基于GOCI影像的湖泊悬浮物浓度分类反演

悬浮物直接影响到光在水体中的传播,进而影响着水生生态环境,最终决定了湖泊的初级生产力。传统的遥感反演估算模型大多是针对某一湖区进行统一建模,忽视了不同区域水体光学性质的复杂差异性,并且传统的传感器时间分辨率和空间分辨率受到一定限制。针对太湖、巢湖、滇池、洞庭湖4个湖区利用两步聚类法将高光谱模拟到GOCI影像上的波段进行分类,将水体类型分为三类,第一类水体为悬浮物主导的水体,第二类水体为悬浮物和叶绿素a共同主导的水体,第三类水体为叶绿素a主导的水体。针对不同类型水体的光学特征,分别构建了悬浮物浓度反演模型,结果表明第一类水体可以利用B7/B4,第二和第三类水体可以利用B7/(B8+B4)作为波段组合因子对悬浮物浓度进行模型构建。精度验证结果表明,分类建模后第一类和第三类水体悬浮物浓度估算精度都得到了较明显提高,第一类水体RMSE降低了9.19mg/L,MAPE降低了3%,第三类水体RMSE降低了5.63 mg/L,MAPE降低了13.97%,第二类水体精度稍有降低。最后将反演模型应用于2013年5月13日的GOCI影像,可知整体而言太湖西南部地区悬浮物浓度较高,东北部地区悬浮物浓度较低,并且从9:00到15:00,太湖南部悬浮物浓度较高的区域在逐渐缩小。     

基于高光谱影像湖泊叶绿素a浓度反演分析

针对湖泊叶绿素a浓度的快速变化及水体富营养化问题,以太湖水体为例,利用太湖区域2019年10月、11月和12月的珠海一号高光谱影像,采用波谱特征分析、主成分分析、皮尔逊相关系数、建立反演模型分析江苏省太湖区域水体叶绿素a浓度的分布状态以及时空变化状况。通过主成分分析划分与水体信息相关的成分,提出采用珠海一号高光谱影像的中红外波段建立耦合可见光和近红外辐射信号的WCI模型。结果表明:(1)水体光谱曲线特征与主成分分析结果一致,分别为光合作用波段、细胞散射波段和水体增温波段。(2)改进的耦合可见光与中红外辐射信号的建立的WCI模型的反演精度最高,均方根误差RMSE为(1.4008 mg·L^-1),平均相对误差(MRE)为10.69%。(3)2019年10月一12月间,湖泊叶绿素浓度整体变化不大,太湖叶绿素a浓度的遥感反演结果总体上呈现为湖西区域浓度较低,湖东区域浓度较高的特征。     

基于小波理论的干旱区内陆湖泊叶绿素a的TM影像遥感反演

叶绿素a(Chl-a)是衡量湖泊富营养化的重要指标,利用遥感技术动态监测面积较大的湖区水体中Chl-a浓度对了解湖区水质具有重要意义。以内蒙古乌梁素海为例,提出利用TM影像中的水体实测光谱进行小波去噪和光谱信号重构,并结合水质采样实测数据进行神经网络拟合,建立光谱反射率比值与Chl-a浓度的反演模型的方法。结果显示:小波理论和神经网络相结合的模型可以适用于估算乌梁素海Chl-a浓度,去噪后Chl-a浓度与光谱信号的相关系数(-0.575)较去噪前(-0.417)明显增强,去噪后的采样点光谱信号与Chl-a浓度之间表现出比原始信号更强的负相关性,证明了去噪后的观测值可进一步减弱随机误差的干扰和去除噪声,使观测数据更加逼近Chl-a浓度的真实情况,图像去噪重构结果显示重构后的光谱范围较之前有所缩窄,部分信号点得到了增强,但基本剖面结构并没有产生较大变化,反演模型的平均相对误差为0.142,与其他研究相比差别不大。反演得出的乌梁素海Chl-a浓度分布反映了污染源的分布,同时说明了乌梁素海Chl-a浓度在时空分布上呈现一定的差异,表现为丰水期呈现浅水区Chl-a浓度值高于湖心区,来水区高于其他湖区的分布趋势,枯水期乌梁素海中部呈现由西向东Chl-a浓度逐步降低的分布规律,西部呈均一化分布。反演模型基本可以满足实际预测的需要。但模型在具体应用中在影像数据采集、数据量及算法方面还有很大的改进空间,该方法的提出为干旱区大型内陆水体富营养化的实时定量遥感监测提供了新的解决方案。     

