共生与非共生爪哇伪枝藻对高温胁迫的响应

研究以自由生长的爪哇伪枝藻(Free-living S. javanicum, fs)和分离自地衣的爪哇伪枝藻(Symbiotic S. javanicum, ss)为研究对象, 探究了不同生长状态爪哇伪枝藻对高温(45℃)胁迫的响应。结果发现在高温胁迫下, 爪哇伪枝藻光合活性、叶绿素a及类胡萝卜素含量下降; 丙二醛(MDA)、胞外多糖及可溶性蛋白含量上升。在高温处理下, 与fs相比, ss光合活性下降较慢, 且高温处理后ss的叶绿素a及类胡萝卜素含量也明显高于fs。高温处理下, 与fs相比, ss的MDA含量和增长速度均较低; 并且在面临高温胁迫时, ss能够更快的分泌胞外多糖和可溶性蛋白质, 从而在一定程度上达到自我保护的目的。研究结果表明, 在暴露于高温胁迫时, 相较于自由生长状态, 来自地衣的爪哇伪枝藻具有更高的自我保护效率。     

高温对两种卡帕藻的酶活性、色素含量与叶绿素荧光的影响

在室内采用静置培养法,以25℃为对照,研究高温(32℃、35℃和40℃)对长心卡帕藻Kappaphycus alvarezii与异枝卡帕藻K.striatum的硝酸还原酶(NR)和过氧化物酶(POD)活性、叶绿素a和藻红蛋白含量的影响,并采用调制叶绿素荧光技术,测定高温处理后2种藻的叶绿素荧光参数变化趋势.结果表明:高温对2种卡帕藻的NR和POD活性有显著影响.二者的NR活性均在35℃时最低,32℃时最高;异枝卡帕藻的POD活性在35℃时最高,而长心卡帕藻的在35℃时最低.在25-40℃之间,随着温度升高,异枝卡帕藻的叶绿素a含量逐渐减少,藻红蛋白含量先降后升,35℃时最高,而长心卡帕藻的两种色素含量皆在25℃时最高.在32-40℃条件下,随着温度升高,2种藻的实际光合效率(Y)和相对光合电子传递速率(ETR)明显下降,温度越高,下降程度越大;短期高温可刺激2种卡帕藻的光合活性增强,随着处理时间延长,异枝卡帕藻的光合活性下降,但差异不显著,而长心卡帕藻的光合活性显著下降.综合上述指标,显示32℃以上高温对2种卡帕藻产生胁迫,异枝卡帕藻对热胁迫的耐受力明显强于长心卡帕藻.     

几种固沙荒漠藻的温度适应性

蓝藻结皮在干旱和半干旱区广泛分布,它们在环境状态的维持和改良过程中发挥着重要的作用。在荒漠藻固沙技术的应用过程中,温度不仅影响藻类在培养池中的培养,还影响接种后藻类的生长。因此,摸清优势固沙藻类的温度生长特征及对不同温度的生长适应性,对于接种蓝藻固沙技术的应用具有积极的意义。实验分3部分:研究了室温培养条件下3种荒漠优势蓝藻-具鞘微鞘藻(Microcoleus vaginatus)、爪哇伪枝藻(Scytonema javanicum)、纤细席藻(Phormidium tenue)的生长曲线,在不同温度(2、5、10、15、25、35℃)、开放式载体培养状态下3种蓝藻的生长状况及形态观察,以及爪哇伪枝藻在不同温度(10、15、20、25、30℃)培养条件下的光合活性、光合色素含量和伪枝藻素含量的变化。实验结果表明:(1)在液体培养基中,纤细席藻生长速率最快,高于具鞘微鞘藻和爪哇伪枝藻;(2)开放式载体培养条件下,藻株的生长速率低于液体培养,因此荒漠优势藻类的培养优先选择液体培养,具鞘微鞘藻和爪哇伪枝藻不易被细菌污染,纤细席藻容易受到细菌污染,在培养该藻株时要考虑添加抗生素类药物抑制细菌过度繁殖;(3)爪哇伪枝藻短期培养(18d)宜选择相对较高的培养温度(25-30℃),而长期培养(30d)宜选择相对较低的培养温度(15-20℃)。       

