腾格里沙漠东南缘沙质草地灌丛化对地表径流及氮流失的影响

以腾格里沙漠东南缘沙质草地和灌丛生境为研究对象,采用人工模拟降雨实验对草地样方、灌丛间裸地样方及含灌丛斑块样方的产流及氮流失过程进行观测,揭示了地表径流及其引起的氮流失对沙质草地灌丛化的响应.结果表明:(1)草地样方出现表面积水和地表径流的时间及开始产流需要的降雨量均大于含灌丛斑块样方和灌丛间裸地样方,裸地样方最小;灌丛生境径流系数为34.46％,显著小于裸地样方,大于含灌丛样方,产流量是沙质草地生境的2.26倍;表明灌木入侵造成的植被盖度下降引起了土壤水分入渗率的减小和地表产流的增加.(2)含灌丛样方单位体积径流含氮量瞬时值大于裸地样方,小于草地样方,三类样方瞬时值与单位时间径流量均呈线性负相关;草地样方单位时间氮流失量略小于含灌丛样方,两者均显著小于灌丛间裸地样方;灌丛生境氮流失总量为0.23 g/m2,是草地生境的2.09倍,灌丛和草地生境单位体积径流含氮量总体平均值分别为0.011 g/L、0.012 g/L;表明沙质草地灌丛化引起了养分流失的显著增加.     

Nutrient losses in runoff from grasslandand shrubland habitats in southern New Mexico: II. Field plots

Losses of dissolved nutrients (N, P, K, Ca, Mg, Na,Cl, and SO₄) in runoff were measured on grasslandand shrubland plots in the Chihuahuan desert ofsouthern New Mexico. Runoff began at a lowerthreshold of rainfall in shrublands than ingrasslands, and the runoff coefficient averaged 18.6%in shrubland plots over a 7-year period. In contrast,grassland plots lost 5.0 to 6.3% of incidentprecipitation in runoff during a 5.5-year period. Nutrient losses from shrubland plots were greater thanfrom grassland plots, with nitrogen losses averaging0.33 kg ha^–1 yr^–1 vs0.15 kg ha^–1 yr^–1, respectively, during a 3-year period. Thegreater nutrient losses in shrublands were due tohigher runoff, rather than higher nutrientconcentrations in runoff. In spite of these nutrientlosses in runoff, all plots showed net accumulationsof most elements due to inputs from atmosphericdeposition. Therefore, loss of soil nutrients byhillslope runoff cannot, by itself, account for thedepletion of soil fertility associated withdesertification in the Chihuahuan desert.     

Implications of land-cover types for soil erosion on semiarid mountain slopes: Towards sustainable land use in problematic landscapes

The impact of land-cover types on soil erosion and runoff, as well as on physico-chemical soil properties, was monitored. The study area, an agroforestry landscape was located in Sierra Nevada Mountains in south-eastern Spain. Eight land-cover types were investigated: farmland planted with olive, almond, and cereals; forest with P. halepensis and P. sylvestris; shrubland; grassland; and abandoned farmland. The erosion plots replicated twice were located on hillslopes, where erosion and runoff were measured after 22 storm events. Forest dominated by Pinus stands exhibited significantly the lowest amounts of erosion and runoff, contrasting with abandoned farmland. Olive had higher erosion than did almond, cereals, or grasslands, but with the highest runoff rate under almond groves. The erosion and runoff response to shrubland showed an intermediate situation between forest and farmland–grassland uses. Under forest and shrubland, better soil properties were determined, especially higher organic C and total N, and lower soil-bulk density. Erosion was highly dependent on runoff, bulk density, soil organic C, and the degree of soil surface covered. Thus, the alteration in land cover is essential to an understanding of productivity of soil undergoing erosion, as sustainable planning can mitigate soil-degradation processes in the overall agroforestry landscape.     

宁夏东部荒漠草原-灌丛地转变过程土壤氮素响应

选取近30年荒漠草原灌丛引入形成的典型草地-灌丛镶嵌体内部的荒漠草地、草地边缘、灌丛边缘、灌丛地为研究样地,对各样地及其微生境(植丛与空斑)相关土壤指标进行测定,以了解荒漠草地向灌丛地转变过程中土壤氮素的响应特征。结果表明: 随草地灌丛化转变,草本与灌丛生物量均增加,其中一年生草本随灌丛引入增加明显;土壤水分、全碳、全氮及微生物生物量均呈降低趋势,微生物数量在草地边缘与灌丛边缘降低,而在灌丛地增加并略高于荒漠草地;从荒漠草地转变至灌丛地,硝态氮显著升高52.3%,最高为28.45 mg N·kg^-1,铵态氮显著降低10.4%,最低为4.81 mg N·kg^-1。微生物生物量氮与土壤水分呈显著正相关,而矿化氮与土壤水分响应关系则随着植被转变呈非线性变化,即硝态氮和铵态氮与土壤水分在荒漠草地和草地边缘呈正相关,而在灌丛边缘和灌丛地呈负相关。荒漠草地向灌丛地近30年的转变过程中,土壤全氮、微生物生物量氮呈降低趋势,而矿化氮显著增加,其中硝态氮尤为明显,表现出从荒漠草地土壤氮素的硝化抑制向灌丛地硝化加速转变。     

