假定蛋白基因XC2038与十字花科黑腐病菌致病相关

十字花科黑腐病菌(Xanthomonas campestris pv.campestris,Xcc)是研究植物病原细菌和寄主互作的模式细菌,鉴定其致病相关基因对于控制作物病害有重要的意义。XC2038在Xcc 8004中注释为功能未知的假定蛋白基因。本研究利用实验室前期构建的XC2038基因的Tn5gus A5插入突变体164H09,并构建了该突变体的互补菌株C164H09,随后对各菌株的致病性及相关表型进行了检测。结果表明,164H09影响Xcc 8004胞外多糖、泳动性及生物被膜的形成,影响在寄主满身红萝卜上的致病性,而突变体的互补菌株能将以上表型恢复至野生型水平。综上可知,假定蛋白基因XC2038与十字花科黑腐病菌致病相关。     

十字花科黑腐病菌dsbA基因控制的亚细胞蛋白质组分析

本研究以十字花科黑腐病菌(Xarcthomorcas campestris pv.campestris,Xcc)8004菌株为研究对象,采用双向电泳—质谱技术分析比较了dsbA1A2突变体和野生型菌株的分泌蛋白、周质蛋白表达谱。与野生型菌株相比,选取的31个差异蛋白中,14个蛋白点显著上调,17个蛋白点显著下调。对这些蛋白质点进行质谱鉴定和分析,结果显示,dsbA1A2基因的缺失导致了周质蛋白中与β桶结构膜蛋白形成有关的伴侣蛋白SurA的含量降低,几种未知功能的分泌蛋白的分泌量减少以及外膜蛋白OmpW、OmpW1在周质空间的积累。推测这些蛋白质对Xcc 8004的致病性至关重要,为进一步研究Xcc 8004中DSB系统的作用机理提供了依据。     

十字花科黑腐病菌hrpW基因的功能鉴定

十字花科黑腐病菌(Xanthomonas campestris pv.campestris,Xcc)8004菌株基因组中XC_3023注释为Hrp W蛋白基因。本研究利用生物信息学和分子生物学技术,对hrp W基因进行功能鉴定。生物信息学分析发现Hrp W蛋白具有Harpin特征:含有果胶裂解酶结构域,为酸性蛋白,富含甘氨酸和丝氨酸。转录分析结果发现hrp W基因自身有一较弱的启动子,受MMX基本培养基诱导表达。共转录分析结果表明hrp W基因与上游hrp E、hpa B基因共同转录。Western blotting和转运分析结果显示,Hrp W蛋白受Ⅲ型分泌系统(typeⅢsecretion system,T3SS)依赖分泌,但不转运。植株试验结果发现纯化的Hrp W蛋白能在烟草上诱发过敏反应(hypersensitive reaction,HR)。这些结果揭示XC_3023编码蛋白Hrp W为Ⅲ型分泌系统分泌的Harpin蛋白。     

野油菜黄单胞菌分泌组双向电泳样品制备方法的建立

野油菜黄单胞菌野油菜致病变种(Xanthomonas campestris pv.campestris,Xcc)是十字花科植物黑腐病的病原细菌。我们建立了Xcc的蛋白质组学研究平台,用于分离、鉴定该菌的致病相关蛋白。为了减少胞外多糖(exopolysaccharide,EPS)对蛋白材料质量的影响,我们构建了EPS缺陷的Xcc8004ΔgumB突变体。本研究以Xcc8004ΔgumB出发菌株,用诱导培养液培养,取细胞上清通过超滤浓缩得到蛋白质粗提物,分别采用丙酮沉淀法、试剂盒纯化法和丙酮沉淀-试剂盒联用法来纯化蛋白质粗提物,通过比较双向电泳的结果优选最佳的样品制备方法。结果证明丙酮沉淀-试剂盒联用法较为理想,所得双向电泳图片清晰,分辨率高。因此,此方法可以用于制备野油菜黄单胞菌分泌组双向电泳样品,并可以满足进一步研究的需要。     

