福建省竹林益害螨名录（Ⅰ）

本首次报道福建省竹林益害螨名录,它们分别隶属于蜱螨亚纲的6个总科7科19属34种。其中有致使竹林大量落叶的叶螨类群。导致毛竹生长衰退的痪螬,跗线螨共群,也有对竹林害螨,小型昆虫有重要控制作用的捕食性螨类。     

天敌竹盲走螨在纯竹林中种群数量锐减的原因研究

本项研究针对我国南方毛竹林,近年害螨突发性成灾的现象,进行调查与研究,结果表明：纯竹林害螨总量平均高于混交林289．28％,混交林天敌竹盲走螨(Typhlodromus bambusae Ehara)总量平均高于纯竹林263．56％;混交林益、害螨比例为1：13,而纯竹林益、害螨比例是1：118。研究表明纯竹林地面垦复、劈草,使得以芒草为生的芒草裂爪螨(Schizotetranychus mistanthi Saito)种群数量急剧下降,导致乡土优势种竹盲走螨缺乏中间食物,难以维持种群。在毛竹——芒草混生的毛竹林(含其它树种)由于毛竹上害螨和林下芒草裂爪螨受到共同天敌——竹盲走螨的控制维持着稳定的益、害种群数量,虽然有害螨,但不成灾,在纯竹林由于地面垦复、劈草破坏原有已形成的生物链,导致毛竹害螨失去天敌控制而突发性成灾,证明纯竹林中天敌锐减是导致毛竹害螨暴发成灾的重要因素。     

竹缺爪螨生态学初步研究

本报道严重危害毛竹生长和害螨－－竹缺爪螨在不同温度下生长,发育历期以及在竹林间种群动态。结果表明：在20－35℃范围内随着温度升高其发育历期缩短,温度与发育历期呈直线回归关系：Y全代＝651573-1.6250X（=-0.98);光照是影响竹缺爪螨的卵,幼螨存活及成螨产卵量的重要因素。在竹林间,毛竹换叶,降雨量,天敌数量是影响竹缺爪螨种群消长的和重要因素,最后提出综合防治的措施。     

福建省竹林益害螨名录( I)

本文首次报道福建省竹林益害螨名录,它们分别隶属于蜱螨亚纲的６ 个总科７ 科１９ 属３４ 种。其中有致使竹林大量落叶的叶螨类群。导致毛竹生长衰退的瘿螨,跗线螨类群,也有对竹林害螨,小型昆虫有重要控制作用的捕食性螨类。     

混交林和纯竹林与毛竹害螨爆发成灾关系研究

报道在福建省6个不同生态区域内检查10对纯竹林与混交林受南京裂爪螨(Schizotetranychus nanjingensis)、竹缺爪螨(Aponychus corpuzae)、竹刺瘿螨(Aculus bambusae)对毛竹危害情况．结果表明,纯竹林受螨害重,危害指数达22．1％～44．7％,平均35％．混交林受害轻,危害指数为2．7％～28．6％,平均17．5％,混交林与纯竹林之间受害程度经t-测验表明均达到极显著差异．6个样地中纯竹林害螨总量高于其相对的混交林。分别达67．74％、152．47％、299．5％、857．75％、331．67％、26．55％。平均为289．28％;调查混交林天敌竹盲走螨(Typhlodromus bambusae)总量分别比相对纯竹林高95．45％、-18．13％、207．69％、837．5％、190．3％,平均262．5％．纯竹林中益、害螨比例分别达1：27、1：21、1：233、1：282、1：27,平均1：118,而其相对的混交林益、害螨比例为1：12、1：12、1：30、1：3、1：3、1：20,平均1：13．由此可见,纯竹林受螨害程度、害螨总量平均是混交林的2倍,而天敌数量少于相对混交林的2～3倍,益、害螨比例显著低于混交林(t=2．975,P=0．003)．本项研究揭示了由于受人为干扰(集约化管理、劈草、垦复)破坏了毛竹林原有的益螨-害螨-寄主植物之间相对稳定的平衡。导致毛竹害螨种群突发性增长,证明了纯竹林是诱发毛竹害螨爆发成灾成因的重要因素之一。     

