胞外钙离子以及细胞膜组分参与蓝光诱导拟南芥叶片花色素苷的积累

以野生型和hy4突变体拟南芥为材料,运用药物学方法研究可能参与蓝光诱导叶片花色素苷积累和CHS基因表达的信号组分。培养基中外施Ca2 、钙离子通道剂A23187、螯合剂EGTA、钙通道阻断剂尼群地平(nifedipine,Nif)以及异博定(verapermil)的实验证实,蓝光诱导13d龄叶片花色素苷积累和CHS基因表达需要胞外Ca2 的参与,而蓝光作用是由cry1(cryptochrome1)介导的。此外,质膜黄素蛋白抑制剂DPI(diphenylene iodonium)抑制蓝光诱导的花色素苷积累,质膜H -ATPase激活剂壳梭胞素(fusicoccin,FC)抑制蓝光反应,而抑制剂钒酸钠则起促进作用。CaM拮抗剂W7、Ca2 -ATPase抑制剂EB(erythrosine B)、G蛋白激活剂霍乱霉素(cholera toxin,CTX)以及抑制剂百日咳毒素(pertussis toxin,PTX)对蓝光下野生型与hy4的花色素苷积累都有影响。对药物实验的分析表明,质膜氧化还原系统、H -ATPase可能参与依赖于外源Ca2 的蓝光反应。     

花色素苷对拟南芥耐盐性的影响

为探讨花色素苷在盐胁迫中的防御作用及其机制,以模式植物拟南芥(Arabidopsis thaliana)花色素苷合成途径相关基因缺失突变体(DFR基因缺失突变体tt3,CHS基因缺失突变体tt4,CHS、DFR基因双缺失突变体tt3tt4)及其野生型(WT)为材料,采用叶绿素荧光和超氧阴离子(O_2·~–)组织定位等方法,分析了tt3,tt4,tt3tt4和WT对盐胁迫处理的生理响应。结果表明,盐胁迫下3种缺失突变体叶片花色素苷含量的增加显著低于野生型,与WT相比,叶绿素荧光参数Fv/Fm、Yield、ETR、q P和NPQ下降较快,膜渗漏率升高显著,叶片O_2·~–积累程度为tt3tt4tt3/tt4WT。这表明花色素苷在植物抵御盐胁迫过程中起着重要作用,它可能是作为渗透调节剂及抗氧化剂来增强植物的耐盐性。因此,花色素苷含量可以作为筛选耐盐作物的指标。     

拟南芥QUA1基因在光信号途径中的表达与功能分析

光信号在植物生长发育过程中具有非常重要的作用。不同的光信号通过调节植物下游基因的表达,进而影响细胞分化、结构和功能的改变,以及组织和器官的形成,参与植物光形态建成。QUA1 (QUASIMODO1)是拟南芥糖基转移酶家族中的一个成员,参与植物细胞壁中果胶的合成。本文以拟南芥qua1-1/cry1以及qua1-1/phyB双突变体为材料,对QUA1基因在光信号途径中的功能进行了分析。结果显示,qua1-1突变体在暗、蓝光、红光以及远红外光培养条件下下胚轴的伸长均受到抑制,QUA1基因的表达同样受到光信号的调节,而且突变体中多种光信号调节基因的表达也受到了影响。通过对qua1-1突变体下胚轴的观察发现,突变体下胚轴表皮细胞长度明显变短。与cry1以及phyB突变体相比,qua1-1/cry1和qua1-1/phyB双突变体下胚轴长度明显变短,而且双突变体中光信号调节基因的表达也有明显变化,表明QUA1可能参与了CRY1以及PHYB介导的蓝光及红光信号传导。以上结果表明QUA1影响了下胚轴细胞的伸长以及光信号调节基因的表达,并参与调控多种光信号传导途径。     

拟南芥转录因子HB22与CRY1相互作用研究

通过酵母双杂交的方法,从拟南芥转录因子库中筛选出了6个与CRY1相互作用的转录因子.为了测定其中的HB22与CRY1相互作用的强度,采用了ONPG与CPRG两种方法对其β-半乳糖苷酶活性进行了分析.结果显示在蓝光光强为50μmol/m2s,孵育时间为4 h的情况下,蓝光与暗处理情况下的β-半乳糖苷酶活性比值分别为1.668和2.18.进一步设置蓝光处理时间及光强梯度实验数据显示,在蓝光光强为50μmol/m2s孵育时间为3 h时,二者相互作用强度达到最高.说明HB22与CRY1的相互作用具有蓝光响应.对蓝光处理不同时间的野生型col-4与cry1缺失突变体的材料进行HB22基因的定量PCR分析,发现拟南芥cry1缺失突变体中该基因的表达量比野生型中高,在蓝光处理2 h时,缺失突变体中表达量为野生型中的6倍左右.说明CRY1可能介导蓝光抑制HB22基因表达.     

