李果实有机酸组成特征及其与苹果酸转运体基因PsALMT9和PstDT的相关性

为了阐明李果实有机酸组成特征及其与苹果酸转运体基因PsALMT9、PstDT的相关性,该研究以‘皇冠李’(Prunus salicina ‘Huangguan’)和‘黑琥珀李’(Prunus salicina ‘Black Amber’)为试材,测定了不同发育阶段果实有机酸组分与含量、可滴定酸含量、pH、单果重,采用实时荧光定量PCR(qPCR)分析了苹果酸转运体基因PsALMT9和PstDT在果实生长发育过程中的表达变化规律,并通过Pearson相关系数探讨PsALMT9和PstDT基因与果实有机酸的相关性。结果显示：(1)‘皇冠李’和‘黑琥珀李’果实各发育阶段主要有机酸组分为苹果酸(占73.83%~92.10%),其次为酒石酸(占4.59%~14.26%),柠檬酸、草酸、乙酸和琥珀酸含量较低(0.47%~7.21%),富马酸仅以微量存在。(2)果实苹果酸含量与可滴定酸含量呈极显著正相关关系,与pH呈极显著负相关关系;PsALMT9表达量与酒石酸含量呈显著正相关关系,与乙酸和草酸含量呈极显著正相关关系;PstDT表达量与柠檬酸、可滴定酸含量呈显著正相关关系,但PsALMT9和PstDT均与苹果酸含量的相关性较低。研究发现,‘皇冠李’和‘黑琥珀李’属于苹果酸型果实,果实酸度主要由苹果酸决定;PsALMT9基因可能同时参与酒石酸、乙酸和草酸的跨液泡膜转运,PstDT基因可能参与柠檬酸的跨液泡膜转运,而苹果酸跨液泡膜转运过程可能与PsALMT9、PstDT等多种膜蛋白基因的协同调控有关。     

不同种源山桐子果实脂肪酸组成变异分析

以采自11个种源的山桐子为材料,测定其果实脂肪酸的组成及其变异情况,结果表明：山桐子果实中不饱和脂肪酸含量较高,尤以亚油酸含量最高,11个种源的平均值为63．58％,且种源间差异显著,分宜、宜昌种源亚油酸相对含量明显高于其他9个种源;饱和脂肪酸以棕榈酸为主,11个种源山桐子果实棕榈酸差异显著,且以平武种源最高;其余脂肪酸含量均较低,变异幅度较大;种子中棕榈酸和棕榈烯酸含量明显高于果肉,而亚油酸、亚麻酸及硬脂酸含量明显低于果肉,油酸含量相近：果实不饱和脂肪酸含量依次为果肉〉全果〉种子,且变异系数及相对极差均较小,尤以果肉中最小;除硬脂酸外,山桐子果实中其他4种主要脂肪酸组分受海拔等地理环境的影响均较小。     

Mstn基因干扰通过上调基因Cpt1b促进肌间脂肪的β氧化

肌生长抑制素(myostatin,Mstn)也被称为生长/分化因子-8(GDF-8)。敲减或敲除Mstn基因可促进肌肉发育、降低脂肪含量。本研究利用RNA干扰技术制备Mstn干扰小鼠,随后对其骨骼肌形态、骨骼肌甘油三酯(triglyceride,TG)含量、脂肪酸组成及含量进行了分析。结果显示,与对照组相比,Mstn干扰小鼠肌肉中Mstn的表达减少。小鼠骨骼肌肌纤维的横截面积显著增大,而TG含量显著降低,n-3/n-6和不饱和/饱和脂肪酸比值显著升高。通过实时荧光定量PCR检测脂肪酸代谢相关基因的表达,结果表明脂肪酸分解和转运相关基因表达上调,而脂肪酸合成相关基因表达下调。在这些基因中,与β氧化相关的基因Cpt1b的上调尤为明显。对骨骼肌中CPT1的酶活性进行了检测,结果与基因表达情况一致。为探讨其进一步作用机理,通过染色质免疫沉淀实验发现,Mstn基因下游转录因子SMAD3可与Cpt1b基因的启动子直接结合。上述结果表明,Mstn敲减后主要通过调控其下游转录因子SMAD3与Cpt1b基因启动子的结合,上调Cpt1b的表达,从而促进肌内脂肪酸的β氧化代谢。     

