横断山北部高山区不同生态条件下土壤微生物数量及其与生态因子的相关性

采用全球定位系统(GPS)采集了横断山北部高山区35个样点的土样,用稀释平板法对该区细菌、真菌和放线菌进行分离计数,并分析了微生物数量与土壤养分、土壤水分、土地利用方式和pH等因子的相关性。结果表明,该区域3大类土壤微生物数量表现为细菌>放线菌>真菌。土壤微生物数量在不同区域表现为松林口>雀儿山>折多山;林地微生物比草地丰富,但不及草地微生物均衡。微生物数量与土壤理化因子间的相关分析表明,放线菌数量与pH呈显著正相关,真菌数量与土壤全钾含量呈极显著正相关。     

不同种植年限菜田土壤微生物区系的研究

采用稀释平板涂抹法对山东聊城周边地区不同种植年限的菜田土壤微生物数量、组成与养分状况及其相互关系进行了研究。结果表明：①该地区土壤微生物以细菌占绝对优势,其次为放线菌;②随着种菜年限的增加,土壤细菌和微生物总数表现出“低高低”的变化趋势,而真菌和放线菌则随种菜年限的增加而增加;③菜田土壤各类微生物主要集中在0～20cm的土层中,随着土层加深,其数量迅速减少;④菜田土壤放线菌组成复杂,共分离到了6个属的放线菌,但仍以链霉菌为主,其次为小单胞菌属和马杜拉放线菌属。链霉菌可分为9个类群,白孢类群占优势。种植1—2a的菜田土壤放线菌组成复杂,而链霉茼组成较简单;⑤蔬菜种类不同时,土壤微生物亦不同;⑥土壤养分含量与真菌和放线菌呈负相关,与细菌和微生物总数呈正相关。     

黄土高原不同植被坡地土壤微生物区系特征

应用稀释平板法对黄土高原不同植被覆盖下坡地土壤0～5cm和5～20cm土层的细菌、真菌和放线菌的分布特征进行了研究;结果表明:(1)该区域不同植被下土壤中细菌、真菌和放线菌总体比较丰富,数量差异较大,柠条土壤中微生物数量最多,苜蓿地中的最少.同一植被下各类菌群数量排序为细菌>放线菌>真菌.(2)放线菌和真菌随土层深度的增加而呈明显的减少趋势,而细菌的不明显.(3)天然荒坡的微生物数量高于人工草地的,人工灌木林微生物数量高于人工乔木林的,人工乔草复生果树林的微生物数量高于人工纯生乔木林、纯生草地和纯生果树林的.     

降香黄檀土壤微生物数量的时空动态特征

【目的】研究降香黄檀土壤微生物数量在时间和空间上的动态特征,可为降香黄檀栽培技术的完善提供数据支持。【方法】采用稀释平板涂布法,比较分析降香黄檀根际和非根际土壤微生物三大类群(细菌、放线菌、真菌)数量的季节及垂直分布情况。【结果】(1)降香黄檀根际和非根际土壤均表现为春季细菌、真菌数量较多,冬季细菌数量较少,秋季真菌数量较少;非根际土壤放线菌冬季数量较多,秋季数量较少。(2)细菌的根际效应最为明显,其R/S为0.12~62.96;真菌次之,其R/S为0.22~2.46;放线菌的根际效应较小,其R/S为0.32~1.01。(3)降香黄檀上层土(0~20 cm)的微生物数量普遍高于其他土层;随着土层加深,微生物数量表现为逐渐下降或先下降后升高2种变化趋势。【结论】降香黄檀土壤微生物数量的分布受季节和土层的影响。     

苯黄隆对土壤微生物的影响研究

研究了苯黄隆在 6种不同浓度下对土壤微生物种群数量及土壤中细菌、放线菌、真菌生长速率的影响。结果表明 ,苯黄隆在一定浓度下对土壤微生物种群数量及土壤中细菌、放线菌、真菌生长速率有一定的抑制作用。     