β-氨基丁酸对拟南芥叶片花色素苷的影响

研究发现β-氨基丁酸（BABA）处理减少了拟南芥（Arabidopsis thaliana）叶片花色素苷的积累,而且BABA处理降低了花色素苷合成基因（CHS,LDOX,UF3GT）的表达,却上调了苯丙氨酸解氨酶（PAL）的表达,同时促进了花色素苷降解酶多酚氧化酶（PPO）的活性。叶片对DPPH（1,1-二苯基-2-苦基苯肼）的清除能力、总酚和类黄酮含量以及电导率和细胞死亡率的测定表明BABA降低了叶片的抗氧化能力、电导率及细胞死亡率。结果表明BABA处理抑制了花色素苷在叶片中的积累。     

蓝光受体CRY1和CRY2对拟南芥钾吸收影响的研究

以拟南芥野生型Col-4和蓝光受体突变体cry1,cry2和cry1cry2为材料在蓝光下进行缺K+处理,cry1cry2的下胚轴及根的伸长受抑制程度最大.经过对K+充足条件下的Col-4,cry1,cry2和cry1cry2的钾元素含量和持水性检测.以及采用定量PCR对K+转运栽体和离子通道相关基因如AKT1,AtKC1,AKUP1等表达水平的分析,发现cry1cry2的钾元素含量最高、持水性最低,且其K+转运载体和离子通道相关基因的表达量也最高.该结果说明蓝光下CRY1和CRY2的缺失对K+的吸收起促进作用.     

拟南芥F-box基因At3g16740的表达分析

拟南芥At3g16740基因为F-box基因家族成员,其功能尚不清楚.通过连续和瞬时光照处理分析,发现蓝光、红光和远红光都诱导At3g16740基因的表达,其中远红光的诱导作用最明显.蓝光受体cry1、cry2,红光受体phyB或远红光受体phyA突变导致At3g16740基因表达的光诱导作用减弱或者消失,表明该基因为光信号通路相关基因.通过实时荧光定量PCR分析At3g16740基因在拟南芥不同组织器官中的表达,发现其在拟南芥根、茎、叶、花和果荚中都有表达,花和果荚中的表达量最高,推测该基因可能参与植物花和/或果荚的发育.酵母双杂交分析发现,At3g16740蛋白通过F-box结构域与拟南芥ASK(arabidopsis-SKP1-like)家族成员ASK1、ASK2和ASK11相互作用,表明At3g16740是SCF(Skp、Cullin、F-box)复合物的成员.     

ATHKl基因调节拟南芥渗透胁迫信号转导过程

以拟南芥ATHKl基因T-DNA插入所产生的缺失突变体和野生型ws(wassilewskija)生态型为材料,分析了它们在生理和基因表达方面的差异.结果表明突变体的离体叶片失水率明显大于野生型;在30%PEG-6000胁迫后,野生型和ATHKJ突变体的细胞膜离子外渗率比胁迫前分别增加了50%和80%.PEG胁迫48 h时突变体的萎蔫程度明显大于野生型ws.以上结果说明ATHKl突变体的抗渗透胁迫能力低于野生型,即ATHKl基因参与了拟南芥适应逆境的调节反应.利用DDRT-PCR技术研究二者在PEG胁迫36h后的基因表达差异,分离到9个在野生型中被PEG诱导表达而在突变体中未被诱导的参与逆境应答的基因片段,其中包括MAPKKKl8和丝氨酸/苏氨酸蛋白激酶基因,即ATHKJ基因失活引起下游基因响应渗透胁迫的能力减弱,进一步说明ATHKJ基因参与拟南芥适应逆境的调节反应,并且ATHKl可能在逆境信号转导组分MAPK的上游起作用,很可能是植物体中的渗透感受器.     

‘津田芜菁’花色素苷生物合成相关基因的表达

利用黑暗、日光、人工恒定光处理花色素苷合成依光型的‘津田芜菁’试材。通过紫外．可见分光光度计测定恒定光处理下‘津田芜菁’块根皮中花色素苷的含量,结果表明,花色素苷含量与光处理时间成正相关。用从消减文库中筛选的花色素苷生物合成基因片段制备探针,Northern杂交结果显示,在所处理的48h之内,光可以诱导‘津田芜菁’中PAL、DFR、CHS、F3H和ANS基因的表达,这些基因的表达量随着光处理时间的延长而增加,而MYB基因的表达量在黑暗与光下基本相同。     

