转基因动物在microRNA研究中的应用

MicroRNA是一类在转录后水平上调节基因表达的非编码小分子RNA,在生物体生理、病理等过程中发挥重要作用．MicroRNA功能的研究将是未来人们关注的焦点．通过转基因技术建立的多种动物模型在整体水平揭示了基因的功能．近年,以microRNA为研究对象的转基因动物模型数量不断增加,构建策略不断丰富．通过miRNA过表达、敲除及敲减等手段已揭示了miRNA在肿瘤、心血管系统疾病等多方面的作用．转基因动物正成为microRNA研究中不可或缺的工具．     

特异性miRNA调节机理研究进展

MicroRNA(miRNA)是一类新鉴定的非蛋白质编码小RNA,它们在多种生物学过程中发挥重要作用。最新研究表明许多miRNA表达受RNA编辑、差别加工和组织特异性增强子调节而呈现时间和空间特异性,而且基于miRNA调节设计分子药物的前景很好。深入理解miRNA调节的机理有助于揭示一些疾病的发病机理,发现干预治疗的新分子靶标,以及最终建立有效的基因疗法。因此,本文将对miRNA调节机理的最新研究进行综述。     

与肿瘤相关的MicroRNA研究进展

MicroRNA（smiRNAs）是一类进化上保守的单链非编码小分子RNA,它作为基因表达调控因子在转录后水平调节基因表达。最近研究发现,miRNA能够控制细胞生长、凋亡及分化;miRNA的表达与癌症相关,并在肿瘤的形成过程中发挥着重要的作用。因此,miRNA的研究对于揭示基因表达的调控机理、人类疾病防治及生物进化探索具有重要意义。     

MicroRNA 在皮肤创伤愈合中的作用

皮肤创伤愈合过程是一个复杂而连续的过程,这一过程需要多种细胞、多种因子的参与,涉及细胞增殖、细胞分化、细胞运动、细胞黏附等多个细胞生物学过程。 MicroRNA（ miRNA）是一类高度保守的非编码RNA,它通过靶向结合信使RNA（ mRNA）并使其降解或抑制其翻译,实现转录后基因表达调控。 miRNA作为基因表达的重要调控分子,几乎参与了机体所有的生理和病理过程。除了在皮肤发育中发挥重要的作用,还参与多种皮肤病、皮肤癌和皮肤创伤愈合过程的调节。主要总结了miRNA调控皮肤创伤愈合的研究进展。     

microRNAs相关新型调控技术与疾病治疗

MicroRNA（miRNA）是一类在进化中高度保守的非编码小分子单链RNA(19～25 nt）,在转录后水平调控中发挥重要作用. 越来越多的证据表明,miRNA广泛参与了机体生长发育、细胞增殖与凋亡等多种重要的生理过程,并在病毒感染、恶性肿瘤、心血管与内分泌疾病等多种病理状态下呈异常表达,影响许多疾病的发生、发展及预后. 对miRNA的表达水平进行可控性干预可能成为一种有效的治疗手段. 本文综述了目前用于干预miRNA水平的调控技术,以及疾病治疗相关给药系统的研究进展,提示miRNA相关新型调控技术具有较为广阔的临床应用前景.     

MicroRNA对胚胎干细胞的多能性网络调控

胚胎干细胞(Embryonic stem cells, ESCs)是一类能够无限增殖和诱导分化为多种类型细胞的干细胞。MicroRNA(miRNA)是一类内源性具有调控基因表达功能的非编码RNA, 在ESCs增殖和分化过程中起重要作用。MiRNA可以通过对ESCs多能性网络中的转录因子、细胞周期、表观遗传学、信号转导等方面调控, 促使ESCs维持多能性状态。文章重点综述了miRNA的生成过程、调控ESCs多能性的主要miRNA家族以及miRNA对ESCs多能性网络调控作用等内容。     