应用支持向量机评价太湖富营养化状态

根据湖库富营养化程度评价标准,随机生成大量学习样本,运用支持向量机（SVM）算法建立富营养化评价模型。采用太湖2012年7—9月的监测数据,分别应用SVM模型和线性插值评分法(SCO)对太湖33个监测点的富营养化状况进行了评价。结果表明太湖在2012年7—9月共出现3种营养类型,其中,中营养主要分布于东部湖区,轻度富营养主要分布于湖心区和东部沿岸区,中度富营养主要分布于西北部湖区,太湖水体整体表现为轻度到中度富营养水平。通过SVM和SCO结果的对比分析,发现两种评价方法的结果一致率为78.8%,出现不一致的个例均属于相邻营养等级,表明该SVM模型是有效的,能够应用于太湖的富营养化评价,且具有更好的收敛性和泛化性。     

基于PROSAIL模型的水稻田缨帽三角-叶面积指数模型及其应用

缨帽三角(tasseled cap triangle,TCT)-叶面积指数(leaf area index,LAI)等值线模型是一种反映植被叶面积指数等值线在红光(Red)-近红外(NIR)波段反射率组成的光谱空间中分布规律的模型,在此基础上建立LAI遥感反演模型比常用的统计关系模型更加精确.本文利用水稻田实测数据,验证了PROSAIL模型对水稻冠层反射率模拟的适用性,并对模型的输入参数进行率定,最终确定了PROSAIL模型模拟水稻冠层反射率的输入参数的取值范围.在此基础上构建了水稻田TCT-LAI等值线模型,建立了LAI遥感反演所需的查找表,将其分别用于Landsat 8和WorldView 3数据进行水稻田LAI反演.结果表明: 利用基于TCT-LAI等值线模型建立查找表反演的LAI与实测LAI具有良好的线性相关关系,R²=0.76,RMSE=0.47;与Landsat 8的LAI反演结果相比,WorldView 3反演的LAI值域范围更大,数据分布更离散.将Landsat 8、WorldView 3反射率数据重采样至1 km后进行LAI反演, MODIS LAI 产品的反演结果存在明显低估现象.     

Landsat数据在解析太湖水体溶解性有机碳影响机制中的应用

流域水体溶解性有机碳是碳循环的重要组成部分。本研究以太湖流域气象数据、遥感反演参数和2015年5月的一期Landsat-8 OLI_TIRS卫星数字影像为基础,分析Landsat水质模型反演数据和太湖水体溶解性有机质(DOM)各参数的相关性,阐明湖水DOM来源及不同来源DOM特性。结果表明:以Landsat红光波段、近红外波段和蓝光波段为基础反演的叶绿素a浓度、蓝藻密度、透明度和浊度等水质参数和遥感水质监测中归一化悬浮物指数均与太湖水体DOC浓度分布一致,且DOM主要为内生源;依据Landsat影像对太湖子流域进行土地利用监督分类,表明流域土地利用/覆被方式是影响类蛋白物质含量、芳香度等的重要因素。研究证实,遥感反演是获取水体有机质信息的重要数据来源,可靠性强并能够表征DOM来源、性质及影响程度,是理解环境碳循环的重要技术手段,也为太湖流域的碳库计算、水体生态风险评价、流域生态环境变化等监测提供了参考。     

荒漠化地区土壤含水量的遥感定量反演

基于奈曼旗科尔沁沙地TM数据建立了反射率经验模型,据此计算了TM数据的地表反射率,同时通过光学植被盖度模型排除了植被干扰,建立了土壤含水量与地表反射率的回归模型,并以此模型反演出了研究区土壤含水量,最后对TM遥感数据反演的土壤含水量结果进行了精度检验.结果表明：遥感定量反演的理论精度达到81.81％,实际精度达到92.17％,说明荒漠化地区土壤含水量数据的遥感定量反演具有较高的科学性.     