渭北塬区不同龄苹果园土壤微生物空间分布特征

以渭北塬区塬面5、10、15和20龄苹果园为对象,距树干1.0、1.5、2.0 m处用土钻法分层采集0—30 cm土样,稀释平板法测定土壤微生物数量,平行测定土壤有机碳、总氮和总磷,分析不同龄果园土壤微生物的空间分布状况及其与土壤碳、氮、磷的关系。结果表明:土壤真菌数量随树龄增大而增加,龄间差异显著(P0.05);与对照农田相比,各龄果园放线菌数量及5龄和20龄果园细菌数量偏低,10龄和15龄果园细菌数量偏高;各龄果园土壤真菌、细菌和放线菌数量均随深度增加而减小。就相同深度土层而言,真菌数量随果园年限增大而增加,细菌则以10龄和15龄果园较多,同深度土层的放线菌龄间差异随深度增加而减小。在沿树干向外的径向水平方向上,真菌数量随果园年限的增加相应增多;10龄和15龄果园土壤细菌和放线菌高于5龄果园和20龄果园。5龄果园土壤总氮有沿树干向外、沿表层向下逐步降低的趋势,果园从5龄经10龄到15龄,其"高氮点"则逐步向外、向下移动。塬区果园土壤C∶N比偏低。     

口臭患者口腔微生物区系研究

目的研究口臭口腔微生物区系组成,为口臭治疗提供依据。方法采用稀释平板测数法对需氧和厌氧细菌、真菌、放线菌分别进行计数。结果非口臭口腔好氧细菌数量(1180±380)和厌氧细菌数量(680±100)分别低于口臭口腔好氧细菌数量(7200±800)和厌氧细菌数量(12520±120),差异有统计学意义(P0.01),且口臭口腔以革兰阳性菌和杆菌占优势,非口臭口腔真菌数量低于口臭口腔真菌数量,两者差异无统计学意义(P0.05)。口腔中没有检出放线菌。结论口臭患者口腔微生物多样性高于非口臭组,可以通过调整口腔微生态改善口臭。     

高寒草甸不同植被土壤微生物数量及微生物生物量的特征

用稀释平板法和氯仿熏蒸法研究了藏嵩草草甸、小嵩草草甸、矮嵩草草甸、禾草草甸、杂类草草甸及金露梅灌丛土壤的微生物数量、生物量及有机质的变化特征.结果表明:0～40 cm土层细菌和放线菌数量、微生物生物量碳和土壤有机质含量均以藏嵩草草甸最高,其微生物生物量及土壤有机质显著高于其它5种植被;真菌数量以金露梅灌丛最高;由表层到深层,随着土壤深度的增加以上各项指标均呈下降趋势.通径分析表明:土壤各生物环境因子之间存在着不同程度的相关性;土壤微生物数量、生物量及土壤有机质含量均与土壤水分含量存在显著的相关关系,说明土壤水分是调节高寒草甸生态系统土壤微生物代谢及物质转化的关键因子.     

连作对大豆根部土壤微生物的影响研究

研究了正茬与连作大豆根际及非根际土壤微生物区系的变化。结果表明,细菌总数占绝对优势,连作低于正茬。放线菌数量总体变化幅度不大,真菌数量有显著变化,连作明显高于正茬。连作使土壤pH、含水率和微生物主要生理类群数量明显下降,土壤肥力降低。无论细菌、放线菌和真菌,正茬及连作大豆根际微生物数量明显高于非根际。     

喀斯特峰丛洼地不同生态系统土壤微生物与养分的耦合关系

基于喀斯特峰丛洼地农作区、人工林、次生林、原生林4类生态系统土壤微生物量、微生物数量及土壤养分的分析,本文探讨了不同生态系统土壤微生物特征及其与土壤养分的耦合关系.结果表明:不同生态系统微生物种群组成不同,真菌比率均较低,农作区、人工林、原生林的放线菌比率较大,而次生林细菌比率较大;不同生态系统中微生物量碳(Cmic)与微生物量氮(Nmic)、微生物量磷(Pmic)的相关性均达到了显著或极显著水平;不同生态系统土壤微生物量与土壤养分的关系密切,而微生物数量与土壤养分的相关性均较弱,表明土壤微生物细菌、真菌、放线菌种群数量分布的随机性较大,而不是受单一养分因子的控制;不同生态系统中土壤微生物属性和土壤养分的耦合关系不同:农作区土壤有机质(SOM)、pH、全磷(TP)起较大作用,主要影响土壤Cmic、细菌和真菌;人工林中土壤水分、SOM、全氮(TN)、TP主要影响土壤微生物量;次生林中以pH、SOM、TP、碱解氮(AN)、速效钾(AK)主要影响土壤微生物量和真菌;原生林主要有pH、TP、AN影响土壤微生物量和细菌.     