循环miRNA 表达谱在肺癌早期诊断、判断预后和指导化疗中的应用

MicroRNA(miRNA)是一种高保守,长度大概21-23个核苷酸,非蛋白编码RNA,起着调节基因表达的作用。近年来有关miRNA与肺癌的关系已经得到证实,并且成为当前研究的热点。miRNA能整体调节基因表达,这使得miRNA表达谱在作为生物信号方面比蛋白编码基因更具有提示作用。最近发现miRNA以被保护的状态存在于循环血液中,这使得miRNA表达的发现具有非侵袭性、重现性以及易检测性。研究显示血浆miRNA表达谱可作为肺癌生物信号分子,在肺癌早期诊断、判断预后和指导化疗药物应用等方面具有重要作用。本文将对血浆miRNA与肺癌的研究进展,以及在肺癌早期诊断、判断预后和指导化疗药物应用等方面作一综述。     

微小RNA与肺癌耐药

肺癌细胞对化疗药物产生耐药性是目前肺癌化疗过程中遇到的主要问题。微小RNA（miRNA）是一类内源性非编码短链小分子RNA,它能调节细胞生长、凋亡和信号转导。miRNA的多态性与药物代谢和耐药形成密切相关,异常表达的miRNA对预测肺癌化疗药物敏感性有重要作用。调节特异miRNA的表达,将为克服肺癌耐药和选择个体化治疗开辟新的途径。     

MicroRNA在糖尿病足溃疡中的调控机制和治疗前景

糖尿病足溃疡(diabetic foot ulcer, DFU)是糖尿病主要并发症之一。微小RNA (microRNA, miRNA)是一种在转录后水平调控基因表达的、内源性、非编码单链小RNA。近年来的研究表明,miRNA与DFU的炎症调控、血管新生、再上皮化等过程密切相关。MiRNA靶向治疗的体外和体内实验研究展现出了miRNA未来潜在的治疗价值。现就miRNA在DFU创面愈合的各阶段中的调控作用及其治疗应用的可能性两方面进行综述,为后续研究开拓新的思路。     

MicroRNAs在棕色脂肪细胞分化过程中的作用

MicroRNA(miRNA)是一种非编码的小分子RNA,负性调控转录后基因表达。miRNA在个体时序性发育、细胞增殖分化和凋亡、器官发育、脂肪代谢等许多生物发育过程中起着重要作用。近年来对miRNA的研究证实,miRNA直接或间接影响棕色脂肪组织发育过程中重要转录因子的表达。综述了miRNA调节棕色脂肪细胞分化的最新研究进展。     

MiRNA介导circRNA调控肿瘤的发展

CircRNA(circular RNA)是一种具有特殊环形结构的ncRNA(non-coding RNA),并具有多种生物学功能。随着研究的深入,发现circRNA能够通过海绵吸附抑制miRNA(micro RNA)的表达,进而调控各系统肿瘤的发展。此外,一种circRNA也可参与调控一种或多种miRNA的表达,这一发现有助于寻求肿瘤诊断的生物标记物及治疗靶点。因此该文通过综述国内外最新的有关circRNA通过miRNA调控肿瘤的研究,为进一步探究circRNA调节各种癌症疾病的发生和发展的具体机制奠定基础,也为相关疾病的治疗和预防提供更加可靠的理论依据。     

microRNA生物合成的调控进展——TGFβ/Smad信号途径的作用

microRNA（miRNA）是一类非编码的小分子单链RNA,主要通过转录后抑制靶基因表达调节各种生物功能。miRNA表达水平在正常发育过程中以及在癌症及心血管疾病等各种疾病中发生变化。目前控制miRNA生物合成的信号途径以及调节机制尚未完全阐明。miRNA基因转录后在大蛋白复合体的介导下经一系列协调加工过程形成成熟的miRNA。近来发现转化生长因子β（TGFβ）信号途径的转导因子Smad蛋白在细胞核内调节miRNA的加工处理过程起重要作用。本文主要综述TGFβ/Smad信号途径在miRNA生物合成中的调节作用。     

Exploiting the therapeutic potential of microRNAs in viral diseases: expectations and limitations

