天然黄山松种群格局的分形特征——计盒维数与信息维数

采用计盒维数和信息维数对屏南和寿宁不同群落的天然黄山松(Pinus taiwanensis)种群格局的分形特征进行比较分析.结果表明,天然黄山松种群格局具有分形特征,其计盒维数值在1.299 8～1.862 6之间,不同群落的大小次序为Q3>Q1>Q2>Q4>Q7>Q8>Q5>Q6;信息维数值在1.205 7～1.863 7之间,大小次序是Q3>Q1>Q2>Q4>Q8>Q7>Q5>Q6,屏南天然黄山松近纯林黄山松种群的计盒维数和信息维数均高于寿宁混交林,计盒维数定量描述种群占据水平空间的能力和程度,信息维数揭示种群格局强度的尺度变化及个体分布的非均匀程度,分形维数值的高低与群落环境、种群密度、种群在群落中的优势地位、个体的聚集程度及幼树个体数量等相关.黄山松种群格局分形维数随海拔呈现上下波动变化,1 250～1 270 m是更适生的海拔范围.此外,黄山松种群格局的分形特征存在一定的尺度范围,其拐点尺度是分形范围的下限尺度.     

兴安落叶松种群格局的分形特征——关联维数

种群格局关联维数揭示出个体空间关联的尺度变化规律,表明种群个体的空间相关程度。采用关联维数对大兴安岭兴安落叶松种群格局的研究表明,各类兴安落叶松林中兴安落叶松种群格局具有较高的关联维数（接近２）,个体空间关联程度较高,其次序为杜鹃－兴安落叶松林（１．７４６）＞草类－兴安落叶松林（１．７４０）＞越桔－兴安落叶松林（１．５５０）＞杜香－兴安落叶松林（１．４６８）。兴安落叶松－白桦林中兴安落叶松种群格局的关联维数较小（＜１．５１２,远离２）,个体间关联较弱,处于劣势伴生地位。通过将各天然森林类型与兴安落叶松人工林比较显示,个体空间相关程度由高至低的次序为兴安落叶松人工林（１．７６２）＞兴安落叶松天然林（１．６２６）＞兴安落叶松－白桦林（１．４３４）,揭示出兴安落叶松种群在不同森林类型中个体空间关联的尺度变化的差异。文中还对综合运用各种分形维数揭示种群格局尺度变化特征的问题进行了讨论。     

莲花山主要森林群落空间格局的分形特征

应用信息维数对莲花山主要森林群落的空间格局进行了研究.结果表明:森林群落的格局强度尺度变化程度由高至低的次序为:岷江冷杉一糙皮桦一白桦群落(Q4)1.84＞云杉-紫果云杉-糙皮桦群落(Q2)1.53＞岷江冷杉群落(Q3)1.14＞紫果云杉-云杉-岷江冷杉群落(Q7)1.10＞华山松群落(Q5)0.99＞岷江冷杉人工林(Q1)0.82＞辽东栎群落(Q6)0.45;群落格局信息维数的差异反映了更新状况的差异,揭示出群落个体分布的非均匀性状况.综合3种分形维数,确定各亚高山寒温性森林群落生长与更新状况的次序为Q4＞Q2＞Q3＞Q7＞Q5＞Q1＞Q6.各群落总体平均记盒维数为1.76,关联维数为1.71,信息维数为1.12;各森林群落生长状况较好,个体聚集程度较低,更新状况一般.分形维数谱将不同森林群落的空间结构特征明确区分开来.     

兴安落叶松种群格局的分形特征

种群格局关联维数揭示出个体空间关联的尺度变化规律,表明种群个体的空间相关程度。采用关联维数对大兴安岭兴安落叶松种群格局的研究表明,各类兴安落叶松林中兴安落叶松种群格局具有较高的关联维数(接近2),个体空间关联程度较高,其次序为杜鹃-兴安落叶松林(1.746)＞草类-兴安落叶松林(1.740)＞越桔-兴安落叶松林(1.550)＞杜香-兴安落叶松林(1.468)。兴安落叶松-白桦林中兴安落叶松种群格局的关联维数较小(＜1.512,远离2),个体间关联较弱,处于劣势伴生地位。通过将各天然森林类型与兴安落叶松人工林比较显示,个体空间相关程度由高至低的次序为兴安落叶松人工林(1.762)＞兴安落叶松天然林(1.626)＞兴安落叶松-白桦林(1.434),揭示出兴安落叶松种群在不同森林类型中个体空间关联的尺度变化的差异。文中还对综合运用各种分形维数揭示种群格局尺度变化特征的问题进行了讨论。     

