豫西黄土高原农作区棕色田鼠对农作物的危害及经济阈值的研究

棕色田鼠是河南西部农作区的主要危害鼠种。1993年8月～1995年3月在河南省灵宝市程村乡对棕色田鼠的密度及其对农作物的危害程度进行了调查研究 , 并对小麦、黄豆2种不同作物地防治棕色田鼠的经济阈值进行了初步估算。把棕色田鼠对这2种作物的危害分为4个等级, 小麦地防治棕色田鼠的经济阈值为133.9只/hm²; 黄豆地防治棕色田鼠的经济 阈值为181.1 只/hm²,达到此密度应进行防治,否则将造成不同程度的经济损失。     

道路和放牧对锡林郭勒草原布氏田鼠种群时空分布的影响

于2010年5-9月,在内蒙古锡林浩特市毛登牧场,调查了道路和放牧2种因素对布氏田鼠(Microtus brandti)分布与密度的影响及其随时间的动态特征.结果表明:在鼠类低密度期(＜60只·hm-2)和垂直于道路方向上,随着与道路距离的增加,布氏田鼠相对密度逐渐降低;草场放牧活动使布氏田鼠密度增加.可见,道路、放牧等人类干扰影响鼠类的相对密度及其时空分布,而鼠类也对人类干扰产生了一定程度的适应.     

布氏田鼠摄食量、累积摄食量与日龄的关系

布氏田鼠 (Ｍｉｃｒｏｔｕｓｂｒａｎｄｔｉ)是内蒙古典型草原区的主要害鼠 ,其危害方式主要表现之一为与牲畜争夺牧草资源[1,4 ,11,12 ] 。准确地测定其日食量(ＤＦＣ)与累积摄食量 (ＣＦＣ) ,对于定量地衡量该鼠的危害程度 ,进一步推算鼠害防治的经济阈值有着重要的意义。一些学者着手有关该鼠食性与食量 ,以及非取食性牧草消耗量的研究工作[3 ,7～ 9] 。但由于受实验手段的限制 ,一直未能解决布氏田鼠日食量、累积摄食量与田鼠年龄的关系等难题。本文以测定典型草原区布氏田鼠日食量与体重的关系 ,结合布氏田鼠体重与年龄的数学关系方程 …     

管理措施对牧鸡生长性能及草地蝗虫数量的影响

蝗灾作为威胁草地生态系统的主要灾害之一,给草地畜牧业发展带来严重影响,如何经济、有效和安全抑制蝗虫数量显得尤为紧迫。通过野外调查就草地牧鸡放牧强度、补饲量以及放牧方式对牧鸡生长性能和蝗虫发生数量的影响进行探讨。结果发现,高山草地利用牧鸡放牧可有效控制蝗虫发生数量,长期连续牧鸡捕食能有效将蝗虫数量控制在经济阈值之下;不同放牧强度(15只/hm2和13只/hm2)和补饲程序对蝗虫种群数量没有显著差异,但对牧鸡生长性能有明显影响;自由放牧和限时放牧均能控制蝗虫数量,但限时放牧牧鸡日增重和最终活重均高于自由放牧。综合防治蝗虫和养育牧鸡来看,每公顷草场初次放牧15只牧鸡,限时放牧和适当增加补饲量可达到控制蝗虫和获得较高禽肉生产之双赢目的。     

布氏田鼠体重生长与栖息地植被条件的关系

在内蒙古典型草原区多种不同植被条件栖息地中分析布氏田鼠当年雄鼠的体重生长差异。研究表明 ,布氏田鼠在不同植被条件下的体重生长具有显著的差异。在植被条件中等的草场 ,布氏田鼠的体重生长最佳 ,在植被条件优越的轻牧草场或者过度放牧草场 ,布氏田鼠体重生长一般 ,植被条件较差的重度放牧草场 ,布氏田鼠的平均体重较低。在不同类型草场 ,布氏田鼠可以通过调节体重大小和生长速度来适应各种不同类型的草场     

放牧对布氏田鼠主要食物选择的影响

动物的食物选择受食物资源量、质量和喜好度决定。尽管放牧可减少鼠类的喜食植物的数量和质量,但其如何影响鼠类的食物选择尚不清楚。本研究于2014年5月至10月,在内蒙古锡林郭勒盟锡林浩特市毛登牧场的大型试验围栏内进行了布氏田鼠的食物选择实验。利用大型实验围栏内5年连续放牧处理所构建的植被变化条件,采用扣笼试验,调查了布氏田鼠对其三种主要植物的取食情况。研究发现：连续放牧后,糙隐子草的盖度增加,而羊草、克氏针茅盖度降低;糙隐子草的盖度显著高于羊草、克氏针茅,成为各季节的优势植物种类。放牧对布氏田鼠取食羊草、克氏针茅和糙隐子草的绝对取食频次均无显著影响。在季节上,布氏田鼠对克氏针茅和糙隐子草的取食在三个季节均无差异,但布氏田鼠对羊草取食的绝对频次夏季显著高于春季和秋季;布氏田鼠对三种植物的喜好程度依次为羊草>克氏针茅>糙隐子草,但季节和放牧因素对布氏田鼠对这三种植物的喜好度无显著影响。结果表明,布氏田鼠的食物选择及食物组成相对稳定,表现为其对放牧或季节因素造成的喜食植物资源量的变化具有很好的适应性,推测是其调整取食努力来实现食物组成的平衡。     