隐花素在生长素调控拟南芥下胚轴伸长中的作用分析

以拟南芥野生型(Col-4)和隐花素双突变体cry1cry2为材料,研究不同光照条件下不同浓度吲哚乙酸(IAA)和IAA极性运输抑制剂氨基酞氨酸(NPA)对幼苗下胚轴伸长的影响。结果显示,低浓度IAA(10-7mol/L)可促进连续白光和红光下cry1cry2幼苗下胚轴伸长,而连续蓝光下cry1cry2下胚轴的伸长则受到抑制。蓝光下相同浓度的NPA对cry1cry2幼苗下胚轴伸长的抑制程度比野生型要小。RT-PCR分析结果显示,瞬时蓝光处理时IAA合成关键酶基因IGPS以及生长素应答基因IAA1和IAA5在cry1cry2突变体中的转录水平比野生型中要高。这表明隐花素可能部分通过调节IAA合成和/或IAA极性运输,介导蓝光调控拟南芥下胚轴的伸长。     

New amino-dithiaphospholanes and phosphoramidodithioites and their rhodium and iridium complexes

New sulfur derivatives of phosphoramidite ligands were synthesized and the impact of the sulfur unit on the spectroscopic properties of their rhodium and iridium complexes was investigated. The new ligands Bn₂NPSCH₂CH₂S^a(P-S^a) (Bn = benzyl, 4), Bn₂NPSCHCHS^a(CH₂)₃C^aH₂(P-S^a)(C^a-S^a) (6) and Bn₂NP(4-XC₆H₄OMe)₂ (X = S, 7a; X = O, 7b) were converted to the rhodium and iridium complexes trans-[Rh(CO)Cl(L)₂] (L = 4, 6, 7), [RhCl(COD)(L)] (L = 4, 6, 7), [IrCl(COD)(7a)] and [IrCl₂Cp∗(6)]. For comparison, some phosphoramidite complexes of these formulations also were synthesized. The new metal complexes were spectroscopically analyzed. For the carbonyl complexes, the ν_CO IR stretching frequencies were lower than for the corresponding phosphite and phosphoramidite ligands. The ¹J_PRh coupling constants for the rhodium complexes with the new ligands were also smaller than for the respective phosphoramidite and phosphite complexes. Finally, the ¹J_PSe coupling constants of the selenides of the new ligands were lower than those of the phosphoramidite ligands but higher than for PPh₃. The spectroscopic data reveal that the new thio ligands 4, 6 and 7a are more electron donating than phosphites and phosphoramidites but less electron donating than PPh₃.     

Astrocytes and Synaptosomes Transport and Metabolize Lactate and Acetate Differently

Astrocytes transport the monocarboxylate acetate, but synaptosomes do not. The reason for this is unknown, because both preparations express monocarboxylate transporters (MCT). The transport and metabolism of lactate, another monocarboxylate, was examined in these two preparations, and the results were compared to those for acetate. Lactate transport is more rapid in astrocytes than in synaptosomes, but of lower affinity (Kms of 17 and 4 mM, respectively). Lactate (0.2 mM) is metabolized to CO2 more rapidly in synaptosomes than in astrocytes (rates of 0.37 and 0.07 nmol x mg protein(-1) x min(-1), respectively). The reason for this is unclear, but cellular differences in lactate dehydrogenase isotype expression may be involved. Acetate is metabolized to CO2 more rapidly in astrocytes than in synaptosomes (rates of 0.43 and 0.02 nmol x mg protein(-1) x min(-1), respectively). This is likely due to cellular differences in the expression of monocarboxylate transporter subtypes.     

白蚁与动物及微生物的共生类型及其机制

综述了白蚁螱客的主要种类、共生关系及相关机制的研究进展。白蚁螱客中,已报道的动物种类达170种。在与动物的共生关系中存在偏利共生（宾主共栖和异种共栖）、互利共生和无关共生三种;在与微生物的共生关系中,存在与内生菌（原生动物、细菌、真菌和放线菌）和外生菌（蚁巢伞菌等）间的互利关系。指出了白蚁与螱客研究中存在的问题,给出了解决方案,并提出了今后可能的研究热点或方向,为白蚁的综合利用（如纤维素酶）及今后研究物种间的协同进化提供了基础资料。     

Rapporteur report: Basics and technology and metrology and standards

The first and second sessions of the Workshop focussed on the basics of ultrasound and infrasound, their applications in both industry and medicine, and metrology and protection standards for ultrasound applications.     

Relative and combined effects of ethanol and protein deficiency on strontium and barium bone content and fecal and urinary excretion

To elucidate accumulation of minerals in human iliac arteries with aging, the content of minerals was analyzed by inductively coupled plasma atomic emission spectrometry. Bilateral common, internal, and external iliac arteries of 16 men and 8 women, ranging ages from 65 to 93 yr, were examined. It was found that an extremely high accumulation of calcium and phosphorus occurred in the common iliac artery at old age, being higher than that of the internal and external iliac arteries. It should be noted that the accumulation of calcium and phosphorus is the highest in the common iliac artery among the human arteries examined to date. Regarding sexual differences, the content of calcium and phosphorus in the common and internal iliac arteries was higher in women than in men, whereas their content in the external iliac artery was lower in women than in men.     