滇水金凤花距发育相关基因ABP的克隆及表达分析

为探究滇水金凤(Impatiens uliginosa)ABP基因的结构和表达特征,该研究以滇水金凤为材料,采用RT-PCR 技术对滇水金凤ABP基因进行克隆,运用DNAMAN和MEGA对其所编码的蛋白序列进行同源性分析和系统进化分析,并利用qRT-PCR分析ABP基因的时空表达模式。结果表明:(1)滇水金凤ABP基因的cDNA 全长为627 bp,编码208 aa,命名为IuABP基因,其蛋白具有Cupin超家族蛋白的典型结构。(2)同源性分析表明滇水金凤ABP基因的氨基酸序列与喜马拉雅凤仙花(I. glandulifera)、月季(Rose chinensis)、木薯(Manihot esculenta)等物种的同源性均达71%; 系统进化分析表明IuABP与喜马拉雅凤仙花(Impatiens glandulifera)聚为一支,亲缘关系最近。(3)qRT-PCR分析表明IuABP基因在滇水金凤花距发育的3个时期及2个部位均有表达。随着花距的发育,IuABP基因在滇水金凤花距檐部的表达量呈先下降后上升的趋势,在盛花期时达最高,而在花距距部的表达量逐渐下降。以上结果为进一步研究滇水金凤ABP基因在花距发育中的功能及其表达调控机制提供了一定的理论参考。     

苹果柠檬酸合酶3基因家族成员鉴定及表达分析

柠檬酸合酶(citrate synthase 3, CS3)是细胞代谢途径中的关键酶之一,其活性调节着生物体的物质和能量代谢过程。本研究旨在从苹果全基因组中鉴定CS3基因家族成员,并进行生物信息学和表达模式分析,为研究苹果CS3基因的潜在功能提供理论基础。利用BLASTp基于GDR数据库鉴定苹果CS3家族成员,通过Pfam、SMART、MEGA5.0、clustalx.exe、ExPASy Proteomics Server、MEGAX、SOPMA、MEME和WoLF PSORT等软件分析CS3蛋白序列基本信息、亚细胞定位情况、结构域组成、系统进化关系以及染色体定位情况。利用酸含量的测定和实时荧光定量PCR (real-time fluorescence quantitative polymerase chain reaction, qRT-PCR)技术检测苹果6个CS3的组织表达和诱导表达特性。苹果CS3基因家族包含6个成员,这些CS3蛋白包括473−608个不等的氨基酸残基,等电点分布在7.21−8.82。亚细胞定位结果显示CS3蛋白分别定位在线粒体和叶绿体。系统进化分析可将其分为3类,各亚家族基因数量分别为2个。染色体定位结果显示,CS3基因分布在苹果不同的染色体上。蛋白二级结构以a-螺旋为主,其次是无规则卷曲,b-转角所占比例最小。筛选的6个家族成员在不同苹果组织中均有表达,整体表达趋势从高到低依次为MdCS3.4相对表达含量最高,MdCS3.6次之,其他家族成员相对表达量依次为MdCS3.3>MdCS3.2>MdCS3.1>MdCS3.5。qRT-PCR结果显示,MdCS3.1和MdCS3.3基因在酸含量较低的‘成纪1号’果肉中相对表达量最高,酸含量较高的‘艾斯达’果肉中MdCS3.2和MdCS3.3基因相对表达量最高。因此,本研究对不同苹果品种中CS3基因相对表达量进行了检测,并分析了其在苹果果实酸合成过程中的作用。结果表明,CS3基因在不同苹果品种中的相对表达量存在差异,为后续研究苹果品质形成机制提供了参考。     