布氏田鼠秋季家群数量与捕食风险的关系

2004年9月25日至10月15日,在内蒙古锡林郭勒盟阿巴嘎旗白音图嘎苏木研究了布氏田鼠(Lasiopodomys brandtii)秋季家群数量与来自艾虎(Mustela eversmanni)的捕食风险。布氏田鼠家群数量调查采用标志重捕法和最小已知存活数估计法(即MNA法)确定,而艾虎对布氏田鼠捕食风险的衡量指标采用在研究期间布氏田鼠洞群区新出现的艾虎粪便和挖掘痕迹。研究区面积4 hm2,涉及91个布氏田鼠家群,658只布氏田鼠,其中,17个布氏田鼠家群有新出现的艾虎粪便,5个家群被艾虎掘开。运用非参数的Mann-Whitney U检验进行数据分析,从艾虎遗留的粪便痕迹来看,未出现艾虎粪便的布氏田鼠家群总秩和为1 096,出现艾虎粪便的田鼠洞群秩和为3 090,统计量U=315,校正Z=﹣3.241,校正P=0.001 2;另外,从艾虎掘开的田鼠家群来分析,没有被艾虎挖掘的布氏田鼠家群秩和为3 757,而被艾虎掘开的田鼠家群秩和为429,统计量U=16,校正Z值为﹣3.514,P=0.000 4。两组差异达到极显著水平,表明艾虎对秋季高数量的布氏田鼠家群具有显著的优先访问和攻击偏好,也意味着高数量的布氏田鼠秋季家群具有更高的被艾虎捕食的风险。     

内蒙古草原布氏田鼠与绵羊的营养生态位研究

放牧活动对小型啮齿动物种群数量的影响是草原生态系统研究中的热点问题,确定绵羊和小型啮齿动物的营养生态位关系对于草原生态系统的管理具有重要的作用。运用粪便显微分析法分析了内蒙古草原动物生态研究站大型野外围栏内布氏田鼠和绵羊在6-9月份的食谱组成,确定两种草食动物食性选择和营养生态位的变化,从食物利用途径揭示放牧活动对布氏田鼠种群数量的影响方式及二者之间的竞争与共存关系。研究结果表明：围栏中共有23种植物,其中糙隐子草、克氏针茅、羊草和刺藜是围栏中的优势植物;布氏田鼠共取食10种植物,绵羊共取食8种植物,禾本植物为两种动物的主要采食植物。布氏田鼠和绵羊的喜食植物种类都存在季节性变化;除7月外,两种动物的食物多样性与围栏植物多样性有显著的正相关关系,表明动物的食性选择受植物资源变化的影响。布氏田鼠和绵羊具有很高的营养生态位重叠度,除8月（0.691）外,6、7、9月份的营养生态位重叠度均高于0.9,表明二者之间存在激烈的食物竞争;放牧活动极显著地降低了禾本科植物的地上生物量,导致布氏田鼠的食物数量减少;放牧处理下布氏田鼠的喜食植物的物种数和营养生态位宽度（除9月）增加,导致布氏田鼠的食物质量下降。以上研究结果说明,较高的营养生态位重叠度引起动物间激烈的食物竞争;放牧会影响围栏中植物资源的变化,进而影响布氏田鼠的食性选择,放牧活动可能通过降低布氏田鼠的食物数量和质量对其种群数量产生负面效应;这也说明适度的放牧活动在增加人类对草场利用的同时,又可降低小型啮齿动物的数量及危害。     

贮草期布氏田鼠采食距离及集群数量对采食量的影响

在内蒙古典型草原区锡林郭勒盟研究了贮草期布氏田鼠(Lasiopodomys brandtii)采食距离及集群数量对采食量的影响。通过人为设置布氏田鼠洞群家族成员数量和采食距离,采用小麦(Triticum aestivum)为采食材料,测定了秋季自由生活状态下,采食距离为5~30 m范围内、每个洞群布氏田鼠数为3~11只范围内,布氏田鼠单次采食量的变化。结果表明,采食距离和家族成员数量对布氏田鼠单次采食量没有明显影响,采食距离和家族成员数量之间也不存在交互作用。布氏田鼠单次搬运麦粒数量平均为8.0粒/次,这可能与田鼠的搬运能力有关。     

