佳木斯地区榛子引种试验初报

2000～2003年间先后引进平欧杂交榛(Corylus heterophylla Fisch.×C.avellana L.)品系33个、土耳其榛(C.colurna L.)栽培种1个、欧洲大果榛子(C.maxima Mill.)栽培种21个材料的树苗,栽培于佳木斯大学植物园内进行以抗寒性鉴定为主要内容的引种试验.通过3～6年的观察结果证明:从辽宁省经济林研究所引入33个平欧杂交榛81.8%可在这个地区存活并生长良好,55.6%品系可以正常结果,已从中筛选出单株结果率高,坚果大,果形好,出仁率高达40%左右的繁殖推广类型4个;2001年之后相继从乌克兰中部森林草地区引入土耳其榛和欧洲大果榛子的22个品种表现只有根存活,每年地上枝条均因抽干而枯死,但每年蘖发新枝条平均生长量可达1.3 m高,因此只能在保护地条件下作为杂交的原始材料.     

平欧杂种榛主栽品种（系）遗传关系的ISSR分析

采用ISSR分子标记的方法,对达维、辽榛3号等17个平欧杂种榛主栽品种(系)进行了遗传关系研究。试验从60条ISSR引物中筛选出7条进行电泳分析,使用NTSYS pc 2.11F和Popgene 1.32软件进行数据统计分析并作图。结果显示:7条ISSR引物共获得58条谱带,平均每条引物8.3条谱带,引物平均多态性比率84.6%;7条ISSR引物可将所有样品完全分开,当遗传相似性阈值为0.687时可将样品分成3个类群:第Ⅰ类群14个品种(系)可分成4个亚类,第Ⅱ类群1个品种,第Ⅲ类群2个品系。样品间的遗传相似性系数为0.448~0.879(平均0.678)。群体的有效等位基因数、基因多样度、Shannon信息指数分别为1.6751、0.3701和0.5308。上述结果表明,平欧杂种榛是一个具有高度遗传多样性的群体,主栽品种(系)间存在复杂的亲缘关系。该研究结果对于平欧杂种榛的遗传关系研究具有重要意义,也可为其他榛属植物的相关研究提供参考。     

基于EST-SSR标记的平欧杂种榛品种鉴定

为建立准确、高效的平欧杂种榛品种鉴定方法,本研究收集目前国内普遍引种的平欧杂种榛品种(品系)43个,选用课题组已开发的12对EST-SSR引物进行品种鉴定方法研究。结果表明:不同引物在供试样品中的PIC值为0.3800~0.7839,平均为0.5113,各引物组合经毛细管电泳均显示出了良好的扩增效果;平欧杂种榛品种(品系)间的亲缘关系较为复杂,其中薄壳红和平欧62、平欧3和平欧7、平欧30和平欧48的遗传距离最近;引物CAF-2、CAF-3、CAF-12和CAF-13组合使用,可完全区分43个平欧杂种榛品种(品系),其中引物CAF-2与CAF-13组合使用,可鉴定16个主栽品种(品系)。上述研究结果为平欧杂种榛的品种鉴定提供了便捷、有效的方法,也可为其他榛属植物研究提供参考。     

薏苡属（CoixL.）2种1变种的遗传多样性及亲缘关系的初步分析

利用垂直板型聚丙烯酰胺凝胶电泳技术,检测了薏苡属(CoixL.)2种1变种:薏苡(CoixlacrymajobiL.)6个居群、念珠薏苡(C.lacrymajobivar.maximaMakino)3个居群和薏米(C.chinensisTod.)2个居群共11个居群5个酶系统6个位点上9个等位基因的分布情况,结果表明:薏苡、念珠薏苡和薏米的遗传多样性水平普遍较低,每个位点等位基因平均数(A)分别为12,11和12;多态位点百分数(P)分别为167,113和167;平均期望杂合度(He)分别为006,003和007。聚类分析不能从遗传上将以上的2种1变种区分开。     