Distribution of actinomycetes,their antagonistic behaviour and the physico-chemical characteristics of the world’s largest tidal mangrove forest

We examined the relationship between distribution of actinomycetes and antagonistic behaviour with the physico-chemical characteristics of the Sundarbans, off the Bay of Bengal, India. Soil/sediment samples were collected from three regions: near to the sea, intertidal regions and mangrove forests. For the enumeration of actinomycetes, four treatments combining dilution with distilled or sea water with or without heating followed by plating onto starch-casein, glycerol-arginine and starch-nitrate media were done. Dilution with seawater, heating and plating onto starch-casein yielded maximum number of actinomycetes. The highest number of actinomycetes was isolated from an intertidal region having alluvial soil and the lowest from a site containing sandy sediments. Antimicrobial activity was dependent upon seawater. Antimicrobial score of an actinomycetes strain was calculated allotting maximum points to the isolate showing activity against all the test bacteria, next lower point to the isolate showing activity against one less the total and so on. The antagonistic potential (AP) of a sampling site was the ratio of total antimicrobial score of the isolates and their number. The high AP sites were influenced by tides, while the low AP sites were not. Pearson's correlation between soil chemical parameters and microbiological parameters revealed soil nitrogen as the key factor determining the antagonistic activity.     

A new preferential medium for enumeration and isolation of desert actinomycetes

In order to facilitate the discovery of novel actinomycetes from the Egyptian deserts, which can be useful as new sources for bioactive metabolites, different media for enumeration and isolation of desert actinomycetes have been tested. For this purpose, 30 soil samples from different six sites representing the Western and Eastern deserts of Egypt were collected. The two deserts are considered hyper-arid and the soil characteristics were determined. The media used were glucose–yeast extract agar, soil extract agar and a new minimal medium (MM) containing glucose, yeast extract and mineral salts. The effects of the soil characteristics on the total viable actinomycete counts on the three media were evaluated. The results showed that the highest actinomycete count in samples from five out of six sites was obtained on MM. Also MM was more selective for actinomycetes and significantly decreased the number of fungal colonies and to a lower extent the number of bacterial colonies. Moreover, it supported the development of different and diverse groups of actinomycetes. From the results obtained in this study, MM is a new useful medium for enumeration and selective isolation of actinomycetes from the desert soils.     

Source water partitioning as a means of characterizing hydrologic function in mangroves

Mangrove ecosystems rely on seawater, rain-derived flow, and groundwater for hydrologic sustenance, flushing, and inflow of nutrients and sediments. The relative contribution of these source waters and their variability through time and space can provide key information concerning the hydrologic function of ecosystems. We used hydrologic tracers to partition source waters and trace their movements in the Enipoas stream, a river-dominated mangrove ecosystem on the island of Pohnpei, Federated States of Micronesia (FSM) and in the Yela watershed, an interior mangrove ecosystem on the island of Kosrae, FSM. The Enipoas site was characterized as a salt wedge estuary whose source water contributions alternated between predominantly seawater and rain-derived flow, depending on the tide. The source waters in the interior Yela site were also predominantly seawater and rain-derived flow, however the relative contribution of each was much more stable. The mean groundwatercontribution was 5% (SD 5 5.5) for the Enipoas site and 20% (SD 5 11.0) for the Yela site. Although a small contributor to flow, groundwater was a steady source of freshwater for both systems. Hydrologic linkages between mangroves and adjacent ecosystems were demonstrated by the temporal and spatial distribution of source waters.The 0.8 km Enipoas estuary, with its highly dynamic bi-directional flows, transported source waters along a hydrologic continuum comprised of coral reef, mangroves, and palm forest. In the interior mangroves of the Yela watershed, the presence of rain-derived flow and groundwater demonstrated a hydraulic connection between the mangroves and an upstream freshwater swamp. Interior mangroves with such linkages avoid stresses such as desiccation and heightened salinity, and thus are more productive than those with little or no freshwater flows.     

红树林宜林海洋环境指标研究

通过文献资料综合和实地调查,分析研究了温度、盐度、沉积物、潮汐浸淹和波浪能量5种海洋环境因素对红树林总体和各树种分布和生长的影响。明确指出了温度对红树林纬向分布、盐度对红树林沿河口湾和潮水河的上溯、潮汐浸淹频率对红树林沿潮滩的横向分布、和海岸波浪能量对红树林由港湾向开阔海岸的沿岸分布的主导控制作用和各自在我国东南沿海红树林区表现的临界参数。最冷月平均气温9.3℃和水温10.6℃,为最耐寒树种秋茄人工种植分布的北界;大片红树林可分布于河口湾和潮水河的全年大部分时间以咸水为主的岸段(如夏季盐度常＜2.0‰,冬季盐度可达15‰～20‰),零星红树植物可接近枯季大潮咸水上界;红树林只能占据平均海平面(或稍上)与回归潮平均高高潮位之间,大致为潮汐浸淹频率47.5%和2.9%;利用16个方位的平均风速V(m/s),风向频率F(%),有效风区长度L(km),计算海岸波能指数W=∑(Vi2FiLi),W＜7.0×103为适宜红树林生长的低波能海岸;W＞10.5×103为不适宜红树林生长的高波能海岸;W=（7.0～10.5）×103为红树林生长零星或很差,或仅能生长人工林或幼林的中波能海岸。这些临界参数可以作为上述海洋环境因素定量的总体的宜林指标。     