布氏田鼠的食物消耗量

布氏田鼠(Microtus brandti)在内蒙古典型草原区广泛分布,种群密度波动幅度很大,密度高时对草场破坏严重,是该区草场主要害鼠。研究其食物消耗量,是阐明它在草原生态系统中的作用和对草场的危害程度以及组建防治经济阈值模型的基础工作。     

Multiple paternities increase genetic diversity of offspring in Brandt's voles

Mating system and philopatry influence the genetic structure of a social group in mammals. Brandt's vole (Lasiopodomys brandtii) lives in social groups year-round and has male biased dispersal, which makes the vole a model system for studies of genetic consequences of mating system and philopatry. This study aimed to test the hypotheses that: (1) multiple paternity (MP) would exist in Brandt's voles, enhance offspring genetic diversity and reduce genetic relatedness between littermates; (2) promiscuity would occur in this species in that males and females mate with multiple partners; and (3) plural breeders of a social group would be genetically related because of philopatry of female juveniles in Brandt's voles. Paternity analysis indicated that MP occurred in 11 (46%) of 24 social groups examined and that promiscuity existed in this species. Multiple paternity litters had twice the offspring genetic diversity and half the average within-litter genetic relatedness of single paternity litters. We also found plural breeding females in six social groups. Average pairwise genetic relatedness of plural breeders ranged from 0.41 to 0.72 in four social groups, suggesting first-order kinship. Future studies need to investigate effects of reproductive skew and MP on population genetic structure of Brandt's voles.     

Redundancy, synergism, and active inhibitory range of non-host volatiles in reducing pheromone attraction in European spruce bark beetle Ips typographus

Brandt's voles ( Microtus brandti ) are small native mammals that inhabit the grasslands of Inner Mongolia, China. The species is considered a pest, particularly during population outbreaks, which have increased in frequency since 1970 from 1 every 7 years to 1 every 3 to 5 years. Using historical records taken between 1948 and 1998, we found that there was significant correlation between years for which the monthly averages of the Southern Oscillation Index (SOI) were consistently high, and years in which outbreaks occurred. Also there was a tendency for outbreaks not to occur in years with precipitation above or below average. For some years at some sites, annual or biannual estimates are available for the density of Brandt's vole populations. We found that the seasonal rate of increase over the non-breeding season from autumn to spring was negatively correlated with the density in autumn. The rate of increase over the breeding season from spring to autumn was independent of the density in spring but instead, reflects the species' preference for habitat with short, sparse grass; populations do not persist in highly degraded grasslands or in tall, dense grassland. The link between outbreaks and climatic indices, and the numerical response of Brandt's voles to particular habitat characteristics, suggest that current grazing intensity tends to maintain grass at low height in years with average precipitation. The substantial increase in livestock numbers over the last 50 years appears to have increased the number of years when the balance of grazing and plant growth favours high rates of increase in Brandt's vole populations, and hence, there has been an increase in the frequency of outbreaks.     

An estimate of the impact of predators on the British Field Vole Microtus agrestis population

The productivity of the British Field Vole population is estimated to be between 677 000 and 982 000 voles per year, depending on the precise basis of the calculation. The total consumption of Field Voles by all the major predators, mammalian and avian, is estimated to be around 980 000, if the very uncertain consumption by Feral Cats is included. Two specialist vole predators (Weasel, Kestrel) and two generalist predators (Red Fox, Feral Cat) consume 85% of the total between them, the other 10 species share the rest between them. However important voles might be for owls, owl predation is unimportant to voles. The slight evidence for cyclicity in Field Vole populations in Britain might be explained by the overall take of voles by the predators, and by the rather generalized diet of even the vole specialists.     

Nontimber forest product extraction, utilization and valuation: A case study from the Nilgiri Biosphere reserve, southern India

We evaluated the diversity, social, and economic aspects of nontimber forest product (NTFP) collection in the Nilgiri Biosphere Reserve (NBR), in southern India. The NBR is a region known for its floral andfaunal diversity, as well as an area with increasing human pressure. Fifty to 75% of the households (HH) in rural areas gather a diversity of forest products. Dominant NTFPs contributed 25–60% of the average annual per capita household income from NTFPs. The mean annual per capita household income from NTFPs ranges between Rs. 134 and Rs. 4955. The mean annual income per hectare ranges from Rs. 93 in the montane zone to Rs. 3780 in the moist deciduous. NTFPs contribute 15–50% of the annual per capita income of rural households. Ethnicity plays an important role in the collection of NTFPs and ethnic tribes derive a large proportion of their annual per capita income from NTFPs.     