广西木论自然保护区铁榄群落主要乔木种群格局的分形特征

为了揭示种群空间分布特征随尺度的变化规律,探讨不同种群对空间资源的占据能力和生态适应能力及分形差异,采用计盒维数、信息维数和关联维数对木论自然保护区铁榄群落主要乔木种群格局特征进行了研究。结果表明,优势种铁榄（Sinosideroxylon pedunculatum）、东女贞（Ligustrum japonicum）、小栾树（Boniodendron minius）、稀有濒危种掌叶木（Handeliodendron bodinieri）、青檀（Pteroceltis tatarinowii）5个种群在相应的尺度具有明显的分形特征;计盒维数和信息维数大小顺序一致,均为：铁榄〉东女贞〉小栾树〉掌叶木〉青檀;在5个种群中,铁榄计盒维数为1．7763最大,接近2,对空间环境的占据能力最强,信息维数（1．7206）也最大,个体聚集强度强,在群落中处于绝对优势地位,青檀计盒维数（0．8316）和信息维数（0．8990）最小,对环境的占据利用能力弱,个体聚集程度整体较弱,在群落中处于伴生地位;在0．5～50m的尺度上,关联维数大小顺序为：铁榄（1．7314）〉东女贞（1．6688）〉小栾树（1．6050）〉青檀（0．7868）,而掌叶木只有在大的尺度上才出现关联,且关联较强。3个分形维数大小的不同组合,能够全面揭示不同种群格局特征和种群在群落中所处地位的差异。     

北京东灵山地区辽东栎林种群空间分布分形分析

通过植物个体的坐标点与模拟冠幅的分形维数的分析,对辽东栎林内不同种群沿海拔梯度变化的空间分布格局和种群动态进行了比较和讨论。结果表明：模拟冠幅分形分析方法更适于分析具有大小不等、复杂多样的冠幅的植物个体空间分布格局。随着海拔的升高,不同种群的空间占据能力也随之变化。辽东栎种群的空间分布占绝对优势地位,分形维数可达１．９８１１;五角枫种群则逐步下降,分形维数最低为０．１１７０。低海拔山坡六道木种群实     

北京东灵山地区辽东栎林种群空间分布分形分析

通过植物个体的坐标点与模拟冠幅的分形维数的分析,对辽东栎林内不同种群沿海拔梯度变化的空间分布格局和种群动态进行了比较和讨论。结果表明:模拟冠幅分形分析方法更适于分析具有大小不等、复杂多样的冠幅的植物个体空间分布格局。随着海拔的升高,不同种群的空间占据能力也随之变化。辽东栎种群的空间分布占绝对优势地位,分形维数可达1.9811;五角枫种群则逐步下降,分形维数最低为0.1170。低海拔山坡六道木种群空间占据能力较强,高海拔山坡照山白种群有较大的空间占据能力。在一定的环境条件下,不同的种群可能具有相近的空间占据能力,但对乔木层与灌木层来说,相同的分形维数的内涵是不同的。冠幅的分形维数作为表征植物种群空间占据能力的工具,是种群动态分析和种群分布格局研究的的重要指标之一。     

山西七里峪油松种群空间格局的分形特征

油松(Pinus tabuliformis)耐低温、干旱和瘠薄,是我国温性针叶林中分布最广的树种,也是我国北方广大地区最主要的造林树种之一。2013年7月,在七里峪林场设置一块100 m×100 m的油松天然林样地,逐一测量并记录了每株油松的胸径、树高和冠幅,并确定它们的坐标位置。应用分形理论中的计盒维数、信息维数和关联维数研究了样地内油松种群空间格局的分形特征。结果表明,油松种群格局具有自相似性,其有较高的计盒维数(1.785)和关联维数(1.826),个体空间相关程度较高,种内竞争激烈,对空间有较强的占据能力。油松种群格局的信息维数较低(0.262),其格局强度尺度变化程度较低,个体分布比较均匀。3个分形维数相辅相承、相互影响,研究结果对全面准确地解释油松种群的空间格局特征具有重要意义。     