利用SSR分子标记分析秦岭冷杉自然居群的遗传多样性

利用10对SSR引物对濒危植物秦岭冷杉(Abies chensiensis)6个自然居群的120个个体进行了遗传多样性研究,旨在分析秦岭冷杉6个自然居群的遗传多样性、遗传结构及基因流变化.研究结果表明,120个个体在10个位点上共检测到149个等位基因,平均每个位点的等位基因数(A)为14.9,每个位点的有效等位基因数(e)为7.7,每个位点的平均预期杂合度(He)和平均观察杂合度(Ho)分别为0.841和0.243,Shannon多样性指数(Ⅰ)为2.13,自然居群杂合性基因多样度的比率(FsT)为6.7％,居群间的基因流(Nm)为3.45.利用Mantel检测到自然居群的遗传距离与地理距离间无显著相关性(r=0.490 6,P＞0.05).秦岭冷杉自然居群的遗传多样性水平较低,遗传变异主要存在于居群内部.结合研究数据、实地调查及相关资料,推测秦岭冷杉自然居群间基因流较原来增大可能是因为居群间发生了远交衰退.     

大叶藻居群微卫星遗传多样性研究

采用4对微卫星引物对大叶藻的7个地理居群进行了遗传多样性与遗传结构分析。扩增148株大叶藻得到57个等位基因, 每个位点平均等位基因数为6, 大叶藻居群的平均期望杂合度(He)为0.687, 平均观测杂合度(Ho)为0.417。青岛湾居群的遗传多样性最高(A=7.750, AR=7.043), 俚岛居群最低(A=4.750, AR=4.543)。从F_st值来看, 7个大叶藻居群间属于中度分化。UPGMA系统发育树显示, 中国4个大叶藻居群聚类到一起, 其遗传分化可能是由于历史大海草场的遗留小片段居群产生, 而中国、韩国、日本和爱尔兰居群间的遗传分化则主要是由于地理隔离造成的。自由交配估计结果支持海草的东亚起源说。青岛湾居群遗传多样性较高, 可优先作为大叶藻移植修复的材料和基因库, 并进行重点保护。     

不同品种(系)榛子坚果表型性状差异性分析及其综合评价

该研究以目前主栽的平榛、毛榛及25个平欧杂种榛品种(系)的坚果为研究对象,测定了不同品种(系)榛子坚果的17个表型性状指标,用方差分析、相关性分析、聚类分析和主成分分析方法对其进行差异性分析和综合评价,为国内榛树品种(系)的选优、开发及加工利用提供科学依据。结果表明：(1)不同品种(系)榛子坚果的17个表型性状指标存在显著差异,其中果壳质量、坚果体积和坚果质量差异最为明显,变异系数分别为31.49%、30.44%、27.50%,横纵径比、果形指数、伸长率、圆球度的变异系数均小于10%。(2)平欧杂种榛坚果的纵径、横径、侧径及坚果质量、果仁质量、出仁率等指标显著优于毛榛和平榛,其中杂种榛的平均果仁质量(0.70～1.46 g)和出仁率(31.48%～56.12%)显著高于平榛(0.51 g、35.13%)和毛榛(0.37 g、38.12%)。(3)榛子坚果表型性状指标间的相关性分析表明,榛子坚果体积越大,其质量和果仁质量也越大,果壳越薄则出仁率更高。(4)主成分分析结果发现,影响榛子坚果综合得分的主要指标为坚果的纵径、横径、侧径、质量和果仁质量,其次是果形指数、横纵径比、出仁率、果仁饱满...     

桂东南地区普通野生稻遗传多样性研究

利用25个微卫星位点对广西壮族自治区贺州、崇左、防城港3市8个居群301份普通野生稻材料的遗传多样性和遗传结构进行研究,结果表明桂东南地区普通野生稻遗传多样性丰富,平均等位基因数A=10.2400,有效等位基因数Ae=5.0221,平均期望杂合度He=0.7641,实际观察杂合度Ho=0.4840.根据固定指数(F=0.5653)计算出的异交率(t=0.2777)表明,普通野生稻的繁育系统是典型的混合繁育系统.对其遗传结构分析表明,总的遗传变异中有34.59%存在于居群间(Fst=0.3459).进一步研究发现大多数居群偏离了Hardy-Weinberg平衡且杂合体不足(Fis=0.2680,Fit=0.4817).最后根据各居群的遗传变异特点和遗传多样性比较,建议居群QT、YJ和TJ需要优先保护.     