太湖春季水体固有光学特性及其对遥感反射率变化的影响

吸收特性和后向散射特性是水体重要的光学特性,同时也是建立生物光学模型的基本参数。利用2009年4月太湖春季实测数据,结合生物光学模型推导了太湖春季水体颗粒物后向散射系数,在此基础上分析了太湖春季水体的吸收特性和后向散射特性,并利用经验正交分解方法对遥感反射率变化的影响因子进行了分析。结果表明：（1）非色素颗粒物是影响太湖春季水体吸收特性的主导因子,色素颗粒物和CDOM对总吸收（不包含纯水）的贡献相对较小,且色素颗粒物在梅梁湾湖区的包裹效应明显大于其他湖区。（2）颗粒物后向散射系数与总悬浮物和无机悬浮物具有很强的相关性（相关系数均在0.88以上）,与有机悬浮物的相关性相对较弱（相关系数均在0.73以下）,且水体中多次散射对水面总辐亮度有较大的贡献,平均贡献率高达93.46%。（3）利用经验正交分解方法将遥感反射率变化光谱分解成3个正交因子,3个正交因子总共解释了约99%的遥感反射率变化信息,其中,第一正交因子解释了93%的变化信息,第二和第三正交因子分别解释了5%和1%的变化信息。通过对各正交因子与水体不同组分的吸收和后向散射系数进行相关性分析得出,颗粒物的后向散射对水面反射光谱的形成具有非常重要的影响,太湖春季水体遥感反射率的变化主要取决于无机颗粒物的吸收和后向散射,有机颗粒物对遥感反射率的变化影响较小。     

基于湿地植物光谱的水体总氮估测

利用再生水补充城市湿地是目前湿地恢复与重建的主要方向,然而再水中高浓度的氮、磷含量极易导致水体富营养化。遥感技术已成为富营养化监测的重要手段,但对于植被覆盖水域的富营养化直接探测存在一定的局限性。以北京市典型再生水补水湿地奥林匹克公园南园湿地为研究区,利用湿地植物光谱进行水体富营养化主控因子总氮的遥感探测。测定芦苇(Phragmites australis)和香蒲(Typha angustifolia)的叶片光谱及水体总氮含量,在对数据进行预处理的基础上建立二者的关系模型,包括单变量模型(比值光谱指数(SR)模型和归一化差值光谱指数(ND)模型),与多变量模型(逐步多元线性回归(SMLR)模型和偏最小二乘回归(PLSR)模型),并利用交叉验证决定系数(R2cv)和均方根误差(RMSEcv)进行模型精度检验。结果表明,不同回归模型相比,多变量回归模型精度较高;多变量回归模型中,PLSR模型精度较高,R2cv可达0.72,RMSEcv仅为0.24,是建立湿地植物光谱与水体总氮含量关系的最优模型。不同湿地植物类型相比,利用芦苇反射光谱建立的各种预测模型的精度都高于香蒲。其他环境因子(总磷)也是影响TN含量与湿地植物反射光谱关系的重要因素。研究成果可以弥补现有水体富营养化遥感探测的不足,并为再生水利用的城市湿地水质监测与管理提供有力的科学依据。     

基于ETM+影像的千岛湖叶绿素a浓度卫星遥感反演研究

以千岛湖为研究对象,利用Landsat 7 ETM+遥感影像与野外实测数据,建立叶绿素a浓度的遥感定量反演模型。将叶绿素a浓度与波段反射率组合进行Pearson相关性分析,选择(B4+B2)/B3波段组合构建叶绿素a反演模型,并得到千岛湖叶绿素a浓度的时空分布。结果表明:(1)2007年千岛湖叶绿素a浓度低于4μg/L的水体面积占水体总面积达到99%以上,整体水质优良;(2)千岛湖叶绿素a浓度随季节变化特征明显,夏季容易出现局地高值,秋季平均浓度整体升高;(3)通过反演不同时期的叶绿素a浓度分布,可以刻画出千岛湖藻类的消长过程,从空间上发现易爆发富营养化的区域。该反演模型能较为精确地估算千岛湖的叶绿素a浓度,对今后水体富营养化的监测和预警具有重要意义。     