New therapeutic approaches are urgently needed for serious diseases, including cancer, cardiovascular diseases, viral infections, and others. A recent direction in drug development is the utilization of nucleic acid-based therapeutic molecules, such as antisense oligonucleotides, ribozymes, short interfering RNA (siRNA), and microRNA (miRNA). miRNAs are endogenous, short, non-coding RNA molecules. Some viruses encode their own miRNAs, which play pivotal roles in viral replication and immune evasion strategies. Conversely, viruses that do not encode miRNAs may manipulate host cell miRNAs for the benefits of their replication. miRNAs have therefore become attractive tools for the study of viral pathogenesis. Lately, novel therapeutic strategies based on miRNA technology for the treatment of viral diseases have been progressing rapidly. Although this new generation of molecular therapy is promising, there are still several challenges to face, such as targeting delivery to specific tissues, avoiding off-target effects of miRNAs, reducing the toxicity of the drugs, and overcoming mutations and drug resistance. In this article, we review the current knowledge of the role and therapeutic potential of miRNAs in viral diseases, and discuss the limitations of these therapies, as well as strategies to overcome them to provide safe and effective clinical applications of these new therapeutics.     

microRNA 生物合成的调控进展--TGFβ/Smad 信号途径的作用

microRNA(miRNA)是一类非编码的小分子单链RNA,主要通过转录后抑制靶基因表达调节各种生物功能.miRNA表达水平在正常发育过程中以及在癌症及心血管疾病等各种疾病中发生变化.目前控制miRNA生物合成的信号途径以及调节机制尚未完全阐明.miRNA基因转录后在大蛋白复合体的介导下经一系列协调加工过程形成成熟的miRNA.近来发现转化生长因子B(TGFβ)信号途径的转导因子Smad蛋白在细胞核内调节miRNA的加工处理过程起重要作用.本文主要综述TGFB/Smad信号途径在miRNA生物合成中的调节作用.     

A novel therapeutic strategy for alleviating atrial remodeling by targeting exosomal miRNAs in atrial fibrillation

Atrial fibrillation (AF) is one of the most frequent cardiac arrhythmias, and atrial remodeling is related to the progression of AF. Although several therapeutic approaches have been presented in recent years, the continuously increasing mortality rate suggests that more advanced strategies for treatment are urgently needed. Exosomes regulate pathological processes through intercellular communication mediated by microribonucleic acid (miRNA) in various cardiovascular diseases (CVDs). Exosomal miRNAs associated with signaling pathways have added more complexity to an already complex direct cell-to-cell interaction. Exosome delivery of miRNAs is involved in cardiac regeneration and cardiac protection. Recent studies have found that exosomes play a critical role in the diagnosis and treatment of cardiac fibrosis. By improving exosome stability and modifying surface epitopes, specific pharmaceutical agents can be supplied to improve tropism and targeting to cells and tissues in vivo. Exosomes harboring miRNAs may have clinical utility in cell-free therapeutic approaches and may serve as prognostic and diagnostic biomarkers for AF. Currently, limitations challenge pharmaceutic design, therapeutic utility and in vivo targeted delivery to patients. The aim of this article is to review the developmental features of AF associated with exosomal miRNAs and relate them to underlying mechanisms.     

Heart Failure in Chronic Myocarditis: A Role for microRNAs?

Myocarditis is an inflammatory disease of the heart, which can persist over a long time. During this time, known as the chronic phase of myocarditis, ongoing inflammation damages the cardiomyocytes. The loss of cardiac cells culminates in the development of dilated cardiomyopathy, often followed by non-ischemic heart failure due to diminished cardiac function. During the course of the disease, expression levels of non-coding small RNAs, called microRNAs (miRNAs), change. Although mainly studied in the acute setting, some of these changes in expression level appear to persist in the chronic phase. In addition to being a much-needed diagnostic tool, these miRNA could provide new treatment options. miRNA-based intervention strategies already showed promising results in the treatment of ischemic cardiovascular diseases in preclinical animal models. By implementing more knowledge on the role of miRNAs in the progression towards heart failure, this can potentially be used in the development of miRNA-based therapeutic interventions in the treatment of myocarditis and thereby preventing the progression towards heart failure. The first part of this review will focus on the natural course of myocarditis and the progression towards heart failure. Secondly, we will discuss the current knowledge on alterations of miRNA expression patterns, and suggest some possible future interventions.