胡卢巴等位酶变异和遗传多样性研究

采用聚丙烯酰胺凝胶电泳技术,对33份胡卢巴(Trigonella foenum-graecum L.)种质资源的5个酶系统 24个酶位点的变异和遗传多样性进行初步分析.结果表明:参试胡卢巴的遗传多样性水平较高,物种水平上的遗传多样性参数:多态位点百分数(P)为75.0%,平均每位点的等位基因数(A)为1.75,平均期望杂合度(He)为0.352;种源水平上的平均遗传多样性参数:P=70.6%,A=1.87,He=0.422.各种质资源间基因分化系数(GST)为0.026;基因流(Nm)的平均值为26.14,表明胡卢巴不同种质资源间基因分化水平低,基因交流频繁.聚类分析结果显示,来自中国不同地区的胡卢巴亲缘关系较近,而国外胡卢巴和国内胡卢巴的亲缘关系相对较远.     

中国榛属植物种质资源分布格局及其适生区气候评价

应用地理信息系统和统计学原理,研究中国榛属植物分布规律,评价适生区气候,分析气候因子对其分布的影响,并根据适生气候的相似性,探讨榛属植物种间关系。结果表明:国内榛属植物纬度分布范围在24°31'N~51°42'N,经度分布范围在85°55'E~132°12'E,主要分布区从东北—华北山区、秦岭和甘肃南部及河南—华中—西南呈斜带状分布,分布种数在华中地区达到最多;垂直分布自东至西随经度降低海拔逐渐升高,纬度对各种质分布海拔影响存在显著差异;年均气温和冷温是影响榛属植物分布的关键气候因子;榛属植物分布种数与各气候因子间的回归方程为:Y=11.883-0.051X1+0.131X2-0.003X4-0.004X5-0.001X6+0.051X8,根据分布区气候相似性进行聚类分析,将我国榛属植物分为3类:平榛和毛榛为一类,川榛、华榛、刺榛、绒苞榛和滇榛为一类,维西榛为一类。     

Chloroplast DNA variation,postglacial recolonization and hybridization in hazel,Corylus avellana

To unravel the postglacial migration history of hazel, Corylus avellana, the genetic variation at two types of chloroplast DNA markers, polymerase chain reaction-restriction fragment length polymorphism (PCR-RFLP) and microsatellites, was assessed in 26 natural hazel populations distributed across the range of C. avellana. In addition a sequence of 2468 base pairs, which contains the matK gene, was analysed in seven individuals. Very little variation was detected overall [hT:PCR-RFLP= 0.091, hT:microsatellite= 0.423, pi (nucleotide diversity) = 0.00093] but the microsatellite markers, which have the highest levels of variation, show a clear geographical structure that divides Europe into two areas: (i) Italy and the Balkans, on one hand and (ii) the rest of Europe, on the other hand. These data exclude Italy and the Balkans as possible origins of the postglacial recolonization but cannot unambiguously show which other area is the origin, since the genetic data does not indicate the direction of spread. If we take the pollen record into account, the most likely scenario would be an expansion from southwestern France into most of Europe except Italy and the Balkans, and then a local expansion in the latter area. The two main haplotypes identified with both PCR-RFLP and sequencing, A and B, were found not only in C. avellana but also in other European Corylus species and cultivars. Haplotype A, which is dominating all investigated natural populations of C. avellana, is also found in the European tree hazel (C. colurna) and haplotype B, which is rare in C. avellana, has been identified in the filbert (C. maxima) and C. avellana cultivars. This pattern seems to indicate a history of past hybridization among the European Corylus species and cultivars.     