3种接种方法对十字花科黑腐病菌Xcc8004菌株在拟南芥Col-0上致病力的影响

十字花科黑腐病菌(Xanthomonas campestris pathovar campestris,Xcc)是引起十字花科植物黑腐病的病原菌,也是研究寄主与病原微生物相互作用分子机理的模式菌之一.Xcc可以感染白菜、萝卜和甘蓝等十字花科农作物,也可以感染重要的模式植物拟南芥(Arabidopsis thaliana).由于拟南芥的全基因组测序已经完成,因此,拟南芥是研究寄主植物对Xcc浸染的防卫反应的分子机理的最理想的寄主材料.但是,到现在为止,一套完善的在拟南芥上进行Xcc致病检测的实验系统还没有建立.为此,本研究比较了"叶片压渗法"、"剪叶法"和"叶片中脉穿刺法"这3种常用的病原细菌接种方法对Xcc的实验室菌株8004 (以下简称Xcc8004)在哥伦比亚生态型拟南芥(A.thanliana ecoype Colombia 0,Col-0)上的致病力的影响.结果发现,在拟南芥Col-0叶片上用"叶片压渗法"接种Xcc8004可以引起明显致病症状,而用"剪叶法"和"叶片中脉穿刺法"接种均不能引起病症.这一结果说明,不同的接种方法的对Xcc在拟南芥上的致病力有很大的影响.因此,要在拟南芥Col-0上进行Xcc8004的致病力检测,本研究建议采用"叶片压渗法"而不用"剪叶法"和"叶片中脉穿刺法".此外,本研究还建立了一套简易的拟南芥试验用苗的栽培方法.     

十字花科黑腐病菌一个新的III型效应物XC3176的鉴定

摘要:【目的】在十字花科黑腐病菌(Xanthomonas campestris pv． campestris,Xcc)的致病因子中,III型分泌系统(Type III Secretion System,T3SS)是至关重要的致病系统,III型效应物通过III 型分泌系统直接转运到寄主植物细胞内。本研究通过效应物水平转移的特征获得候选基因,旨在鉴定一个新的依赖于III型分泌的效 应物。【方法】以缺失了N-端58个氨基酸的AvrBs1作为报告系统构建效应物鉴定报告质粒pLJB3176,导入ΔavrBs1和ΔhrcV,通过检测报告菌株在辣椒ECW-10R上的过敏反应来鉴定XC3176是否为III型效应物。构建XC3176融合GUS报告质粒pLGUS3176,导入野生菌株Xcc 8004、ΔhrpG和ΔhrpX,通过测定菌株GUS活性检测hrpG、hrpX对XC3176 的调控作用。构建XC3176缺失突变体和互补菌株,通过剪叶法接种检测XC3176对Xcc 8004致病性的影响。【结果】XC3176融合AvrBs1报告菌株在非寄主辣椒ECW-10R上能 引发过敏反应,GUS活性检测显示ΔhrpG/pLGUS3176、ΔhrpX/pLGUS3176比8004/pLGUS3176的GUS酶活显著降低,致病性检测显示突变体Δ3176与野生型Xcc 8004相比在寄主满身红萝卜上的病斑长度有显著减少,互补菌株C3176 的病斑长度能补回到野生型水平。【结论】XC3176是依赖于hrcV分泌的III型效应物,hrpG、hrpX正调控XC3176,XC3176与Xcc致病相关。     

十字花科黑腐病菌分泌蛋白质双向电泳条件的构建及优化

本研究旨在建立一套适合于十字花科黑腐病菌(Xanthomonas campestris pv.campestris 8004,Xcc8004)分泌蛋白质的双向电泳技术(two-dimensional electrophoresis,2-DE),以便更好的利用蛋白质组学技术鉴定Xcc 8004的分泌蛋白质。我们就MME和XCM2两种培养基对分泌蛋白质的诱导能力、蛋白质提取方法以及样品上样量等方面对2-DE的影响进行了比较,结果表明,XCM2培养基对Xcc 8004分泌蛋白质的诱导能力比MME强。用TCA/丙酮法沉淀蛋白质得到的双向电泳图谱背景清晰,分辨率高。分别采用400μg、300μg、250μg和150μg四个不同的上样量进行双向电泳,结果显示在上样量为250~300μg时(IPG p H 3-10,24 cm),电泳图谱分辨率最好。综上可知,XCM2培养基比较适合用于Xcc 8004分泌蛋白质的诱导,TCA/丙酮法提取分泌蛋白质为较优方法,250~300μg是较为合适的上样量。     