小鼠胚胎Sry基因的RNA干涉研究

为了研究 Sry 基因的调控网络,采用 siRNA 技术使 Sry 基因沉默,探讨了有效沉默 Sry 基因的途径和最佳条件. 设计、合成针对小鼠 Sry 基因的发夹状寡核苷酸链,退火后连入真核表达载体pSilencer 4.1-CMV neo vector,构建以小鼠 Sry 基因为靶点的 siRNA 干涉载体 pSilencer 4.1/Sry217及 pSilencer 4.1/Sry565,通过尾静脉注射法将载体质粒导入妊娠小鼠体内,于小鼠妊娠第 11.5 天,即 11.5 dpc (days post coitum,性交后天数) 取出胚胎,采用双重 PCR 法对胚胎进行性别鉴定,鉴定为雄性的胚胎采用半定量 RT-PCR 法检测Sry 基因的表达量,研究不同干扰序列、不同注射时间及注射剂量对 Sry 基因表达量的影响. 研究结果,确定了质粒的最佳注射时间为 9.5 dpc,注射剂量为 20 μg,注射干扰质粒 pSilencer 4.1/Sry565 对 Sry基因的抑制效率达 85% 左右. 结果表明,siRNA 可以显著抑制雄性胚胎 Sry 基因的表达.     

家蚕胚胎发育时期的RNA干涉研究

通过导入特定基因的dsRNA特异性地关闭该基因的功能,由此产生的现象为RNA干涉.为在家蚕胚胎发育时期建立有效的RNAi技术体系,在前人的基础上以家蚕第三白卵基因Bmwh3为材料,建立了有效的RNAi技术体系,结果表明,成功诱导第三白卵突变表型的有效注射时间为产卵后8 h内,wh3dsRNA的有效浓度须大于2.0 g/L.在发育胚胎的第三天注射wh3dsRNA,同样可诱导第三白卵突变的另一表型——半透明蚁蚕,根据实验结果初步推测,Bmwh3不仅参与眼色素和卵浆液膜色素前体的转运,还可能参与胚胎体壁色素前体的转运.     

脂肪酸对红火蚁搬尸行为的影响

【目的】工蚁死亡后易受病原菌的侵染,进而危害蚁巢的健康。为了避免病菌横向传播,活工蚁根据尸体体内特定的化学物质的变化来识别尸体并将其搬运到弃尸堆。本实验旨在研究6种脂肪酸(油酸、亚油酸、棕榈油酸、棕榈酸、硬脂酸和肉豆蔻酸)对红火蚁Solenopsis invicta工蚁搬尸行为的影响,明确不同脂肪酸在其搬尸行为中发挥的作用。【方法】本实验利用GC-MS分析了工蚁活体和尸体提取物的脂肪酸成分,并在室内用滤纸片法测定了红火蚁对6种脂肪酸(10 μg/μL)、不同浓度(0.75和3 μg/μL)的单组分油酸或亚油酸以及不同浓度(0.01, 0.1, 1和10 μg/μL)的这两种酸的混合液的反应。【结果】结果表明,红火蚁尸体仅含有亚油酸和油酸两种脂肪酸;另外4种脂肪酸(棕榈油酸、棕榈酸、硬脂酸和肉豆蔻酸)对红火蚁的搬尸行为无显著影响;单组分的油酸和亚油酸均能促进红火蚁的搬尸行为,浓度越高,搬尸行为越显著。10 μg/μL的油酸和亚油酸混合液对工蚁的搬尸行为也具有显著的促进效果,低浓度的混合液对其无明显的促进作用(P>0.05)。【结论】结果提示油酸和亚油酸可调控红火蚁的搬尸行为,其他脂肪酸对红火蚁搬尸行为不产生影响。     