Genetic variation of chloroplast and nuclear markers in natural populations of hazelnut (Corylus avellana L.) in Germany

Corylus avellana L. (hazel) is a long-lived, monoecious and wind-pollinated shrub species, widespread all over Europe. In Germany, hazel is intensively traded and planted, and thus is of central interest from a nature conservancy point of view. To assess the within- and between-population differentiation of hazel, 20 natural populations (18 from Germany, one from Italy and one from Hungary) were investigated genetically. Seven isozyme systems comprising 11 gene loci were analysed in up to 100 samples (average 92.6) per population, amplified fragment length polymorphisms (AFLP) were analysed in up to 50 samples (average 47.4) and nine cpDNA-SSR markers were assessed in 20 samples per population. Results for overall isozyme variability with Na 2.46 alleles per locus, allelic diversity (Ne) 1.39, expected heterozygosity He 21 % and 79 % polymorphic loci were in accordance with the findings of previous studies. The respective values for AFLPs were lower, but both marker systems revealed the same level of about 3.5 % differentiation between populations. For cpSSR only the Italian sample showed within-population variation and the two haplotypes were completely differentiated from all other populations expressing a unique genetic structure with one single haplotype. Among the three marker systems AFLPs showed the best ability to differentiate between populations. While only one isozyme locus revealed significant differentiation, 41 AFLP loci showed highly significant differentiation between all populations, but 26 loci when only German populations were considered. Consequently geographic differentiation analyses focused mainly on molecular markers. Mantel tests showed significant correlations between genetic and geographic distance, but in the unweighted pair-group method with arithmetic mean analyses, adjacent populations did not always form clusters. While chloroplast markers were able to clearly distinguish only the Hungarian population, the nuclear markers revealed clear spatial genetic structures. The correlations between geographic and genetic distance was high for AFLPs. The correlograms illustrate this effect for all populations as well as for the German populations.     

中国东北样带树种(属)的空间特性及变化

The 16 tree species on Northeast China Transect (NECT) were analyzed from the change of geographical distribution, frequency and dominance pattern and the spatial correlation at landscape scale in 1986 and 1994. Pinus koraiensis Sieb. et Zucc. and Fraxinus rhynchophylla Hemsl. had spread rapidly towards west and east, respectively. The frontier form of species had close relation with its movement. The patch size of Pinus koraiensis, Populus davidiana Dode., Phellodendron amurense Rupr., Juglans mandshurica Maxim., Fraxinus mandshurica Rupr., Betula dahurica Pall., Picea koraiensis Nakai, Abies nephrolepis Maxim. and Larix olgeusis var. koreana Nakai decreased, however, Quercus mongolica Fisch., Betula costata Trautv., Acer mono Maxim., Tilia spp., Ulmus spp., Betula platyphylla Suk. and Fraxinus rhynchophylla increased. The frequency pattern of Populus davidiana, Betula platyphylla, Fraxinus rhynchophylla and Betula dahurica changed significantly. The dominance pattern of Populus davidiana, Tilia spp., Juglans mandshurica, Betula platyphylla, Betula dahurica and Abies nephrolepis changed significantly. The spatial correlation between Quercus mongolica and Betula dahurica, Betula costata and Picea spp., Betula costata and Abies nephrolepis, Picea spp. and Abies nephrolepis declined, however, the spatial correlation between Larix spp. and Betula platyphylla, Acer mono and Ulmus spp. increased.     

中国东北样带树种（属）的空间特性及变化

对中国东北样带上１６个树种（属）在１９８６年与１９９４年景观水平的地理分布、出现频率、优势度及空间相关性等空间特性的分析得出,红松（Ｐｉｎｕｓ ｋｏｒａｉｅｎｓｉｓ Ｓｌｅｂ．ｅｔ Ｚｕｃｃ．）与花曲柳（Ｆｒａｘｉｎｕｓ ｒｈｙｎｃｈｏｐｈｙｌｌａ Ｈｅｍｓｌ．）分别是向西和向东扩展最快;种群的分布边界形态与该边界的移动有密切关系;红松、山杨（Ｐｏｐｕｌｕｓ ｄａｖｉｄｉａｎａ Ｄｏｄｅ．）、黄檗     