十字花科黑腐病菌的XC1193基因与致病相关

十字花科黑腐病菌(Xanthomonas campestris pv.campestris,Xcc)是一种重要植物病原细菌,在全球范围内侵染十字花科植物引起黑腐病,其σ因子在基因表达中起到重要调节作用。XC1193基因在Xcc 8004菌株编码一个σ~70因子,为进一步研究该σ因子在Xcc中的调控作用,利用自杀质粒p K18mobsac B构建了XC1193基因的缺失突变体DM1193。与野生型菌株的比较发现,XC1193基因突变不影响菌体在丰富培养基和基本培养基上的生长;突变体的胞外蛋白酶、纤维素酶、淀粉酶等生化表型也与野生型一致;植株实验表明XC1193突变不影响过敏反应。采用剪叶接种法进行致病性检测,突变体致病力与野生型一致。而采用喷雾接种法,突变体致病力显著降低,互补菌株致病力恢复至野生型水平。结果表明,该σ因子在十字花科黑腐病菌致病过程中发挥作用,并与Xcc侵染寄主的早期事件有关。     

金属离子对十字花科黑腐病菌不同致病系统表达的影响

十字花科黑腐病菌(Xanthomonas campestris pv.campestris,Xcc)是引起十字花科植物黑腐病的病原细菌,其通过不同的分泌系统将效应物蛋白或细胞毒素转运进真核宿主细胞产生病害,对农业生产造成巨大的经济损失。本研究利用GUS融合报告系统,考察了常见的几种不同金属离子(Zn2+,Mn2+,Ca2+,Fe2+)对Xcc 8004不同致病系统装置基因表达的影响。结果表明,在1滋mol/L~1 mmol/L浓度区间,Zn2+和Mn2+同时对Xcc域型分泌系统(T2SS)和芋型分泌系统(T3SS)有抑制作用;在大于0.01 mmol/L浓度时,Ca2+特异性抑制T3SS;Fe2+同时抑制T2SS、T3SS和郁型分泌系统(T4SS)装置基因的表达。金属离子Zn2+、Mn2+、Ca2+和Fe2+在不同浓度下对Xcc的致病系统均有抑制作用。本研究为分析病原细菌不同分泌系统响应金属离子的模式奠定了基础。     

十字花科黑腐病菌Ⅲ型效应物基因avrAC_(Xcc8004)推测的启动子区

【目的】十字花科黑腐病菌(Xanthomonas campestris pv.campestris,Xcc),能侵染所有十字花科植物,引起黑腐病。Xcc通过III型分泌系统(Type III Secretion System,T3SS)将III型效应物(T3SS effector,T3SE)蛋白直接转运到植物细胞内,T3SEs对于病原菌致病性至关重要。许多已鉴定的T3SEs基因的启动子区都存在植物诱导启动子盒(Plant-inducible promoter,PIP-box)和-10 box,但PIP-box及-10 box与经典的启动子-10区及-35区之间的关系如何未见报道,-10 box的序列保守性如何也未见报道。本研究旨在对T3SE基因avrAC Xcc8004推测的启动子区进行研究。【方法】首先,通过5'RACE确定其转录起始位点,接着用Fusion PCR对-10 box TACGTT序列中倒数第二个碱基T进行点突变为A/C/G,即:TACGAT、TACGCT和TACGGT,构建GUS融合报告菌株,定量测定GUS酶活。【结果】5'RACE结果显示avrAC Xcc8004的转录起始位点为A,对比分析得到启动子的-35区位于PIP-box之后8 bp处,而-10区与-10 box重叠;avrAC Xcc8004启动子区的PIP-box和-35区、-10 box的整个模体为:TTCAC-N15-TTCGC-N8-TTGATG-N18-TACGTT。最后,GUS定量测定结果表明,突变为C时(TACGCT)的菌株的GUS酶活最高,突变为G时(TACGGT)的酶活增高最少。在ΔhrpX和ΔhrpG中的GUS酶活均比在Xcc 8004中有显著的降低。【结论】Xcc的T3SE基因PIP-box与-35区前后相衔,-10 box即-10区,-10 box对于avrAC Xcc8004的转录活性有较大的影响,-10 box突变前后avrAC Xcc8004均受HrpG和HrpX正向调控。     

Scurvy in capybaras bred in captivity in Argentine

In order to determine if the absence of vitamin C in the diet of capybaras (Hydrochoerus hydrochaeris) causes scurvy, a group of seven young individuals were fed food pellets without ascorbic acid, while another group of eight individuals received the same food with 1 g of ascorbic acid per animal per day. Animals in the first group developed signs of scurvy-like gingivitis, breaking of the incisors and death of one animal. Clinical signs appeared between 25 and 104 days from the beginning of the trial in all individuals. Growth rates of individuals deprived of vitamin C was considerably less than those observed in the control group. Deficiency of ascorbic acid had a severe effect on reproduction of another population of captive capybaras. We found that the decrease in ascorbic acid content in the diet affected pregnancy, especially during the first stages. The results obtained suggest that it is necessary to supply a suitable quantity of vitamin C in the diet of this species in captivity.     