北美鹅掌楸LtAGO1基因的克隆、表达及其启动子分析

为深入探究叶原基分化成叶器官的形态建成机制,该研究以北美鹅掌楸为材料,采用RT-PCR和RACE克隆技术获得LtAGO1的cDNA全长和启动子序列并预测其功能,通过RT-qPCR分析LtAGO1在鹅掌楸属中的组织表达模式。同时,经抗性筛选和DNA鉴定获得ProAGO1 ∷ GUS的转基因拟南芥株系,并进一步对T2代阳性植株进行表型和GUS组织化学染色分析。结果表明:(1) LtAGO1基因包含3 300 bp的开放阅读框,编码1 100个氨基酸,分子量为122.14 kD,理论等电点(pI)为9.36。(2)氨基酸序列分析显示LtAGO1含Gly-rich-AGO1和Piwi两个典型的AGO基因结构域,同源性分析显示LtAGO1蛋白与沉水樟AGO1蛋白(RWR84608.1)亲缘关系最近。(3)组织表达特异性分析显示LtAGO1在北美鹅掌楸不同组织间的相对表达量为雄蕊>花芽>花瓣>花萼>叶片>雌蕊>叶芽>茎,LtAGO1在北美鹅掌楸叶片不同发育阶段的相对表达量为叶芽萌动期>幼叶期>衰老期>成熟期,AGO1在鹅掌楸属叶缘的表达量高于叶片的其他部位且北美鹅掌楸叶凹陷部位的表达量高于叶尖部位。(4)获得叶中-侧轴向和基-顶轴向的极性缺失、叶缘锯齿、重瓣花型的转化株系,GUS组织染色显示ProAGO1启动GUS基因在叶芽顶端稳定表达且在新分化的叶柄上表达较强,在成熟期的茎、叶、花和果的维管束中均特异表达。LtAGO1启动子的GUS活性强度为叶顶芽>花>维管束,这与实时定量PCR结果相一致。综上认为,LtAGO1基因在顶端分生组织特异表达且受到多种途径的调控而参与到叶和花器官的发育进程中。该研究结果为进一步了解北美鹅掌楸LtAGO1基因的基本功能及其调控叶形发育机制提供了理论基础。     

‘黄花’梨及其芽变‘绿黄花’梨HHT基因克隆与表达分析

该试验以砂梨品种‘黄花’梨（果皮褐色）及其芽变‘绿黄花’梨（果皮绿色）盛花后第8周的果皮为试材,利用常规PCR和巢式PCR技术克隆了ω 羟基棕榈酸O 阿魏酰转移酶（ω hydroxypalmitate O feruloyl transferase, HHT）基因cDNA的全长,命名为 PpyHHT（登录号为KX131155）。序列分析结果表明,该基因开放阅读框（ORF）为1 335 bp,编码444个氨基酸。生物信息学分析显示,推定的PpyHHT蛋白质相对分子质量为49.91 kD,等电点是4.75,与白梨相似性高达98%,亲缘关系最近。实时荧光定量PCR（qRT PCR）表达分析显示,2种梨果皮中 PpyHHT基因在盛花后6~9周的4个转色关键期表达量不断变化,在‘黄花’梨果皮中的表达量明显高于‘绿黄花’梨。推测 PpyHHT基因可能参与砂梨果实褐色/绿色性状的形成。     

同步抑制FAD2与FatB基因提高烟草种子油酸组分含量的研究

该研究以烟草品系NC89的无菌苗叶片为受体材料,采用前期构建的能同步抑制种子中FAD2(Δ12-油酸去饱和酶基因)与FatB(酰基转移酶基因)表达的RNAi载体,通过农杆菌介导转化获得了转基因烟草植株,分析转基因植株种子中的脂肪酸组分。结果显示:与对照相比,转基因植株种子中FAD2和FatB基因的表达水平分别降低了23%和11%;转基因植株种子的脂肪酸组分中,饱和脂肪酸棕榈酸和硬脂酸平均含量分别为8.02%和4.45%,多不饱和脂肪酸亚油酸平均含量为76.82%,较对照分别降低了2.91%、9.92%和3.47%;而转基因植株种子中单不饱和脂肪酸油酸含量高达7.48%,比对照提高46.38%。研究表明,同步抑制FAD2和FatB基因的表达能够显著提高烟草种子中油酸组分的含量,为进一步改良油料作物品质奠定了基础。     

Fatty acid composition of the depot fats of the Polynesian rat,Rattus exulans,Tokelau Islands

The fatty acid composition of the stomach contents, adipose tissue, and perinephric fat of Polynesian rats (Rattus exulans Peale), from the Tokelau Is indicated that the dietary fat consisted mainly, if not exclusively, of coconut oil. Lower ratios of lauric : myristic acids were found in the depot fats of the Polynesian rats than in the dietary coconut oil. These results were consistent with chain elongation of lauric to myristic acid after ingestion, as previously reported in rats and other mammals.     