高温胁迫下苋菜的叶绿素荧光特性

为了探明高温胁迫对苋菜(Amaranthus tricolor L.)光合过程的影响,用不同温度(25、30、35、40、45℃)处理苋菜植株1h后,随即测定了其叶绿素荧光动力学参数和快速光响应曲线特征参数的变化.结果表明:40℃以上高温胁迫下,苋菜叶片的光系统Ⅱ(PSⅡ)潜在光化学效率(Fv/Fo)、最大光化学效率(Fv/Fm)下降;最大荧光(Fm)、光合电子传递速率(ETR)、PSⅡ实际光化学效率(Yield)、光化学淬灭系数(qP)也均有所下降;而初始荧光(F.)和非光化学淬灭系数(NPQ)在40℃以上高温胁迫下显著上升.叶绿素荧光快速光响应曲线测定结果表明,初始斜率α、最大相对电子传递速率ETRmax和半饱和光强Ik在40℃以上高温胁迫下有所下降.研究表明,40℃以上高温胁迫对苋菜的光能的吸收、转换、光合电子传递和强光耐受能力等均有一定的影响.     

UV-B对设施桃叶片光合功能及叶绿体超微结构的影响

对温室栽培的油桃中油5号(Prunus persica var. nectarina cv. ‘Zhongyou5’)适量补充UV-B, 分析其对桃叶片光合功能及叶绿体超微结构的影响。结果表明, UV-B处理下各色素含量均有不同程度的增加, 其中叶绿素b的含量和净光合速率(P_n)提升幅度较大。相较于未补充UV-B的桃树(对照), UV-B处理的F_v/F_m无显著变化, F_v'/F_m'比值、光化学猝灭系数(qP)、非光化学猝灭系数(qN)以及PSII实际光化学量子效率(Φ_PSII)均有显著或极显著升高。透射电镜结果显示, UV-B处理下叶绿体基质片层空隙小, 堆叠紧密, 叶绿体外膜边缘清晰。可见, 温室内适量补充UV-B可快速改善叶片叶绿体的超微结构, 提升叶绿素分子捕获光能及向PSII传递的能力, 增大PSII反应中心的开放程度, 提高实际光能转化效率和PSII电子传递量子效率, 提高叶片的光合功能。该研究为设施果树光合性能改善和UV-B合理利用提供了理论依据。     

长期冷适应对黑皮果蔗光合光能利用的影响

以拔地拉(Saccharum officinarum L.cv.Badila)幼苗为材料,研究了长期(28 d)冷适应处理(白天/夜间:12℃/8℃)对其光合光能利用的影响。结果表明:无论是常温(25℃)还是低温(12℃)测定,冷适应处理明显降低了蔗苗净光合速率(Pn),增加了暗呼吸速率(Rd)和电子传递量子效率和碳同化量子效率比值(ΦPSII/ΦCO2);常温下,冷适应处理降低了不同光强下Fv'/Fm'(和NPQ反向变化)随ΦPSII下降而下降的速率,同时增加了光化学淬灭q P随ΦPSII下降而下降的速率;而低温下,不同光强下Fv'/Fm'及q P随ΦPSII下降而下降的速率与对照没有显著差异;长期冷适应处理通过光化学途径和非光化学途径耗散了光合机构多余激发能,改善了其光合冷敏性,对果蔗抗冷栽培和抗低温育种有重要参考价值。     

高温对水稻黄叶突变体剑叶光合特性和叶绿体超微结构的影响

以水稻黄叶突变体为材料,进行高温胁迫处理(9:30～17:30,40℃;其它时间段与自然温度相同),研究高温胁迫对其剑叶光合特性和叶绿体超微结构的影响。结果表明:高温胁迫使水稻黄叶突变体剑叶净光合速率(Pn)、PSⅡ原初光化学效率(Fv/Fm)、PSⅡ光量子效率(фPSⅡ)和非循环光合电子传递速率(ETR)显著降低,初始荧光(F0)显著增加,同时使剑叶叶绿素、可溶性蛋白质含量显著降低,细胞膜透性显著增加,叶片的叶绿体内基粒和基质片层模糊、疏松,结构紊乱。研究发现,40℃高温胁迫致使水稻黄叶突变体剑叶叶绿体超微结构破坏,引起PSⅡ反应中心的光化学效率降低,最终造成叶片光合能力减弱。     