云贵鹅耳枥种群分布格局的分形特征

应用分形理论中的计盒维数和信息维数探讨了贵阳喀斯特山地贵鹅耳枥种群分布格局的分形特征。结果表明,贵鹅耳枥种群的分布格局具有分形特征,其计盒维数为1．1853－1．7419,信息维数为1．1961－1．7051。集群型的贵鹅耳枥种群的计盒维数和信息维数均比随机型的高。计盒维数定量地反映了贵鹅耳枥种群占据生态空间的能力,信息维数则揭示了该种群格局强度的尺度变化程度和表征了种群个体分布的非均匀性。这两种维数方法都适用于贵鹅耳枥种群分布格局分形特征的定量描述。     

后河自然保护区珍稀濒危植物种群分布格局的分形特征：计盒维数

通过4种优势树种和7种珍稀树种种群的计盒维数来反映种群分布格局的分形特征．结果表明,4种优势种群的计盒维数在1．346-1．414之间,在历研究的整个常绿落叶阔叶混交林群落中占据了较大的生态空间;其中尖连蕊茶种群的计盒维数最大,占据最大的生态空间．而7种珍稀树种种群的计量续数除了金钱槭种群大于1之外,其余6个种群的计盒维数都小于1,说明它们占据生态空间的能力较小．并且这11个种群的拐点尺度都出现在5-12．5m之间．根据分形的自相似性,可以推断种群在大于拐点尺度的所有尺度上都为同一分布类型,并且在拐点前后种群的格局类型夏发生变化．种群分布格局的判定结果部分地验证了这一观点,11个物种中有5个物种的种群格局在拐点前后发生变化,另6种没有发生这种变化。     

六种藓类植物茎的比较解剖学研究

通过对6种藓类植物,即褶叶青藓(Brachythecium salebrosum(Web.et Mohr.)B.S.G.)、湿地匐灯藓(Plagiomnium acutum(Lindb.)Kop.)、侧枝匐灯藓(Plagiomnium maximoviczii(Lindb.)Kop.)、大凤尾藓(Fissidensnobilis Griff.)、大羽藓(Thuidium cymbifolium(Doz.et Molk.)B.S.G.)和大灰藓(Hypnum plumaeforme Wils.)嫩茎和老茎的石蜡切片和显微观察发现,同一藓类植株的嫩茎和老茎,茎结构稳定,不同种藓类植物茎横切面具有不同特征.植物体茎横切面形状、表层细胞的层数、细胞大小和细胞壁厚薄、皮层细胞大小和形状、中轴的有无以及比例等特征可以作为藓类植物的分科分类依据之一.     

Cause of Senescence of Nine Sorts of Flowers

The levels of endogenous phytohormones and respiratory rate in nine sorts of flowers such as Cymbidium faberi Rolfe, Nopalxochia ackermannii Kunth and others were investigated both at full bloom and senescence and meanwhile the effect of exogenous phytohormones on prolonging the blossoms and promoting ethylene production were tested. There is a high content of endogenous ethylene in all the long-lived flowere, about 3–16 folds higer than the short-lived ones. There is a high level of ABA at full blooming flowers of short-lived flowers, in which there is no or only some cytokinins in it, but the ratio of CTK (6BA+zeatin)/ABA is smaller(l.7). The endogenous ABA reached a much higher level at senescence in all nine sorts of flowers, so it is reasonable to consider that it is ABA which plays an important role of regulation in controlling flower's senescence. There is a much higher level of GA3 and zeatin in the long-lived flowers which is not demonstrated in the shortlived ones. The respiratory rate is one of the factors controtling the longevity of flowers, but it does not play a decided role. Application of 6BA and zeatin prolongs distinctly orchid’s longevity, however exogenous IAA through the promotive action on ethylene production, evidently extends the longevity of the flowers of the Nopalxochia ackermannii Kunth.     