毛竹叶螨的重要天敌竹盲走螨生态学研究

本文报道了毛竹害螨-南京裂爪螨Schizotetranychus nanjingensis Ma＆Yuan和竹缺爪螨Aponychus corpuzae Rimando的重要天敌竹盲走螨Typhlodromus bambusae Ehara的研究:在22～30℃室温下以南京裂爪螨为食料,卵期1.7天,幼螨期1.7天,Ⅰ若螨期0.8天,Ⅱ若螨期0.8天,产卵前期3.2天.林间雌:雄为2.78:1,总产卵量35～40粒.毛竹换叶、降雨量是影响林间竹盲走螨种群动态的主要因素.猎物的质量、数量是影响竹盲走螨存活的重要因素.最后对竹盲走螨的作用进行了评价.     

四川长宁毛竹林碳储量与碳汇能力估测

利用生物量法研究了四川长宁毛竹林(Phyllostachys edulis)碳密度、碳储量及其空间分配格局,并对毛竹林碳汇能力进行了估算。结果表明:(1)毛竹立竹各器官的平均含碳率波动范围为462.37—480.68 g/kg,不同龄级毛竹各器官含碳率差异不显著。土壤有机碳含量为15.77 g/kg,不同土层差异极显著;(2)毛竹立竹碳储量为40.92 t/hm2,其中竹竿碳储量所占比例为51.49%,竹杆、竹枝、竹叶地上部分碳储量为26.76 t/hm2,占立竹碳储量的65.39%,地上碳储量为地下碳储量的1.89倍;(3)毛竹林总碳储量为156.57 t/hm2,其中土壤是其最大的碳库,为113.54 t/hm2,占总碳储量的72.52%,立竹碳储量所占比例为26.14%,林下植被碳库最小,为0.52 t/hm2,只占总碳储量的0.33%,可忽略不计;(4)毛竹林年生产量为20.28 t/hm2,年固碳量为9.43 t/hm2,相当于每年固定CO2量34.57 t/hm2,固碳能力较强。     

竹裂爪螨自然种群消长及空间格局研究

本文对毛竹害螨优势种竹裂爪螨Schizotetranychus bambusae Reck自然种群在主要发生季节的消长情况进行了调查。结果表明,竹裂爪螨在林间发生的高峰期为5—6月份。发生的严重度与林份条件有密切关系,在土壤瘠薄、林相较差的林区发生重;海拔较高、人为干扰度大的林区的发生重且高峰有所延后。竹裂爪螨在林间不同年龄竹株上存在转移危害,即4—5月,3年生竹上(当年不换叶)的有螨叶率与平均每叶螨量大于2年生竹;5月下旬以后,2年生竹换叶完成、新竹开始上林,竹裂爪螨逐渐转移到新叶上为害,使得在1年生竹、2年生竹上的发生量逐渐超过3年生竹上的发生量。通过对5、6月发生高峰期的空间格局研究表明,竹裂爪螨在毛竹林间呈聚集分布,且密度越高,聚集度越大。利用Iwao的m-m回归分析表明,竹裂爪螨是以个体群的方式存在。从空间格局的动态规律上看,5月份的聚集度大于6月份的聚集度,其中5、6月份的m'-m回归式分别为：m＝2．265 2．342m(R＝0．853,5月份)、m＝1．612 2．171m(R＝0．952,6月份)。     