高温胁迫对水稻剑叶光合和叶绿素荧光特征的影响

采用盆栽方法在人工气候箱内对超级杂交稻组合"天优998"4个生育期(抽穗期、乳熟期、蜡熟期和完熟期)分别进行5个高温处理(最高温度分别设定为32、35、38、40和42℃,日较差为6℃,每个处理为期5d,每天2h,以自然条件下生长的水稻为对照),研究了高温胁迫对水稻剑叶光合和荧光特征的影响。结果表明:高温对水稻剑叶光合和荧光特征具有显著影响,而且因高温处理、生育期、参数的不同而有差异,温度越高影响越大;高温处理后水稻剑叶叶绿素含量(SPAD)、净光合速率(Pn)、气孔导度(Gs)下降,胞间CO2浓度(Ci)上升;光化学效率(Fv/Fm)、实际量子产量(ΦPSII)、表观电子传递速率(ETR)、光化学猝灭系数(qP)、PSⅡ光化学反应(P)下降,初始荧光(Fo)、非光化学猝灭系数(qN)、其他热耗散(E)上升;当最高温度大于35℃时,4个生育期的光合和荧光指标大多发生了显著变化,当最高温度大于38℃时,则大幅下降;抽穗期和乳熟期Pn、Gs下降显著、Ci上升显著,蜡熟期和完熟期SPAD下降显著,但高温下抽穗期、乳熟期水稻剑叶Fv/Fm的下降幅度和Fo的上升幅度比蜡熟期、完熟期大;高温胁迫对水稻剑叶Pn的影响比SPAD大,抽穗和乳熟期水稻剑叶Pn下降主要是由气孔因素引起,而蜡熟期和完熟期剑叶Pn的下降则主要是由非气孔因素所致。     

铝胁迫对蓼科植物生长和光合、蒸腾特性的影响

采用水培试验,设置5种铝处理浓度,研究了铝对3种蓼科植物酸模叶蓼、杠板归和辣蓼叶片光合、蒸腾和叶绿素荧光参数的影响。结果表明,高铝处理(400μmol.L-1)显著抑制3种蓼科植物地上部和根系生长,并且导致3种蓼科植物叶片叶绿素含量、Chla/Chlb、净光合速率(Pn)、水分利用效率(WUE)、PSII光合电子传递量子效率(φPSII)和光化学猝灭系数(qP)显著下降。中低铝处理(25~100μmol.L-1)时,与对照相比,酸模叶蓼生物量显著增加,杠板归显著减少,辣蓼先增加后减少。其中,酸模叶蓼和辣蓼叶绿素含量、Chla/Chlb、Pn、蒸腾速率(Tr)、胞间CO2浓度(Ci)、PSII最大光化学效率(Fv/Fm)、qP均未发生显著变化,但辣蓼WUE、φPSII和非光化学猝灭系数(NPQ)显著下降,酸模叶蓼无显著变化;而杠板归除Ci、Fv/Fm外,其余叶片光合、蒸腾及叶绿素荧光参数均出现显著下降。上述结果表明,酸模叶蓼在中低铝处理条件下可通过保持较高的叶绿素含量、Chla/Chlb、WUE、Pn、PSII反应中心光化学反应效率以及提高非辐射能量耗散来增强其对铝的耐性。     