Halimodendrin I, a new acylated triterpene glycoside from Halimodendron halodendron (Fabaceae)

Halimodendrin I, a new acylated triterpene glycoside (1), was isolated and chemically characterized as 3β-O-palmitoyl-28-[3′-palmitoyl-β-d-glucopyranosyl]-olean-12-en-28-oic acid from the aerial part of Halimodendron halodendron (Fabaceae) by IR, 1D and 2D NMR, HR-ESI-MS and LR-ESI-MS experiments. In addition, seven known compounds were isolated and identified as: palmitic acid, glycerol-2-linoleneate, glycerol-1,3-dilinoleneate, ferulic acid, 3-O-methylquercetin, β-sitosterol, and β-sitosterol-3-O-β-d-glucopyranoside. Nine fatty acids were identified and quantified in the saponifiable matter of the hexane extract. These fatty acids are: myristic, n-pentadecanoic, palmitoleic, palmitic, linoleic, oleic, stearic, arachidic, and behenic acids. The volatile oil was isolated by hydrodistillation (0.013%, w/w) with unpleasant smell. Twenty-seven components were identified in the oil by GC/MS.     

Phospholipids from the hepatopancreas of Indian horseshoe crab Carcinoscorpius rotundicauda

Total phospholipids were extracted from the heart, hepatopancreas, and hemolymph of the Indian horseshoe crab Carcinoscorpius rotundicauda by the conventional method. Characteristic group reaction and 2-dimensional thin-layer chromatography on silica gel were used for identification of different phospholipids. The phospholipid profile obtained from hemolymph and 2 major organs are comparable and show phosphatidyl choline (PC) and phosphatidyl ethanolamine to be the major phospholipids. A phospholipid has been consistently detected migrating immediately below the PC in the thin-layer chromatogram of lipids extracted from the hepatopancreas. When mixed methyl esters of this slower moving PC are resolved on a silica gel plate ran in hexane ether:acetic acid 80:20:1, with appropriate controls, an additional spot is seen just below the normal methyl ester, indicating a difference between the fatty acid compositions of 2 PC (e.g., regular and slower). The slower mixed methyl esters were found to comprise mainly the 4 saturated fatty acids: lauric, myristic, palmitic, and stearic. The slow moving PC seems to consist mainly of molecular species with the above-mentioned saturated fatty acids at both Sn 1 and Sn 2 positions.     

Production of tylosin byStreptomyces fradiae in palm oil medium

Streptomyces fradiae (NRRL 2702) produced tylosin when cultured on a synthetic defined medium M3. Palm oil, palm kernel oil and their fractions, as well as fatty acids and glycerol were investigated to serve as the major carbon source in shake flask culture. The lipids, glycerol and fatty acids, particularly palmitic acid but not oleic or lauric acid, were suitable for growth and tylosin production. For palmitic acid, at 168 h, the dry cell yield and tylosin production were 8.9 mg/ml and 0.84 mg/g cell mass respectively.     

Lipid content and fatty acid composition in hypogeous organs ofHelleborus species (Ranunculaceae)

Root and rhizome of fourHelleborus species:H. viridis, H. odorus, H. niger, H. foetidus were examined throughout a two-year period in order to determine the variation of lipid content and fatty acid composition during the ontogenetic cycle. In the deciduous geophytesH. viridis andH. odorus subsp.laxus the lipid content reaches its maximum during the quiescent phase, whereas in the evergreen geophyteH. niger the lipid content is highest during the main growth period. In the chamaephyteH. foetidus lipid content is always very low and it does not show variation throughout the year. In all species the fatty acids detected in the neutral fraction are myristic, palmitic, stearic, oleic and linoleic acid. Palmitic and linoleic acid are always present in larger quantities. The pattern of the relative content of saturated/unsaturated fatty acids seems to be linked to the life form of these species.     