人血管能抑素基因的克隆、表达及其表达产物的纯化和生物活性测定

以人胎盘脐带组织为材料,提取组织总RNA,用netRTPCR方法合成人血管能抑素cDNA基因,将该cDNA克隆进pSP72载体获得重组质粒pSP72C, DNA序列分析结果与预期序列一致。用BamHⅠ和NdeⅠ双酶切,切下pSP72C上的血管能抑素cDNA,插入pET3c载体的相应位点获得重组表达质粒pETC, 转化E. coli BL21(DE3), SDSPAGE分析显示：在IPTG诱导下,血管能抑素基因获得了高效表达,表达量约占菌体总蛋白的 27.9 %,主要以包涵体形式存在。包涵体经过洗涤、裂解、蛋白复性以及Sephadex G75凝胶过滤层析等步骤后,获得了纯度达91.4 %的人血管能抑素。CAM实验证明10 μg纯化蛋白就能显著抑制鸡胚新生血管生成。     

Cytoskeleton and mitochondrial morphology and function

It has been well established that the cytoskeleton is an essential modulator of cell morphology and motility, intracytoplasmic transport and mitosis, however cytoskeletal linkage to the organelles has not been unequivocally demonstrated. Indeed, cytoskeleton appears to be essential in determining and modulating gene phenotype as a function of cellular environment. According to recent studies, the organization of the cytoskeleton network together with associated protein(s) could be essential in regulating mitochondrial function and particularly the permeability of the mitochondrial outer membrane to ADP. The aim of this chapter is to summarize the main properties of the cytoskeletal environment of mitochondria and the possible role(s) of this network in mitochondrial function in myocytes.     

Vascular volumes and hematology in male and female runners and cyclists

To examine the hypothesis that foot-strike hemolysis alters vascular volumes and selected hematological properties is trained athletes, we have measured total blood volume (TBV), red cell volume (RCV) and plasma volume (PV) in cyclists (n = 21) and runners (n = 17) and compared them to those of untrained controls (n = 20). TBV (ml x kg(-1)) was calculated as the sum of RCV (ml x kg(-1)) and PV (ml x kg(-1)) obtained using 51Cr and 125I-labelled albumin, respectively. Hematological assessment was carried out using a Coulter counter. Peak aerobic power (VO2peak) was measured during progressive exercise to fatigue using both cycle and treadmill ergometry. RCV was 15% higher (P < 0.05) in male cyclists [35.4 (1.0), mean (SE); n = 12] and runners [35.3 (0.98); n = 9] compared to the controls [30.7 (0.92); n = 12]. Similar differences existed between the female cyclists [28.2 (2.1); n = 9] and runners [28.4 (1.0); n = 8] compared to the untrained controls [24.9 (1.4); n = 8]. For the male athletes, PV was between 19% (cyclists) and 28% (runners) higher (P < 0.05) in the trained athletes compared to the untrained controls. The differences in PV between the female groups were not significant. Although the males had a higher (P < 0.05) TBV, RCV and PV than the females, no differences between cyclists and runners were found for either gender. Mean cell volume was not different between the athletic groups. VO2peak (ml x kg(-1) x min(-1)) was higher (P < 0.05) in both male [68.4 (1.5)] and female [54.8 (2.1)] runners when compared to the untrained males [47.1 (1.0)] and females [40.5 (2.1)]. Although differences existed between the genders in VO2peak for both cyclists and runners, no differences were found between the athletic groups within a gender. Since the vascular volumes were not different between cyclists and runners for either the males or females, foot-strike hemolysis would not appear to have an effect on that parameter. The significant correlations (P < 0.05) found between VO2peak and RCV (r = 0.64 and 0.64) and TBV (r = 0.82 and 0.63) for the males and females, respectively, suggests a role for the vascular system in realizing a high aerobic power.     

Microbial and bioconversion production of D-xylitol and its detection and application

D-Xylitol is found in low content as a natural constituent of many fruits and vegetables. It is a five-carbon sugar polyol and has been used as a food additive and sweetening agent to replace sucrose, especially for non-insulin dependent diabetics. It has multiple beneficial health effects, such as the prevention of dental caries, and acute otitis media. In industry, it has been produced by chemical reduction of D-xylose mainly from photosynthetic biomass hydrolysates. As an alternative method of chemical reduction, biosynthesis of D-xylitol has been focused on the metabolically engineered Saccharomyces cerevisiae and Candida strains. In order to detect D-xylitol in the production processes, several detection methods have been established, such as gas chromatography (GC)-based methods, high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC)-based methods, LC-MS methods, and capillary electrophoresis methods (CE). The advantages and disadvantages of these methods are compared in this review.