高、低温胁迫对牡丹叶片PSⅡ功能和生理特性的影响

以牡丹‘肉芙蓉’离体叶片为试材,以25 ℃为对照,研究了强光(1400 μmol·m-2·s-1)下高温(40℃)和低温(15℃)处理对牡丹叶片PSⅡ光化学活性和生理特性的影响.结果表明:随处理时间的延长,各处理叶片的PSⅡ最大光化学效率(Fv/Fm)、PSⅡ实际光量子效率(φPsⅡ)和光下开放的PSⅡ反应中心激发能捕获效率(Fv’/Fm’)均持续降低.暗恢复4h后,对照和15℃处理叶片的Fv/Fm基本上完全恢复,而40℃处理叶片仅恢复到处理前的75.5％,即使15 h后也不能完全恢复;强光下40℃处理使PSⅠ和PSⅡ间的激发能分配严重偏离平衡状态.强光下40 ℃处理抑制了超氧化物歧化酶活性,加剧了O2、H2O2、丙二醛的产生,导致叶绿素和可溶性蛋白含量不断下降.说明强光下40℃高温胁迫对牡丹叶片光合机构造成了不可逆的破坏,而15℃低温处理对其光合机构的影响相对较弱.     

高温下杂交稻培矮64S／E32与其亲本的光合和抗逆参数的比较

超级稻培矮64S／E32(F1)及其亲本(父本‘E32’和母本‘培矮64S’)的剑叶在不同温度(28、35、40℃ 和45℃)恒温水浴中保温1 h,随着处理温度的升高,F1除了较其亲本有更稳定的光合色素Chl外,还有明显 增加的Car／Chl,相对高的热稳蛋白含量,高而且稳定的总的抗氧化能力。F1在高温下也有较亲本高的光合 能力。高温下,线性电子传递过程比光化学过程对温度更敏感,F1有比亲本更敏感的调节机制,Pn下降比 ΦPSⅡ、Fv／Fm下降快说明光合限制步骤可能主要是位于光合碳同化而不是光化学和光合电子传递过程。     

黄柳与垂柳的耐热性和耐旱性比较研究

 作为一种优良的固沙植物,黄柳（Salix gordejevii）主要分布于内蒙古科尔沁沙地和浑善达克沙地,在流动沙丘边缘和半流动沙丘生长最多,属于灌木型先锋植物。实验对黄柳的耐热性和耐旱性与垂柳（Salix babylonica）进行了比较研究。两种植物的离体叶片在6个温度（即25、30、35、40、45、50 ℃）下处理1 h;在6个水势梯度（即0、-0.25、-0.5、-0.75、-1.0、-1.25 MPa）下处理24 h后,测定了其含水量、膜透性、光系统Ⅱ的最大光化学效率（由Fv/Fm计算）等参数。黄柳叶片在温度处理和干旱处理中均能保持比垂柳较高的含水量;45 ℃以下的温度对两种植物叶片的膜透性没有明显影响,但高于45 ℃的温度（本实验中为50 ℃）使黄柳和垂柳叶片膜透性剧增,且黄柳增大更多;干旱处理造成两种植物叶片膜透性增大,且垂柳的总是大于黄柳的;低于35 ℃的温度对Fv/Fm没有影响,高于40 ℃的温度使两种植物叶片的Fv/Fm明显降低,且黄柳的极显著地小于垂柳的;干旱处理总使两种植物叶片的Fv/Fm降低,当渗透势小于-0.75 MPa时,黄柳的Fv/Fm显著地大于垂柳的。这些结果说明黄柳的耐旱性比垂柳强,其耐热性比垂柳差。就光合器官而言,黄柳、垂柳耐热性和耐旱性的差别主要是由于通过光系统Ⅱ的电子传递对高温和干旱的敏感性不同造成的。     