Changes in lactate dehydrogenase activity in chicken tissues in hyperthyreosis in ontogenesis

The lactate dehydrogenase activity in reactions of lactate oxidation and synthesis was studied in subfractions of the chicken brain, heart and liver at the embryonal, early postembryonal and adult stages of development after thyroxine administration. It has been shown that during embryogenesis thyroxine predominantly enhanced the rate of lactate oxidation in the mitochondrial tissues. A marked increase in the lactate synthesis was found in cytoplasm of the adult chicken tissues. Specificity of enzyme activity alterations was detected in the chicken brain during ontogenesis after thyroxine administration.     

Role for dopamine in malonate-induced damage in vivo in striatum and in vitro in mesencephalic cultures

Defects in mitochondrial energy metabolism have been implicated in the pathology of several neurodegenerative disorders. In addition, the reactive metabolites generated from the metabolism and oxidation of the neurotransmitter dopamine (DA) are thought to contribute to the damage to neurons of the basal ganglia. We have previously demonstrated that infusions of the metabolic inhibitor malonate into the striata of mice or rats produce degeneration of DA nerve terminals. In the present studies, we demonstrate that an intrastriatal infusion of malonate induces a substantial increase in DA efflux in awake, behaving mice as measured by in vivo microdialysis. Furthermore, pretreatment of mice with tetrabenazine (TBZ) or the TBZ analogue Ro 4-1284 (Ro-4), compounds that reversibly inhibit the vesicular storage of DA, attenuates the malonate-induced DA efflux as well as the damage to DA nerve terminals. Consistent with these findings, the damage to both DA and GABA neurons in mesencephalic cultures by malonate exposure was attenuated by pretreatment with TBZ or Ro-4. Treatment with these compounds did not affect the formation of free radicals or the inhibition of oxidative phosphorylation resulting from malonate exposure alone. Our data suggest that DA plays an important role in the neurotoxicity produced by malonate. These findings provide direct evidence that inhibition of succinate dehydrogenase causes an increase in extracellular DA levels and indicate that bioenergetic defects may contribute to the pathogenesis of chronic neurodegenerative diseases through a mechanism involving DA.     

SSTR5 ablation in islet results in alterations in glucose homeostasis in mice

Somatostatin (SST) peptide is a potent inhibitor of insulin secretion and its effect is mediated via somatostatin receptor 5 (SSTR5) in the endocrine pancreas. To investigate the consequences of gene ablation of SSTR5 in the mouse pancreas, we have generated a mouse model in which the SSTR5 gene was specifically knocked down in the pancreatic beta cells (betaSSTR5Kd) using the Cre-lox system. Immunohistochemistry analysis showed that SSTR5 gene expression was absent in beta cells at three months of age. At the time of gene ablation, betaSSTR5Kd mice demonstrated glucose intolerance with lack of insulin response and significantly reduced serum insulin levels. Insulin tolerance test demonstrated a significant increase of insulin clearance in vivo at the same age. In vitro studies demonstrated an absence of response to SST-28 stimulation in the betaSSTR5Kd mouse islet, which was associated with a significantly reduced SST expression level in betaSSTR5Kd mice pancreata. In addition, betaSSTR5Kd mice had significantly reduced serum glucose levels and increased serum insulin levels at 12 months of age. Glucose tolerance test at an older age also indicated a persistently higher insulin level in betaSSTR5Kd mice. Further studies of betaSSTR5Kd mice had revealed elevated serum C-peptide levels at both 3 and 12 months of age, suggesting that these mice are capable of producing and releasing insulin to the periphery. These results support the hypothesis that SSTR5 plays a pivotal role in the regulation of insulin secretion in the mouse pancreas.     

我国葫芦科植物离体培养研究进展

葫芦科植物包括多种瓜类蔬菜,对其进行离体培养研究具有重要的理论和实践意义。综述了国内在葫芦科植物器官培养、体细胞胚胎发生、花药培养、原生质体培养和体细胞杂交及离体遗传转化等方面取得的研究进展,并对葫芦科植物离体培养、遗传转化与育种的前景作了展望。