Culture medium for selective isolation and enumeration of Gram-negative bacteria from ground meats.

We developed a new medium, designated peptone bile amphotericin cycloheximide (PBAC) agar, which contains (per liter) 10 g of peptone, 300 mg of bile salts, 1 mg of amphotericin B, 1 g of cycloheximide, and 15 g of agar. When 21 samples of fresh ground beef were studied and plate count agar counts were used as references, we obtained a mean recovery of 28% of total counts with violet red bile agar overlay, whereas we obtained 48% recovery with PBAC agar. With 12 samples of frozen ground beef, recovery on violet red bile agar overlay was 29% of the recovery on plate count agar, whereas the corresponding value on PBAC agar was 45%. PBAC agar allowed the enumeration of 1.4 times as many gram-negative bacteria as violet red bile agar overlay. None of eight strains of gram-positive bacteria and none of eight strains of yeasts grew on PBAC agar. Of 158 colonies randomly selected from pour plates of eight fresh ground meat samples, 95% stained gram negative. In comparison, only 70% of 151 colonies selected from corresponding plate count agar plates were gram negative. The lack of background color, turbidity, and ease of use make PBAC agar easier to handle than other media used for gram-negative bacteria, such as violet red bile agar, violet red bile agar overlay, and crystal violet tetrazolium agar. In the preparation PBAC agar, all ingredients are autoclaved together except amphotericin B, which is filter sterilized and added before the plates are poured.     

Salinity-induced limits to mangrove canopy height

Aim

Mangrove canopy height is a key metric to assess tidal forests' resilience in the face of climate change. In terrestrial forests, tree height is primarily determined by water availability, plant hydraulic design, and disturbance regime. However, the role of water stress remains elusive in tidal environments, where saturated soils are prevalent, and salinity can substantially affect the soil water potential.

Location

Global.

Time Period

The canopy height dataset provides a global snapshot of the maximum mangrove height geographical distribution for the year 2000. Climate and environmental variables extend over the period 1970–2018.

Major Taxa Studied

Mangroves.

Methods

We use global observations of maximum canopy height, species richness, air temperature, and seawater salinity—a proxy of soil water salt concentration—to explore the causal link between salinity and mangrove stature.

Results

Our findings suggest that salt stress limits mangrove height. High salinity favours more salt-tolerant species, narrowing the spectrum of viable traits. Highly salt-tolerant mangroves have evolved to cope with high salt concentrations in the soil, but this adaptation comes at a cost. They typically have lower rates of photosynthesis and growth, resulting in reduced productivity and smaller stature compared to more salt-sensitive mangrove species. This suggests a causal link between salinity, biodiversity, and tree height, where high salinity selects for more salt-tolerant species that tend to be less productive and shorter.

Conclusions

We hypothesize that the salinity-induced limit to mangrove canopy height is the direct result of a reduction of primary productivity, an increment in the risk of xylem cavitation, and an indirect consequence of the decrease in biodiversity. As sea-level rise enhances coastal salinisation, failure to account for these effects can lead to incorrect estimates of future carbon stocks in Tropical coastal ecosystems and endanger preservation efforts.     

红树林放线菌研究进展

红树林是生长在热带和亚热带海岸潮间带的一种独特植物群落,构成陆地与海洋间的过渡,具有水分高、盐分高、耐缺氧等特征的特殊生态系统及很高的生物多样性,是筛选和发现放线菌新物种和药用生物活性次级代谢产物的宝贵资源。在物种鉴定方面,放线菌分类学是目前红树林放线菌物种鉴定的重要手段。本文综述了红树林放线菌物种鉴定主要方法、红树林放线菌生态环境和物种分布特征、生物学活性及其次级代谢产物等,并展望了该领域研究与发展的重要问题与趋势。     