Current status and future tendency of lake eutrophication in China

Current trophic status and trend of Chinese freshwater lakes were investigated in this study. The results showed that all lakes studied were commonly undergoing the eutrophication process, water quality decreased and lake’s ecosystem is being declined. Most of the urban lakes are facing serious eutrophication. Many medium-sized lakes are in metrophic or eutrophic status, some local water are even approaching the hypertrophic level. The famous five freshwater lakes in China have entered into eutrophication in the condition of higher nutrient load. Lake Taihu, Hongze and Caohu are already in eutrophic state. Eutrophic lakes are mainly distributed in the middle and lower reaches of Yangtze River and Yungui plateau. Lake eutrophication developed rapidly. Among the 34 lakes studied in 1970’s, most of lakes were in the mesotrophic status, mesotrophic water area accounted for 91.8%. With the nine year of 1978–1987 the area percentage of oligotrophic lakes decreased from 3.2% to 0.53%, and that of eutrophic lakes increased from 5.0% to 55.01%. Recent data showed 57.5% lakes were in eutrophic and hypertrophic status of the 40 surveyed lakes.

Eutrophic trend of Lake Taihu, Chaohu and Xuanwu in the region of the middle and lower reaches of Yangtze River was predicated using the ecological stress model. The results showed that in 2008 Lake Taihu, Chaohu and Xuanwu might be of eutrophication, eutrophication and hypertrophication, respectively if no control measurement is taken. Provided the pollution water treatment rate is 60% in 2030, approximately 30 billion ton pollution water would still be discharged directly in the lakes. Therefore, in 2030 the urban lakes in China might be eutrophication or hypertrophication, and most of the medium-sized lakes at the urban-rural fringe might be in eutrophication or hypertrophication. The famous five biggest freshwater lakes in China might be eutrophication if control countermeasures are taken as now.

Lake eutrophication has become a serious environmental problem in China. Based on the domestic and foreign experiences of the eutrophic control technologies, both nutrient pollution control and lake ecological restoration should be carried out and this may be the guidance for the eutrophic control of lakes in China.

     

Current status and future tendency of lake eutrophication in China

Current trophic status and trend of Chinese freshwater lakes were investigated in this study. The results showed that all lakes studied were commonly undergoing the eutrophication process, water quality decreased and lake's ecosystem is being declined. Most of the urban lakes are facing serious eutrophication. Many medium-sized lakes are in metrophic or eutrophic status, some local water are even approaching the hypertrophic level. The famous five freshwater lakes in China have entered into eutrophication in the condition of higher nutrient load. Lake Taihu, Hongze and Caohu are already in eutrophic state. Eutrophic lakes are mainly distributed in the middle and lower reaches of Yangtze River and Yungui plateau. Lake eutrophication developed rapidly. Among the 34 lakes studied in 1970's, most of lakes were in the mesotrophic status,mesotrophic water area accounted for 91.8%. With the nine year of 1978-1987 the area percentage of oligotrophic lakes decreased from 3.2% to 0.53%, and that of eutrophic lakes increased from 5.0% to 55.01%. Recent data showed 57.5% lakes were in eutrophic and hypertrophic status of the 40 surveyed lakes.Eutrophic trend of Lake Taihu, Chaohu and Xuanwu in the region of the middle and lower reaches of Yangtze River was predicated using the ecological stress model. The results showed that in 2008 Lake Taihu, Chaohu and Xuanwu might be of eutrophication, eutrophication and hypertrophication, respectively if no control measurement is taken. Provided the pollution water treatment rate is 60% in 2030, approximately 30 billion ton pollution water would still be discharged directly in the lakes. Therefore, in 2030 the urban lakes in China might be eutrophication or hypertrophication, and most of the medium-sized lakes at the urban-rural fringe might be in eutrophication or hypertrophication. The famous five biggest freshwater lakes in China might be eutrophication if control countermeasures are taken as now.Lake eutrophication has become a serious environmental problem in China. Based on the domestic and foreign experiences of the eutrophic control technologies, both nutrient pollution control and lake ecological restoration should be carried out and this may be the guidance for the eutrophic control of lakes in China.     