不同抚育措施对闽西毛竹林碳密度、碳贮量与碳格局的影响

以闽西永安市Ⅰ（挖笋+劈草+施肥+灌水)、Ⅱ(挖笋+劈草+施肥)、Ⅲ（挖笋+劈草)3种不同抚育措施的毛竹林为对象,对其碳密度、碳贮量及碳格局进行了研究。结果表明：毛竹各器官碳密度变动范围为0.3947～0.5619 g·g^-1,碳密度高低排序为竹鞭＞竹秆＞竹枝＞竹蔸＞竹叶＞竹根＞鞭根;不同竹龄间竹秆、竹枝、竹叶、竹根碳密度存在极显著差异（P<0.01）,而竹蔸碳密度差异不显著（P＞0.1）;随着竹龄增加,毛竹平均碳密度有下降趋势,1～6年毛竹平均碳密度为0.4579～0.4957 g·g^-1。Ⅰ、Ⅱ和Ⅲ类毛竹林毛竹层碳贮量分别为76.74、64.30和55.91 t·hm^-2;凋落物层碳贮量分别为2.59、3.01和4.88 t·hm^-2;土壤层碳贮量分别为150.64、197.36和232.56 t·hm^-2;总碳贮量分别为227.37、261.66和288.47 t·hm^-2,其中土壤层碳贮量所占比例最高,分别为66.25%、75.43%和80.62%,毛竹层碳贮量比例分别为32.61%、23.43%和17.69%,凋落物层碳贮量比例分别为1.14%、1.15%和1.69%。毛竹生物器官中,竹秆固碳能力最强,占年总固碳量比例为56.47%～59.66%,鞭根的固碳能力最弱,占年总固碳量的比例仅为2.52%～2.83%;毛竹林年固碳量排序为Ⅰ类型＞Ⅱ类型＞Ⅲ类型。     

施肥对毛竹（Phyllostachys pubescens）竹笋生长的影响

 毛竹(Phyllostachys pubescens)为具有重要经济价值的高大乔木状竹种。本文通过完全随机化区组施肥试验,探讨了施肥量及施肥方式对毛竹竹笋生长的效应。结果表明：在毛竹林内施肥可使出笋数和活笋数提高3倍以上,但对竹笋(幼竹)的个体大小却几乎没有改良效果。竹笋的存活率基本上是恒定的,不随施肥量的改变而改变。当地下茎(竹鞭)穿越养分分布不均的环境时,竹笋能有选择地大量长于养分丰富的地段而避开养分贫乏的地段。另一方面,跨越于有利地段和不利地段的竹(笋)株间有明显的生理整合作用,而且这种生理整合在显著增加了长在不利地段的竹笋数(高收益)的同时,基本上没有减少长在有利地段的竹笋数(低耗费)。9m×9m的样方已足以观测到显著的施肥效果,这比传统的毛竹研究中使用的1亩的样方面积效率要高。在竹林培育方面,不均匀施肥如带状或点状施肥要比均匀施肥效率高。     

植物的抗螨机理

植食性螨类分布广泛,危害多种寄主植物.本文从3个方面介绍了植物的抗螨机理:植物形态如叶型、叶色主要影响螨类的取食产卵位点和营养物质的获取;植物组织结构如叶厚、蜡质、茸毛、气孔等决定螨能否顺利利用口针取食到植物的汁液,而虫菌穴则作用于捕食螨和植食性螨的相互关系,从而达到保护植物的目的;植物理化性质如叶鲜重、生长速度、生育...     

Adaptive learning in arthropods: spider mites learn to distinguish food quality

Many herbivorous arthropods have been shown to possess learning capabilities, yet fitness effects of learning are largely unknown. In this paper, we test whether two-spotted spider mites (Tetranychus urticae) learn to distinguish food quality in choice tests, and whether this results in fitness benefits. Food consisted of cucumber plants with one of three degrees of feeding damage: undamaged (no mites), mildly damaged (infested by a mite strain adapted to tomato) and heavily damaged (infested by a mite strain adapted to cucumber). Mites were subjected to one choice test in a greenhouse and three sequential choice tests on leaf disks. Thereafter, individual mite performance was measured as oviposition rate over four days. In the course of the three small-scale choice tests, preference shifted towards less damaged food. The performance tests showed that learning was adaptive: mites learned to prefer the food type that yielded the higher oviposition rate. Interestingly, innate preferences in the greenhouse tests were close to those shown after learning in the small-scale tests. Given that both strains of mites had not experienced cucumber for several years, we hypothesize that the preference in the greenhouse was due to avoidance of mite odours rather than odours of damaged plants. Through its effect on foraging behaviour, adaptive learning may promote the evolution of host plant specialization in herbivorous arthropods.     