Photoregulation of seed germination of wild-type and of an aurea-mutant of tomato

Seed germination of an aurea mutant of tomato ( Lycopersicon esculentum Mill.) is promoted by continuous irradiation with red, far-red or long-wavelength far-red (758 nm) light as well as by cyclic irradiations (5 min red or 5 min far-red/25 min darkness). Far-red light applied immediately after each red does not change the germination behaviour. Seed germination of the isogenic wild-type, cv. UC-105, is promoted by continuous and cyclic red light while it is inhibited by continuous and cyclic far-red light and by continious 758 nm irradiation. Far-red irradiation reverses almost completely the promoting effect of red light. The promoting effect (in the aurea mutant) and the inhibitory effect (in the wild-type) of continuous far-red light do not show photon fluence rate dependency above 20 nmol m⁻² s⁻¹. It is concluded that phytochrome controls tomato seed germination throgh low energy responses in both the wild type and the au mutant. The promoting effect of continuous and cyclic far-red light in the au mutant can be attributed to a greater sensitivity to P_fr.     

真菌类遗传学分析的知识结构教学

本文以认知结构理论为指导,讨论了真菌类遗传分析与高等动植物遗传分析的内在联系,认为利用这种内在联系进行教学可收到好的效果并说明了作者的具体教学过程。 Abstract:In the paper, the relationship between genetic analysis of Fungi and genetic analysis of high animal and plant was discussed.A good results were obtained when we adopted this method in the teaching.     

龙胆科药用植物化学成分的研究现状

龙胆科植物在我国的分布范围很广,且多数为药用植物,其多数种属的药用植物,至今其化学成分尚未被系统研究。综述了目前龙胆科药用植物的化学成分的研究现状及一般提取方法,对近年来发现的环烯醚萜及裂环烯醚萜类化合物进行了总结,为本科药用植物的更深入研究提供了参考。     

The effects of glutamine of the maintenance of embryogenic cultures of Cryptomeria japonica

Summary Embryogenic tissues of sugi (Cryptomeria japonica) were induced on a modified Campbell and Durzan (CD) medium containing 1 μM 2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid (2,4-D) and 600 mg l⁻¹ glutamine, and subcultured in the medium of the same composition for over 1 yr. This resulted in a mixed culture of embryogenic and non-embryogenic cells. When embryogenic cells were isolated and cultured independently, their capacity to form embryogenic aggregates was lost. Thus, the non-embryogenic cells present within a mixed culture system were essential to the formation of embryogenic aggregates. When embryogenic tissues were isolated and cultured independently on a high glutamine-containing (2400 mg l⁻¹) medium, dry weights and endogenous levels of glutamine increased, and the tissue could generate a large number of embryogenic aggregates. Amino acid analysis of embryogenic and non-embryogenic cells from the maintenance culture indicated a higher level of glutamine was present in the latter. The high endogenous level of glutamine in the non-embryogenic portion of mixed cell masses may be the supplier of glutamine for maintaining the embryogenic property of the tissues.     

Specificity of action of piperidylcholine derivatives as substrates of cholinesterases of various origin

The review deals with study of enzymologic properties of a novel highly specific acetylcholinesterase substrate, N-(β-acetoxyethyl) piperidinium iodomethylate (“piperidylcholine”), and its 30 derivatives that were tested as effectors of cholinesterases of mammals and various species of Pacific squids. It was proven for the first time that responsible for specificity of action was structure of cyclic ammonium grouping of the alcohol part of molecule of the ester substrate. Analysis of specificity is performed based on enzymatic hydrolysis parameters—activity of catalytic center of cholinesterases and bimolecular constant of the reaction rate that are determined at optimal and low substrate concentrations. Among the specially synthesized group of thioester compounds there is revealed one more highly specific acetylcholinesterase substrate—N-(β-acetoxyethyl) piperidinium.     

Interconnection of parameters of regulation system of lipid peroxidation and of morphophysiological parameters of mouse liver

A complex analysis of seasonal fluctuations of the mean group parameters of the system of regulation of lipid peroxidation has been performed in liver of Balb/c mice. Association of lipid characteristics and morphophysiological parameters is studied in the Balb/c mouse liver. An inter-connection is revealed between the liver index and the amount of lysoforms of phospholipids, the scale and character of the interconnection differing essentially depending on proportion of phos-phatidylcholine in mouse liver phospholipids.