Efficiency of various selective media in determining Pythium population in soil

Of 15 selective media recommended for isolation and enumeration ofPythium spp. directly from soil, corn meal agar (CMA) supplemented with agar, sucrose, minor elements, thiamine, rose bengal, pimaricin, pentachloronitrobenzene and vancomycin (MPVM) was the most efficient. Streptomycin (30–50 ppm) and rose bengal (33–60 ppm) as used in certain tested media effectively suppressed development of bacteria and actinomycetes. However, these chemicals adversely affected germination of spores and mycelial growth and thereby the recovery ofPythium spp. from soil. Media containing pimaricin (5 to 100 ppm) were more effective than those with nystatin (40 ppm) in suppressing development of nonphycomycetous fungi on isolation plate. MPVM with pimaricin at 5 ppm was more efficient than that with 10 ppm of the antibiotic in recoveryingPythium from soil. However, there was no difference in recovery ofPythium by this medium containing rose bengal at 5 ppm or at 10 ppm, butPythium colonies were more dense and better delineated when the medium contained 10 ppm of rose bengal. CMA containing pimaricin (5–100 ppm) and vancomycin (200 ppm) permitted occasionally development of a large number ofMortierella and bacterial colonies from certain soils, that interfered with accurate determination of colonies of certainPythium spp. on the plates. Vancomycin at 300 ppm, as used in MPVM, substantially reduced development of bacterial colonies compared to 200 ppm of the antibiotic. Surface-soil dilution-plate was more effective than the soil-dilution-plate method in reducing bacteria andMortierella colonies on isolation plates without affecting recovery ofPythium. The importance of basal medium, complement of antimicrobial agents, and isolation methods for efficiency of selective medium in recovery ofPythium spp. directly from soil is discussed.     

中国红树植物种质资源现状与苗木繁育关键技术

红树植物种质与种苗生产是所有红树林生态恢复工程的基础.本文根据工程实践并结合已有研究资料,采用聚类分析等方法,对中国红树植物资源现状与苗木繁育关键技术进行初步分析.结果表明:中国红树群落可分为低温广布型、广布型、嗜热广布型和热带分布型4种类型;资源分布可划分为琼东沿海、北部湾沿海、珠江口至粤东沿海、闽南和台湾沿海、闽东至浙南沿海5个区域.其中,北部湾沿海红树林种质资源占全国的75.3％.目前中国红树植物苗木种类开发利用率为52.6％,以胎生红树植物为主.红树林苗木生产应注意繁育方法、种实采集与储存、育苗方式、水分和盐度选择、病虫害防治及越冬防寒措施6个技术环节.结合调查和生产实践,归纳分析了中国现有5种红树林苗圃类型(旱地设施苗圃、红树林滩涂苗圃、光滩苗圃、基围塘苗圃和米草滩涂苗圃)的结构和用途特点,为红树林生态恢复工程的系统集成管理提供参考.     

Flux of organic carbon in a riverine mangrove wetland in the Florida Coastal Everglades

Short-term (daily) and seasonal variations in concentration and flux of dissolved organic carbon (DOC) were examined over 15 tidal cycles in a riverine mangrove wetland along Shark River, Florida in 2003. Due to the influence of seasonal rainfall and wind patterns on Shark River’s hydrology, samplings were made to include wet, dry and transitional (Norte) seasons. We used a flume extending from a tidal creek to a basin forest to measure vertical (vegetated soil/water column) and horizontal (mangrove forest/tidal creek) flux of DOC. We found significant (p < 0.05) variations in surface water temperature, salinity, conductivity, pH and mean concentration of DOC with season. Water temperature and salinity followed seasonal patterns of air temperature and rainfall, while mean DOC concentration was highest during the dry season (May), followed by the wet (October) and ‘Norte’ (December) seasons. This pattern of DOC concentration may be due to a combination of litter production and inundation pattern of the wetland. In contrast to daily (between tides) variation in DOC flux between the mangrove forest and tidal creek, daily variations of mean water quality were not significant. However, within-tide variation of DOC flux, dissolved oxygen content and salinity was observed. This indicated that the length of inundation and water source (freshwater vs. saltwater) variation across tidal cycles influenced water quality and DOC flux in the water column. Net DOC export was measured in October and December, suggesting the mangrove forest was a source of DOC to the adjacent tidal creek during these periods. Net annual export of DOC from the fringe mangrove to both the tidal creek and basin mangrove forest was 56 g C m⁻² year⁻¹. The seasonal pattern in our flux results indicates that DOC flux from this mangrove forest may be governed by both freshwater discharge and tidal range.