Adaptive learning in arthropods: spider mites learn to distinguish food quality

Many herbivorous arthropods have been shown to possess learning capabilities, yet fitness effects of learning are largely unknown. In this paper, we test whether two-spotted spider mites (Tetranychus urticae) learn to distinguish food quality in choice tests, and whether this results in fitness benefits. Food consisted of cucumber plants with one of three degrees of feeding damage: undamaged (no mites), mildly damaged (infested by a mite strain adapted to tomato) and heavily damaged (infested by a mite strain adapted to cucumber). Mites were subjected to one choice test in a greenhouse and three sequential choice tests on leaf disks. Thereafter, individual mite performance was measured as oviposition rate over four days. In the course of the three small-scale choice tests, preference shifted towards less damaged food. The performance tests showed that learning was adaptive: mites learned to prefer the food type that yielded the higher oviposition rate. Interestingly, innate preferences in the greenhouse tests were close to those shown after learning in the small-scale tests. Given that both strains of mites had not experienced cucumber for several years, we hypothesize that the preference in the greenhouse was due to avoidance of mite odours rather than odours of damaged plants. Through its effect on foraging behaviour, adaptive learning may promote the evolution of host plant specialization in herbivorous arthropods. This revised version was published online in July 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date.     

Leaf domatia mediate mutualism between mites and a tropical tree

Although associations between mites and leaf domatia have been widely reported, their consequences for plants, especially for natural tree populations, particularly in the tropics, are largely unknown. In experiments with paired Cupania vernalis (Sapindaceae) saplings in a semi-deciduous forest in south-east Brazil, we blocked leaf domatia to examine their effect: (1) on mites and other arthropods, and (2) on damage caused by fungi and herbivorous arthropods. In general, plants with resin-blocked domatia had fewer predaceous mites on leaves than control plants with unaltered domatia, but the total abundances of fungivorous and of phytophagous mites remained unchanged. However, phytophagous eriophyid mites, the most numerous inhabitants of domatia, decreased on leaf surfaces with the blocking treatment. In a second experiment, treated plants lacking functional domatia developed significantly greater numbers and areas of chlorosis, apparently due to increased eriophyid attacks, whereas fungal attack, epiphyll abundance and leaf-area loss were unaffected. This seems to be the first experimental study to demonstrate that leaf domatia can benefit plants against herbivory in a natural system. The possible stabilizing effect of leaf domatia on predator-prey interactions is discussed.     

Environmental conditions affecting the strength of induced resistance against mites in cotton

Summary Spider mites (Tetranychus urticae) were raised on cotton plants that had been damaged by a previous bout of mite feeding (T. turkestani) and on control plants that were previously not exposed to mites. The effect of induced plant responses upon mite populations was variable ranging from a 4-fold reduction in population growth to no difference at all. The strength of induced resistance was greatest when the population growth of mites was low for other, unknown, reasons. When mite population growth on control plants was great, the effects of induced resistance were diminished.Mite population growth was inversely related to levels of initial damage caused by previous feeding. There was no evidence of a damage threshold that needed to be exceeded before induced resistance became effective. Increased levels of initial damage were not associated with morphological changes in the plants.     