水网平原地区不同种植类型农田氮磷流失特征

采用田间径流小区定位研究方法,在浙江省绍兴县选择27块农田,研究了自然降雨条件下水网平原地区7种种植类型农田N、P的径流流失特征、负荷及影响因素.结果表明： 农田径流总P（TP）、水溶态P（DP）和颗粒态P（PP）的年流失量平均分别为4.75、0.74和4.01 kg·hm^-2;PP占TP的比例高于DP.径流总N（TN）、水溶态总N（DTN）、水溶态有机N（DON）、NH₄⁺-N和NO₃^--N的年流失量平均分别为21.87、17.19、0.61、3.63和12.95 kg·hm^-2;流失的DTN各组分以NO₃^--N为主,其次为NH₄⁺-N,DON的比例较低.不同种植类型农田径流TN、DTN、DON和NO₃^--N的流失量由低至高依次为：休闲地<苗木地<单季晚稻农田<双季稻农田<油菜(或小麦)-单季水稻农田<小麦-早稻-晚稻农田<蔬菜地,而径流TP和PP的流失量依次为：休闲地<苗木地<单季晚稻、双季稻农田<小麦-早稻-晚稻农田<油菜(或小麦)-单季水稻农田<蔬菜地,不同种植类型间的DP流失量差异较小.N、P流失主要发生在作物生产期间,TN和TP的流失比例随作物复种指数的提高而增加.TN、DTN和NO₃^--N流失量主要与N肥施用量有关,土壤中NO₃^--N含量对TN和DTN流失量也有明显影响;农田DON的流失除与N肥施用量有关外,还受土壤全N和有机质积累的影响;NH₄⁺-N的流失量主要与土壤NH₄⁺-N水平有关,受N肥施用量的影响不明显;径流TP和PP的流失量受P肥施用量、土壤P积累的共同影响,而DP的流失与施P量关系不大,但与土壤全P和有效P都存在显著相关关系.     

基于黄土高原关键带类型的土地利用与年径流产沙关系空间分异研究

区域植被恢复改变了土地利用类型,从而有效控制了水土流失,但土地利用与水土流失关系的空间分异尚未明晰。整合了黄土高原坡面径流小区试验观测研究文献59篇和1121条年径流产沙记录,以8大关键带类型作为空间分层依据,采用地理探测器分析了土地利用与年径流产沙关系的空间分异。结果显示：撂荒地的年均径流量和产沙量最高分别为35.99 mm和4208.82 g/m²,撂荒地、裸地和耕地的产流产沙能力显著高于人工草地、林地、自然草地和灌丛,灌丛和林地的年均产沙量显著低于人工和自然草地（P<0.05）;除了撂荒地的年均产沙量在山地森林关键带最高（16240.40 g/m²）外,在丘陵沟壑农林草交错关键带的撂荒地年均径流产沙显著高于丘陵农业-草地关键带,丘陵沟壑农林草交错关键带和丘陵农业-草地关键带裸地、耕地的产流产沙能力较高,人工草地和灌丛年均产沙量显著高于其他关键带类型（P<0.05）;在山地森林关键带的林地年均径流量、径流系数和产沙量最低,分别为1.56 mm、0.41%和307.36 g/m²,而自然草地在各关键带类型都有较高的年均产流量和较低的年均产沙量;坡面径流小区的局地特征（如土地利用、面积、坡度、坡长）是影响年径流产沙关键带分异的首要因素,且存在多因子互作、非线性增强的关系。这些结果表明植被恢复能有效地保持水土,但是区域植被恢复时需要选择合适的类型,黄土丘陵沟壑区应首选自然草地、灌丛和林地。研究可为黄土高原区域植被恢复的优化配置提供科学依据。     

Responses to fertility and disturbance in a low-diversity grassland

We examined variation in species composition in a low-diversity, anthropogenic grassland in response to 11 years of nitrogen (N) manipulation and disturbance. The species-poor grassland (2–3 species/0.5 m²) represents a wide spread vegetation type (>10 million ha in North America) dominated by the introduced perennial grasses Bromus inermis and Agropyron cristatum. Four levels of N and three of soil disturbance were applied in all combinations to plots (5 × 15 m, N = 120) in a completely randomized design each year. Seeds or transplants of 47 species were added to ensure that dispersal was not a barrier to changes in species composition. After 11 years of treatment, all but the most disturbed plots continued to be dominated by B. inermis. The cover of the second-most abundant species, A. cristatum, decreased with disturbance but did not vary significantly with N. Despite the lack of changes in the identity of the dominant species, our environmental manipulations strongly influenced ecosystem characteristics. Added N increased soil available N, and decreased the cover of bare ground and light availability. Soil disturbance decreased aboveground biomass, and increased the cover of bare ground and light availability. Sawdust application, designed to decrease N availability, significantly reduced community biomass, and increased light availability and the cover of bare ground, but did not alter nutrient availability or species composition. The results highlight the difficulty of restoring diversity in species-poor, anthropogenic communities dominated by introduced species, and thus the importance of conserving remnants of diverse natural grasslands.     