Current status and future tendency of lake eutrophication in China

Current trophic status and trend of Chinese freshwater lakes were investigated in this study. The results showed that all lakes studied were commonly undergoing the eutrophica-tion process, water quality decreased and lake's ecosystem is being declined. Most of the urban lakes are facing serious eutrophication. Many medium-sized lakes are in metrophic or eutrophic status, some local water are even approaching the hypertrophic level. The famous five freshwater lakes in China have entered into eutrophication in the condition of higher nutrient load. Lake Taihu, Hongze and Caohu are already in eutrophic state. Eutrophic lakes are mainly distributed in the middle and lower reaches of Yangtze River and Yungui plateau. Lake eutrophication developed rapidly. Among the 34 lakes studied in 1970's, most of lakes were in the mesotrophic status, mesotrophic water area accounted for 91.8%. With the nine year of 1978-1987 the area percentage of oligotrophic lakes decreased from 3.2% to 0.53%, and that of eutrophic lakes increased from 5.0% to 55.01%. Recent data showed 57.5% lakes were in eutrophic and hyper trophic status of the 40 surveyed lakes. Eutrophic trend of Lake Taihu, Chaohu and Xuanwu in the region of the middle and lower reaches of Yangtze River was predicated using the ecological stress model. The results showed that in 2008 Lake Taihu, Chaohu and Xuanwu might be of eutrophication, eutrophication and hypertrophication, respectively if no control measurement is taken. Provided the pollution water treatment rate is 60% in 2030, approximately 30 billion ton pollution water would still be discharged directly in the lakes. Therefore, in 2030 the urban lakes in China might be eutrophication or hypertrophication, and most of the medium-sized lakes at the urban-rural fringe might be in eutrophication or hypertrophication. The famous five biggest freshwater lakes in China might be eutrophication if control countermeasures are taken as now. Lake eutrophication has become a serious environmental problem in China. Based on the domestic and foreign experiences of the eutrophic control technologies, both nutrient pollution control and lake ecological restoration should be carried out and this may be the guidance for the eutrophic control of lakes in China.     

Phosphorus fractions and alkaline phosphatase activity in sediments of a large eutrophic Chinese lake (Lake Taihu)

Spatial, vertical, and seasonal variations in phosphorus fractions and in alkaline phosphatase activity (APA) were investigated in sediments in a large-shallow eutrophic Chinese lake (Lake Taihu) in 2003–2004. The phosphorus content was highest in the most seriously polluted lake area. Iron-bound phosphorus (Fe(OOH)～P) dominated (47% on average) among the phosphorus fractions determined according to Golterman (Hydrobiologia 335:87–95, 1996). Notably, organically-bound P comprised a further significant additional portion (acid-soluble + hot NaOH-extractable organic P = 25%), which was highest at the most polluted sites. The Fe(OOH)～P content was the lowest in spring (April, 2004), suggesting that degradation of organic matter led to the release of iron-bound phosphates. Sediment APA showed a significant positive relationship with both organically-bound P and Fe(OOH)～P. Consequently, organically-bound P is an important portion of the sediment phosphorus in Lake Taihu. It is mainly derived from freshly-settled autochthonous particles and from external discharges. Organically-bound P induces APA and may lead to the release of bioavailable phosphates from the organic sediments, thereby accelerating lake eutrophication.     

Bacterial and archaeal assemblages in sediments of a large shallow freshwater lake, Lake Taihu, as revealed by denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis

Aims:  To explore the association of microbial community structure with the development of eutrophication in a large shallow freshwater lake, Lake Taihu.
Methods and Results:  The bacterial and archaeal assemblages in sediments of different lake areas were analysed using denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis (DGGE) of amplified 16S rDNA fragments. The bacterial DGGE profiles showed that eutrophied sites, grass-bottom areas and relatively clean sites with a eutrophic (albeit dredged) site are three respective clusters. Fifty-one dominant bacterial DGGE bands were detected and 92 corresponding clones were sequenced, most of which were affiliated with bacterial phylotypes commonly found in freshwater ecosystems. Actinobacteria were detected in the centre of the lake and not at eutrophied sites whereas the opposite was found with respect to Verrucomicrobiales . Twenty-five dominant archaeal DGGE bands were detected and 31 corresponding clones were sequenced, most of which were affiliated with freshwater archaeal phylotypes.
Conclusions:  The bacterial community structures in the sediments of different areas with similar water quality and situation tend to be similar in Taihu Lake.
Significance and Impact of the Study:  This study may expand our knowledge on the relationship between the overall microbial assemblages and the development of eutrophication in the shallow freshwater lake.     