Ambulatory migration in mites (Acari: Tetranychidae, Phytoseiidae) to new leaves of moso bamboo shoots

The migratory behaviour of two tetranychid pest species, Aponychus corpuzae and Schizotetranychus nanjingensis, and one phytoseiid, Typhlodromus bambusae, was studied in several monocultural bamboo forests in Fujian Province, China. The aim of the study was to assess how the ambulatory immigration of tetranychid and phytoseiid mites from the ground to new leaves is affected by a sticky barrier around the stem, by the age of bamboo shoots or by shoot density. The results show that while the sticky barrier is particularly effective at disrupting the ambulatory immigration from the ground to new leaves of S. nanjinigensis to 1-year-old shoots and of A. corpuzae to 3-year-old shoots, it has no significant effect on the immigration of the phytoseiid mite.     

Intestinal proteases of free-living and parasitic astigmatid mites

Among arthropod pests, mites are responsible for considerable damage to crops, humans and other animals. However, detailed physiological data on these organisms remain sparse, mainly because of their small size but possibly also because of their extreme diversity. Focusing on intestinal proteases, we draw together information from three distinct mite species that all feed on skin but have separately adapted to a free-living, a strictly ecto-parasitic and a parasitic lifestyle. A wide range of studies involving immunohistology, molecular biology, X-ray crystallography and enzyme biochemistry of mite gut proteases suggests that these creatures have diverged considerably as house dust mites, sheep scab mites and scabies mites. Each species has evolved a particular variation of a presumably ancestral repertoire of digestive enzymes that have become specifically adapted to their individual environmental requirements.     

Pest species diversity enhances control of spider mites and whiteflies by a generalist phytoseiid predator

To test the hypothesis that pest species diversity enhances biological pest control with generalist predators, we studied the dynamics of three major pest species on greenhouse cucumber: Western flower thrips, Frankliniella occidentalis (Pergande), greenhouse whitefly, Trialeurodes vaporariorum (Westwood), and two-spotted spider mites, Tetranychus urticae Koch in combination with the predator species Amblyseius swirskii Athias-Henriot. When spider mites infested plants prior to predator release, predatory mites were not capable of controlling spider mite populations in the absence of other pest species. A laboratory experiment showed that predators were hindered by the webbing of spider mites. In a greenhouse experiment, spider mite leaf damage was lower in the presence of thrips and predators than in the presence of whiteflies and predators, but damage was lowest in the presence of thrips, whiteflies and predators. Whitefly control was also improved in the presence of thrips. The lower levels of spider mite leaf damage probably resulted from (1) a strong numerical response of the predator (up to 50 times higher densities) when a second and third pest species were present in addition to spider mites, and (2) from A. swirskii attacking mobile spider mite stages outside or near the edges of the spider mite webbing. Interactions of spider mites with thrips and whiteflies might also result in suppression of spider mites. However, when predators were released prior to spider mite infestations in the absence of other pest species, but with pollen as food for the predators, we found increased suppression of spider mites with increased numbers of predators released, confirming the role of predators in spider mite control. Thus, our study provides evidence that diversity of pest species can enhance biological control through increased predator densities.     

A new method for sampling eriophyoid mites from architecturally complex plant structures

Abstract: In this study the effectiveness of the sticky tape method of eriophyoid mite extraction (H arvey and M artin , J. Econ. Entomol. 81, 731–734, 1988) was evaluated with and without the addition of a new method – a supplementary synthetic pyrethroid spray – for estimating the critical abundance of eriophyoid mites from within architecturally complex plant structures. To do so the eriophyoid mite, Acalitus essigi (Hassan) was sampled from within the architecturally complex fruit of blackberries ( Rubus fruticosus L. aggregate). Even though damage symptoms were not observed, sticky tape extraction supplemented with a synthetic pyrethroid spray was the significantly most successful method of mite extraction, with on average over twice the number of mites extracted from blackberry fruit using this method compared with sticky tape alone. Visual counts of A. essigi on the receptacle region of blackberry fruit were correlated to the number of mites extracted using the sticky tape method both with and without a spray treatment. However, due to the low numbers that were visually assessed, the use of visual methods alone appears limited.