Effects of an African grass invasion on Hawaiian shrubland nitrogen biogeochemistry

African perennial C₄ grasses are highly successful invaders in Hawaiian ecosystems. We examined the effects of African molasses grass (Melinis minutiflora Beauv.) on Hawaiian shrubland nitrogen (N) dynamics without the influence of fire disturbance. Vegetation tissue carbon and nitrogen chemistry, soil inorganic N pools, net N mineralization rates, and total soil N were studied in three adjacent areas: a monospecificMelinis grassland, a mixed grass/shrubland mosaic, and an un-invaded shrubland.Melinis plots within the mosaic area exhibited the largest inorganic N pools and fastest net N mineralization rates, but were temporally variable with grass phenology. Un-invaded shrubland plots contained the smallest inorganic N pools and lowest net N mineralization rates. Grass foliar C:N and litter C:N were lower than those of common shrubland species, providing one possible link between species and ecosystem N dynamics at this site. The combined effects of N cycle modification, successful light competition, and fire-cycle enhancement make the invasion ofMelinis a significant perturbation to Hawaiian shrubland ecosystem function and successional dynamics. ei]Section editor H Lambers     

Impacts of Biological Soil Crust Disturbance and Composition on C and N Loss from Water Erosion

In this study, we conducted rainfall simulation experiments in a cool desert ecosystem to examine the role of biological soil crust disturbance and composition on dissolved and sediment C and N losses. We compared runoff and sediment C and N losses from intact late-successional dark cyanolichen crusts (intact) to both trampled dark crusts (trampled) and dark crusts where the top 1 cm of the soil surface was removed (scraped). In a second experiment, we compared C and N losses in runoff and sediments in early-successional light cyanobacterial crusts (light) to that of intact late-successional dark cyanolichen crusts (dark). A relatively high rainfall intensity of approximately 38 mm per 10-min period was used to ensure that at least some runoff was generated from all plots. Losses of dissolved organic carbon (DOC), dissolved organic nitrogen (DON), and ammonium (NH₄⁺ ) were significantly higher from trampled plots as compared to scraped and intact plots. Sediment C and N losses, which made up more than 98% of total nutrient losses in all treatments, were more than 4-fold higher from trampled plots relative to intact plots (sediment C g/m², intact = 0.74, trampled = 3.47; sediment N g/m², intact = 0.06, trampled = 0.28). In light crusts, DOC loss was higher relative to dark crusts, but no differences were observed in dissolved N. Higher sediment loss in light crusts relative to dark crusts resulted in 5-fold higher loss of sediment-bound C and N. Total C flux (sediment + dissolved) was on the order of 0.9 and 7.9 g/m² for dark and light crusts, respectively. Sediment N concentration in the first minutes after runoff from light crusts was 3-fold higher than the percent N of the top 1 cm of soil, suggesting that even short-term runoff events may have a high potential for N loss due to the movement of sediments highly enriched in N. Total N loss from dark crusts was an order of magnitude lower than light crusts (dark = 0.06 g N/m², light = 0.63 g/m²). Overall, our results from the small plot scale (0.5 m²) suggest that C and N losses are much lower from intact late-successional cyanolichen crusts as compared to recently disturbed or early-successional light cyanobacterial crusts.     

Vegetation dynamics in a Quercus‐Juniperus savanna: An isotopic assessment

Abstract. Woody plants are increasing in many grassland and savanna ecosystems around the world. As a case in point, the Edwards Plateau of Texas, USA, is a vast region (93 000 km²) in which rapid woody encroachment appears to be occurring. The native vegetation (prior to the Anglo‐European settlement 150–200 yr ago) and the biogeochemical consequences of woody encroachment in this region, however, are poorly understood. To assess these matters we measured plant and soil δ¹³C, soil organic C and soil N content from grasslands and two important woody patch types (mature Quercus virginiana clusters and Juniperus ashei woodlands) in this region. Soil δ¹³C values showed that relative productivity of C₃ species has increased in grassland and both woody habitats in recent times. δ¹³C of SOC in grasslands and Q. virginiana clusters increased with depth from the litter layer to 30 cm (grasslands =?21 to ?13‰Q. virginiana clusters =?27 to ?17‰) and were significantly different between habitats at all depths, indicating that Q. virginiana has been a long‐term component of the landscape. In J. ashei woodlands, soil δ¹³C values (at 20–30 cm depth) near the woodland edge (‐13‰) converged with those of an adjacent grassland (‐13‰) while those from the woodland interior (‐15‰) remained distinct, indicating that the woodland has been present for many years but has recently expanded. Concentrations and densities of SOC and total N were generally greater in woody patches than in grasslands. However, differences in the amount of SOC and N stored beneath the two woody patch types indicates that C and N sequestration potentials are species dependent.