structures of the transmembrane portions of three bacterial potassium channels, the tetramerization domain and the cytoplasmic ball are available, their relative spatial arrangement in mammalian channels remains a matter of ongoing debate. Cryo-electron microscopic images of the six transmembrane voltage-gated Kv channel have been reconstructed at up to 18 Å resolution, revealing that the T1 domain tetramerizes and is suspended below the transmembrane segments. However, the resolution of these images is insufficient to reveal the location of the third piece of the puzzle, the inactivating ball domain. We have used the aberrant interactions observed in a series of chimæric channels to establish that an assembled T1 domain restricts access to the cytoplasmic face of the channel, suggesting that the N-terminal ball and chain may be confined in the space between the T1 domain and the transmembrane portion of the channel.     

Separation of the pineal vesicle from the wall of the third ventricle during the post-hatching development of the chicken

Summary According to light- and electron-microscopic observations the pineal organ of the 3-day-old chicken consists of a prominent end vesicle and a tapering parenchymal stalk. During this stage the pineal lumen is in open communication with the third ventricle. However, in the 40-day-old chicken, which still possesses a well-developed end vesicle, the proximal portion of the pineal stalk displays regressive changes leading to local fragmentation. At this stage the pineal stalk is reduced, and the pineal lumen is missing. In 1-year-old chickens the parenchyma of the proximal portion of the stalk is further diminished, and in 3-year-old domestic fowl is completely displaced by bundles of collagenous fibers, only some nerve fibers being present. This post-hatching pineal development may reflect the sequence of changes leading from pineal sense organs to pineal glands.This work was supported by a grant-in-aid for Scientific Research from the Ministry of Education, Science and Culture of Japan     

On the Dependence of the Quadratic Risk of the Classical Predictor and the Prediction-Horizon

When constructing predictors on the basis of the linear model of time series of various indicators often the question arises on the dependence of forecasting accuracy and the changing prediction horizon. The dependency of the quadratic risk of the classical predictor and the time horizon is considered.     

中国植物区系与其它地区区系的联系及其在世界区系中的地位和作用

基于吴征镒将中国全部种子植物３２３８个属的分布区划分为１５个大类型和３４个变型的基础上,简要地讨论了中国植物区系与其它地区区系的联系,以及它在被子植物起源方面的作用。主要论点如下：（１）与热带亚洲区系的联系。这种联系主要通过第７类型（热带亚洲分布）及其５个变型来体现的。本文列举了１０个科,龙脑香料、狭义隐翼科、交让木科、五隔草科、五列木科、肉实树科、心翼果科、八宝树科、兰花蕉科和四数木科,来说明这