干燥-再吸水条件下爪哇伪枝藻生理特性和超微结构特征

以典型荒漠丝状蓝藻爪哇伪枝藻为材料,在温室中设置水合(对照)、轻微干燥、中度干燥和极度干燥4种处理,研究干燥胁迫对藻体光合活性、膜脂过氧化、细胞可溶性物质含量、抗氧化酶活性以及细胞超微结构的影响,并采用不同促进剂和抑制剂对干燥藻体进行再吸水处理,测定藻体光合活性的恢复情况。结果显示:(1)爪哇伪枝藻在干燥胁迫下PSⅡ最大光化学效率(Fv/Fm)显著降低,并与其藻体水分含量之间呈极显著性相关(r=0.97、P<0.000 1);(2)随着干燥胁迫程度增加,藻体MDA含量、SOD和CAT活性随之升高,细胞可溶性蛋白和可溶性糖含量增加;(3)在藻体再吸水条件下,培养液(BG-110)、胞外多糖和蔗糖对藻体Fv/Fm的恢复具有重要作用,N-乙酰半胱氨酸和脯氨酸对Fv/Fm有一定的恢复效果,氯霉素和敌草隆则抑制Fv/Fm;(4)与水合状态下的细胞结构相比,干燥藻体细胞结构发生明显的变化,如细胞壁增厚,原生质粘稠浓缩、呈紧密分层排列,细胞内出现大量细小黑色颗粒物等。(5)采用不同外源物质对干燥藻体进行再吸水时,藻体的光合活性呈现不同的恢复效果。研究表明,干燥胁迫下爪哇伪枝藻的光合活性受到明显抑制,细胞质膜过氧化程度加剧,细胞出现可溶性小分子物质积累,抗氧化酶活性增强,并造成细胞结构出现适应性变化。     

Post-illumination-related loss of photochemical efficiency of Photosystem II and degradation of the D1 protein are temperature-dependent

Photosystem II (PSII) photochemical efficiency (chlorophyll fluorescence ratio Fv/Fm) was recorded in vivo in Synechocystis 6803 during high light illumination and during a subsequent shift of the cells to darkness. A continuing decrease in the Fv/Fm ratio was observed even after the cells were transferred to darkness, provided the temperature was high enough. The decrease in the PSII efficiency after the shifting of the cells to darkness correlated directly with the loss of the D1 protein under different temperatures, suggesting that temperature-dependent proteolysis of the D1 protein in darkness induces the loss of PSII photochemical efficiency under these conditions. Furthermore, the amount of FtsH protease was found to increase during the high light treatment. This observation suggests that the synthesis of the FtsH protein is a light-regulated process and that this protease most probably has a key role in an efficient degradation of the D1 protein even under post-illuminative conditions, provided the temperature is high enough to prevent the initial reversible steps of photoinhibition.     

NO3-胁迫及恢复对黄瓜幼苗叶片叶绿素荧光参数及ATPase活性的影响

通过水培试验,探讨了不同NO₃^-浓度胁迫及恢复对黄瓜幼苗叶片叶绿素含量、叶绿素荧光参数及ATPase活性的影响.结果表明,胁迫7 d后,高浓度NO₃^-(168 mmol·L^-1)可极显著提高叶绿素a、叶绿素b、总叶绿素和类胡萝卜素含量,极显著提高初始荧光(F_o)、Mg ATPase和Ca-ATPase活性,而PSⅡ原初光能转化效率(F_v/F_m)、PSⅡ潜在活性(F_v/F_o)和PSⅡ光合电子传递量子效率(ΦPSⅡ),却随NO₃^-浓度的增加而降低.恢复7 d后,所有处理叶绿素和类胡萝卜素含量均低于对照;初始荧光基本都恢复至对照水平;PSⅡ原初光能转化效率和PSⅡ光合电子传递量子效率在NO₃^-浓度低于126 mmol·L^-1时,基本恢复至对照水平,而高于这一水平时,仍显著低于对照;PSⅡ潜在活性在NO₃^-浓度为42和126 mmol·L^-1的处理基本达对照水平,其它处理仍极显著低于对照;Mg-ATPase和Ca-ATPase活性均出现先降低后升高的变化趋势.     