芥菜型油菜脂肪酸含量的变异、相关性分析及芥酸调控基因FAE1特异引物设计

芥菜型油菜是我国芸苔属的三大油料作物之一,具有耐旱、抗病虫等优良特性;而我国是芥菜型油菜的重要起源中心,具有丰富的种质资源.该研究从全国各地搜集了34份芥菜型油菜,在贵阳环境条件下种植,其脂肪酸含量(芥酸、油酸、硬脂酸、亚麻酸和亚油酸)表现出丰富的变异,并呈正态分布.结果表明:这些芥菜型油菜种质资源的不同脂肪酸含量间的相关性发现,芥酸和油酸间呈极显著负相关,亚麻酸和硬脂酸呈极显著的正相关,亚麻酸和亚油酸呈现负相关.利用这些材料的脂肪酸含量进行主成分分析,发现绝大部分材料(30份,占88.2%)集中在二维图的特定区域,只有少数其它材料散落在图中其它区域,他们分别是SL63、棱角油菜、T6342和长阳黄芥,这些变异较大的材料在芥菜型油菜的育种中可以发挥特殊作用.此外,运用来自甘蓝型油菜和甘蓝的芥酸调控基因FAE1的已知序列,并设计了FAE1特异引物,而引物在全部34份芥菜型油菜种质资源中均表现出了较好的扩增效果.因此证实芥菜型油菜中至少含有一个FAE1拷贝.该研究结果对于芥菜型油菜育种在我国的开展及其未来的分子育种具有重要的指导意义.     

樟树长链脂肪酰基CoA合成酶基因9克隆与表达分析

该研究以樟树转录组数据为基础,筛选克隆了拟南芥AtLACS9同源候选基因CcLACS9,二者序列相似性为75%。相关软件预测CcLACS9享有植物LACS亚家族成员3个特征motifs,且N端含有定位质体信手肽。在Δlacs缺陷型酵母互补测试中,以油酸作为唯一外源脂肪酸、转化了CcLACS9的突变型酵母恢复正常生长,证明CcLACS9具有典型的脂肪酰基CoA合成酶的功能。为探究CcLACS9是否参与了樟树籽油生物合成,进一步研究了其组织表达模式和在种子发育过程中其表达量与籽油累积量之间的关系。实时荧光定量PCR分析显示CcLACS9基因在种仁与花中优势表达,种仁中相对表达量是根中的17.74倍。随机测定了30棵成年樟树成熟期种子千粒重、籽油含量和中链脂肪酸比例等指标。根据仁油含量将测试群体划为高、中、低三个不同品级,并在各品级中挑选3棵单株、逐月关联分析其仁油含量与CcLACS9相对表达量。结果表明:在种仁发育前期,仁油含量和CcLACS9表达量都持续上升且二者呈正相关性,8月份为CcLACS9表达量峰值期; 9月下旬后,仁油含量趋向稳定但CcLACS9表达量仍处于较高水平但呈现下降趋势,二者无明显相关性。LACS亚家族在植物进化中较为保守,同源基因在不同植物中具有相同或相似的功能。该研究结果暗示CcLACS9可能拥有AtLACS9相似的生物学功能,即在樟树种仁油酯合成和累积过程中起重要作用。     

Stereospecific distribution of plamitic acid in the triacylglycerols of rat adipocytes. Effects of varying the composition of the substrate fatty acid in vitro

The effects of inclusion of different fatty acids in the medium on the rate of esterification of palmitic acid and its stereospecific distribution among the three positions of the triacyl-sn-glycerols by preparations of rat adipocytes in vitro have been determined. Myristic acid, stearic acid, oleic acid and linoleic acid were used as diluents and the concentration of the combined unesterified fatty acids in the medium was held constant; only the proportion of palmitic acid was varied. The amount of palmitic acid esterified was always linearly related to its relative concentration in the medium and was not significantly affected by the nature of the diluent fatty acid chosen. Constant relative proportions were recovered in triacylglycerols and in intermediates in each instance. The amount of palmitic acid esterified to each of the positions of the triacyl-sn-glycerols was linearly dependent on the relative proportion in the medium but the nature of the relationship was markedly influenced by which fatty acid was present. When stearic acid was present, simple relationships were found over the whole range tested. When either myristic acid, oleic acid or linoleic acid was present, abrupt changes in the manner of esterification of palmitic acid were observed in position sn-1 when the relative concentrations of palmitic acid and the diluent reached critical values, which differed with each fatty acid. In position sn-2 when oleic acid or linoleic acid was present, a similar change was observed, and in position sn-3 it was obtained with myristic acid as diluent. The results are discussed in terms of changes in the relative affinities of the acyltransferases for palmitic acid. Palmitic acid was esterified into various molecular species in proportions that indicated acylation with non-correlative specificity at higher relative concentrations but not at lower.