太湖竺山湾沉积物中氨氧化原核生物的垂直分布与多样性

原核生物驱动的氨氧化过程对于富营养化湖泊的氮循环具有重要意义。为了解太湖藻型湖区沉积物中氨氧化原核生物的垂直分布和多样性特征,采用分子生态学方法,对竺山湾沉积物剖面中氨单加氧酶基因(amoA)或16S rRNA基因等特征分子标记的变化和序列特征进行了分析。结果表明,氨氧化细菌(ammonia-oxidizing bacteria,AOB)和氨氧化古菌(ammonia-oxidizing archaea,AOA)共存于沉积物各层。AOB的优势种在5cm深度以下发生明显改变,这可能与沉积物氧化还原电位及铵态氮的变化有关;所有细菌amoA序列均属亚硝化单胞菌(Nitrosomonas)。AOA群落结构自表层至7cm深度变化不大,所有古菌amoA序列分属泉古菌CG1.1b和CG1.1a两大类群,这可能与太湖形成历史上的海陆交替过程有关。此外,沉积物各层均未发现典型厌氧氨氧化(anaerobic ammonium oxidation,anammox)细菌16S rRNA基因序列。这些发现丰富了对太湖藻型湖区氨氧化原核生物分布、多样性及环境调控原理的认识,对理解富营养化湖泊氨氧化规律、认识湖泊生态系统氮循环功能具有借鉴意义。     

Optical teledetection of the vertical attenuation coefficient for downward quantum irradiance of photosynthetically available radiation in turbid inland waters

Depth profiles of downward quantum irradiance of photosynthetically available radiation in situ and spectral subsurface irradiance reflectance, obtained from water-leaving radiance, were determined in different inland water types. These included the large, shallow and eutrophic IJssel lagoon in the Netherlands, eighteen Dutch lakes differing in depth and trophic state, and the large, shallow and eutrophic Lake Tai in China. The attenuation coefficient for downward irradiance ranged from 0.7 to 5.4 m^-1. An empirical relationship with the backscattering coefficient in the near-infrared waveband, derived from the reflectance, and three spectral reflectance band ratios explained 91% of the variation. The potential assessment of the spatial distribution of phytoplankton production through shipboard optical teledetection of the concentration of chlorophyll-a and the attenuation coefficient for downward irradiance is discussed. This revised version was published online in July 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date.     

A novel support vector regression model to estimate the phycocyanin concentration in turbid inland waters from hyperspectral reflectance

This study develops a novel support vector regression (SVR) model for retrieving the specific cyanobacterial pigment C-phycocyanin (C-PC) concentrations in cyanobacteria-dominated large turbid lakes of China. Lake Taihu, Lake Chaohu, and Lake Dianchi in China were our study areas. Five field cruises were carried out to collect data sets of optical and water quality parameters. To retrieve the C-PC, three types of reflectance forms, including single band, band ratio, and three-band-combination, were compared. The band ratio was the best candidate to serve for algorithm development. On this basis, two types of models, including linear models and a SVR model, were originally established. The previous typical algorithms were also examined. The obtained results showed that the best-performing model was the SVR model. By our validation data set, the proposed SVR model also presented accurate prediction results, with the lowest errors among all methods. The novelty of the SVR model compared to the previous ones lies in the inclusion of band ratios that are located outside of the main pigment absorption peaks but hold information on inflection points, curvature, etc., into empirical optimization. The implications of these findings indicates the potential applicability of the SVR models in lakes of the similar type.     

基于云模型的鄱阳湖秋季周边湿地水体富营养化评价

针对水体富营养化评价过程中存在随机性和模糊性的特点,基于鄱阳湖周边湿地30个采样点的实测水质数据,选取叶绿素a（Chl-a）、总磷（TP）、总氮（TN）、高锰酸盐指数（COD_Mn）及透明度（SD）为水质评价因子,生成云模型对鄱阳湖周边湿地水体进行富营养化评价,并与综合营养状态指数评价结果进行比较。结果表明：两种方法的评价结果存在一定差异,但都反映了鄱阳湖周边湿地水体总体上处于轻度富营养化状态。该方法能为鄱阳湖湿地水体富营养化评价提供重要的方法和手段。