布氏田鼠雄性的优势地位

在实验条件下对雄性成年布氏田鼠（Microtus brandti）相遇后的优势地位及生理指标的研究结果表明：布氏田鼠雄性之间存在严格的等级关系;优势雄鼠生理指标中睾丸重量和血清睾酮激素含量高于从属雄鼠,而血清中皮质醇激素的含量低于从属雄鼠。优势雄鼠的探究、攻击和修饰等行为频次显著高于从属雄鼠,而从属雄鼠在跳跃频次上多于优势雄鼠。随着观察时间的延长,不论优势个体还是从属个体,其探究频次都呈现明显的下降趋势,其他行为的频次则没有显著差异。相关性检验说明,除攻击行为可以作为判断区分雄鼠等级的依据之外,修饰行为也可以作为判断的依据。     

猫气味重复暴露对青春期布氏田鼠反捕食和焦虑样行为的影响

捕食者气味对猎物的行为和生理有重要的影响。本研究主要确定猫气味重复暴露对青春期布氏田鼠（Lasiopodomys brandtii）的反捕食行为、焦虑样行为和内分泌水平的影响,以探讨青春期布氏田鼠对猫气味的反应对策。研究结果表明,猫气味暴露1 d,青春期布氏田鼠隐藏行为显著增加,而移动行为、跳跃行为、修饰行为和接触行为均显著减少;随着暴露时间延长至18 d,其反捕食行为与对照组间无显著差异,青春期布氏田鼠对猫气味产生了行为适应。旷场实验结果表明,猫气味重复暴露后,青春期布氏田鼠在旷场中的移动总距离和总平均速度显著减少,但其在旷场中的静止时间显著增加。明暗箱实验结果表明,猫气味组雌性布氏田鼠进入明箱次数显著高于雄性个体,不同性别与处理之间的布氏田鼠在明箱中停留时间比例没有显著差异。长期猫气味重复暴露对青春期布氏田鼠血浆中促肾上腺皮质激素（ACTH）和皮质酮（CORT）浓度无显著影响。以上结果表明,初次猫气味暴露对青春期布氏田鼠的反捕食行为有显著的影响,随着暴露时间的延长,其影响程度逐渐降低,存在明显的适应性。     

布氏田鼠数量和空间分布的年际动态及周期性初步分析

布氏田鼠的分布特点是避开山丘，季节河河床和芨芨草滩；主要分布在季节河两侧，分布区缩小时，向季节河两侧收缩，布氏田鼠年动态是否有周期性尚难以下最后的结论，但存在季节动态是可以肯定的，布氏田鼠在其地理分布中心区和边缘区的种群年际动态可能存在差异，中心区的种群动态相对可能稳定些，边缘区的种群波动可能大些。     

布氏田鼠种群生态及行为生态学研究进展

布氏田鼠种群生态及行为生态学研究进展尹峰房继明（北京师范大学生物学系,１００８７５）ＲｅｓｅａｒｃｈＡｄｖａｎｃｅｓｉｎＰｏｐｕｌａｔｉｏｎＥｃｏｌｏｇｙａｎｄＢｅｈａｖｉｏｒａｌＥｃｏｌｏｇｙｏｆＢｒａｎｄｔ’ｓＶｏｌｅｓ（Ｍｉｃｒｏｔｕｓｂｒａｎ...     

雄性不育对布氏田鼠交配行为和繁殖的影响

利用雄性结扎不育方法研究雄性结扎不育对布氏田鼠交配行为和繁殖的影响。结果表明：雄性结扎不育后不影响布氏田鼠雌雄两性的交配行为;不育雄性的存在对雌性的正常交配产生了干扰,降低了雌性的有效交配次数,并导致雌性怀孕率和产仔数的下降。结果一方面说明结扎不育雄性方法可用于布氏田鼠的不育控制研究,另一方面为不育后的竞争性繁殖干扰假设提供了实验证据。     

Effects of diet quality on energy budgets and thermogenesis in Brandt's voles

Food quality and availability play an important role in an animal's life history. The aim of this study was to examine the effect of diet quality [high-fiber diet (HF) or low-fiber diet (LF)] on energy budgets and thermogenesis in Brandt's voles (Lasiopodomys (Microtus) brandtii). Dry matter intake and gross energy intake increased and digestibility decreased in HF voles compared with LF voles, while the digestible energy intake was similar for both HF and LF voles. Nonshivering thermogenesis (NST) decreased in HF voles, while LF voles kept stable; no significant differences were detected in basal metabolic rate (BMR), BAT uncoupling protein 1 (UCP1) content and the levels of serum thyroid hormones (T3 and T4) between HF and LF voles. Although there were no differences in body fat content and serum leptin concentrations between HF and LF voles, serum leptin concentrations in HF voles were reduced to nearly half as those seen in LF voles after 4-weeks acclimation. These results support the hypothesis that Brandt's voles can compensate the poor quality diet physiologically by the means of increasing food intake and decreasing thermogenesis.