In vivo quality control of photosystem II in cyanobacteria Synechocystis sp. PCC 6803: D1 protein degradation and repair under the influence of light, heat and darkness

The cells of Synechocystis sp. PCC 6803 were subjected under photoinhibitory irradiation (600 micromolm(-2)s(-1)) at various temperatures (20-40 degrees C) to study in vivo quality control of photosystem II (PSII). The protease biogenesis and its consequences on photosynthetic efficiency (chlorophyll fluorescence ratio Fv/Fm) of the PSII, D1 degradation and repair were monitored during illumination and darkness. The loss in Fv/Fm value and degradation of D1 protein occurred not only under high light exposure, but also continued when the cells were subjected under dark restoration process after high light exposure. No loss in Fv/Fm value or D1 degradation occurred during recovery under growth/low light (30 micromol m(-2) s(-1)). Further, it helped the resynthesis of new D1 protein, essential to sustain quality control of PSII. In vivo triggering of D1 protein required high light exposure to switch-on the protease biosynthesis to maintain protease pool which induced temperature-dependent enzymatic proteolysis of photodamaged D1 protein during photoinhition and dark incubation. Our findings suggested the involvement and overexpression of a membrane-bound FtsH protease during high light exposure which caused degradation of D1 protein, strictly regulated by high temperature (30-40 degrees C). However, lower temperature (20 degrees C) prevented further loss of photoinhibited PSII efficiency in vivo and also retarded temperature-dependent proteolytic process of D1 degradation.     

Photosynthetic Properties of Photosystem II in Arabidopsis thaliana lpa1 Mutant

In a previous study, we characterized a high chlorophyll fluorescence lpa1 mutant of Arabidopsis thaliana, in which approximately 20% photosystem (PS) II protein is accumulated. In the present study, analysis of fluorescence decay kinetics and thermoluminescence profiles demonstrated that the electron transfer reaction on either the donor or acceptor side of PSII remained largely unaffected in the lpa1 mutant. In the mutant, maximal photochemical efficiency (Fv/Fm, where Fm is the maximum fluorescence yield and Fv is variable fluorescence) decreased with increasing light intensity and remained almost unchanged in wild-type plants under different light conditions. The Fv/Fm values also increased when mutant plants were transferred from standard growth light to low light conditions. Analysis of PSII protein accumulation further confirmed that the amount of PSII reaction center protein is correlated with changes in Fv/Fm in lpa1 plants. Thus, the assembled PSII in the mutant was functional and also showed increased photosensitivity compared with wild-type plants.(Author for correspondence. Tel: +86 (0)10 6283 6256; Fax: +86 (0)10 8259 9384; E-mail: zhanglixin@ibcas.ac.cn)     

Xanthophyll Cycle and Inactivation of Photosystem Ⅱ Reaction Centers Alleviating Reducing Pressure to Photosystem Ⅰ in Morning Glory Leaves under Short-term High Irradiance

investigated through chlorophyll fluorescence parameters in morning glory (Ipomoea setosa) leaves, which were dipped into water, dithiothreitol (DTT) and lincomycin (LM), respectively. During the stress, both the xanthophyll cycle and D1 protein turnover could protect PSI from photoinhibition. In DTT leaves, non-photochemical quenching (NPQ) was inhibited greatly and the oxidation level of P700 (P700+) was the lowest one. However, the maximal photochemical efficiency of PSII (Fv/Fm) in DTT leaves was higher than that of LM leaves and was lower than that of control leaves. These results suggested that PSI was more sensitive to the loss of the xanthophyll cycle than PSII under high irradiance. In LM leaves, NPQ was partly inhibited, Fv/Fm was the lowest one among three treatments under high irradiance and P700+ was at a similar level as that of control leaves. These results implied that inactivation of PSII reaction centers could protect PSI from further photoinhibition. Additionally, the lowest of the number of active reaction centers to one inactive reaction center for a PSII cross-section (RC/CSo), maximal trapping rate in a PSII cross-section (TRo/CSo), electron transport in a PSII cross-section (ETo/CSo) and the highest of 1-qP in LM leaves further indicated that severe photoinhibition of PSII in LM leaves was mainly induced by inactivation of PSII reaction centers, which limited electrons transporting to PSI. However, relative to the LM leaves the higher level of RC/CSo, TRo/CSo, Fv/Fm and the lower level of 1-qP in DTT leaves indicated that PSI photoinhibition was mainly induced by the electron accumulation at the PSI acceptor side, which induced the decrease of P700+ under high irradiance.