Characteristic Change of Several Forest Landscapes Between 1896 and 1986 in Heilongjiang Province

The 16 tree species on Northeast China Transect (NECT) were analyzed from the change of geographical distribution, frequency and dominance pattern and the spatial correlation at landscape scale in 1986 and 1994. Pinus koraiensis Sieb. et Zucc. and Fraxinus rhynchophylla Hemsl. had spread rapidly towards west and east, respectively. The frontier form of species had close relation with its movement. The patch size of Pinus koraiensis, Populus davidiana Dode., Phellodendron amurense Rupr., Juglans mandshurica Maxim., Fraxinus mandshurica Rupr., Betula dahurica Pall., Picea koraiensis Nakai, Abies nephrolepis Maxim. and Larix olgeusis var. koreana Nakai decreased, however, Quercus mongolica Fisch., Betula costata Trautv., Acer mono Maxim., Tilia spp., Ulmus spp., Betula platyphylla Suk. and Fraxinus rhynchophylla increased. The frequency pattern of Populus davidiana, Betula platyphylla, Fraxinus rhynchophylla and Betula dahurica changed significantly. The dominance pattern of Populus davidiana, Tilia spp., Juglans mandshurica, Betula platyphylla, Betula dahurica and Abies nephrolepis changed significantly. The spatial correlation between Quercus mongolica and Betula dahurica, Betula costata and Picea spp., Betula costata and Abies nephrolepis, Picea spp. and Abies nephrolepis declined, however, the spatial correlation between Larix spp. and Betula platyphylla, Acer mono and Ulmus spp. increased.     

中国圈养林麝微卫星DNA多样性研究

本文利用13对微卫星标记,对我国3个核心种源地（巴山、秦岭、川西高原）圈养林麝种群进行遗传多样性和遗传结构分析。在167份样品中共检测到142个等位基因（Na）,每个位点等位基因数介于7~16,均值为10.92,平均有效等位基因数（Ne）为6.3730,期望杂合度（He）和观测杂合度（Ho）均值分别为0.8302和0.3897。这些圈养林麝种群遗传多样性水平较高,但较低的观测杂合度表明圈养群体存在近交现象。两两群体间的Fst 值和AMOVA分析结果均表明种群之间分化程度不明显。群体遗传结构分析显示,全部样本聚为3个遗传簇（最佳K值=3）,其主体与3个地理来源相符,但种群间存在基因渗透现象。本研究中的秦岭种群遗传变异最为丰富,可以作为种质改良的基因池。     

基于微卫星的中国红火蚁种群遗传结构的研究

[背景]自入侵中国之后,红火蚁已给农林业、健康卫生、生态环境等造成了危害。红火蚁在中国的入侵、扩散路径及方式等仍然是待解决的问题。[方法]利用微卫星分子标记,对来自国内14个地区和国外1个地区共15个红火蚁地理种群的遗传多样性水平及种群遗传结构进行了研究。[结果]应用7对微卫星引物共检测到28个等位基因,15个红火蚁种群在各微卫星位点的基因型频率均符合Hardy-Weinberg平衡。各种群的平均表观杂合度HO、预期杂合度HE、Shannon信息指数Ⅰ、基因多样性指数Nei＇s和多态位点百分率P分别为0.2848、0.2708、0.3174、0.2629和43.63%,研究结果表明这15个红火蚁种群具有比较丰富的遗传多样性。种群间平均分化系数FST为0.4258,说明有42.58%的变异来源于种群间,表明红火蚁各种群之间有较高程度的分化,且遗传分化可能是由地理隔离和基因流障碍（Nem=0.7442）共同引起。遗传距离D显示,河源种群与其他种群间的遗传距离均相对高于其他各种群间的遗传距离,表明河源种群与其他地理种群之间存在较大的遗传差异,可能是较为原始的类型。[结论与意义]短距离的种群主要通过自然扩散方式传播,地理距离与亲缘关系有一定的相关性;长距离的种群主要依靠人为传播,因此地理距离与遗传距离不成正比。对于长距离的入侵事件,监控与检疫是关键的预防措施。