西双版纳地区附生与非附生植物叶片对雾水的吸收

采用蒸馏水喷雾(模拟雾)法,测定了西双版纳地区干季中10种附生植物和非附生植物叶片水势(Φ)、相对含水量(RWC)和吸水量的变化,探讨了不同类型植物叶片的吸收雾水的能力.结果表明,随喷雾时间的延长,植物叶片Φ、RWC和吸水量均升高,说明附生植物和非附生植物叶片都能吸收雾水,但附生植物叶片吸水后Φ升高明显快于非附生植物.附生植物附着实蕨和爬树龙叶片吸水快、RWC变化大,表明其叶片吸收雾水的能力强;贝母兰和掌唇兰叶片吸水能力低于非附生植物中的穿鞘花和野靛稞,但高于其它4种非附生植物.傍晚雾生之前附生植物叶片Φ显著低于清晨,表明夜间附生植物叶片吸收了雾水;而非附生植物傍晚叶片Φ与清晨水势差异不显著,夜间几乎不吸收雾水.除贝母兰外,附生植物叶生物量分数高于非附生植物,利于其吸收雾水.由于西双版纳地区干季多雾,该区植物叶片最低水势均在-0.8 MPa以上,水分胁迫不严重.     

离体植株器官连续自动称重同步测定气孔和角质层蒸腾

植物的水分基本是通过器官表皮气孔和角质层两种通道散失到大气中去的,尤以气孔蒸腾为主,而且与光合作用有着十分密切的关系。气孔蒸腾（Tr）可用多种方法测定。最常用的为气孔计法,但往往限于叶片,较难应用于其它器官或部位。角质层蒸腾则常用离体叶片称重测定其失水速率（＊＊U。二者同步联合测定的报道较少（棉花有Quisenberry等［‘j,小麦有Wang和Clarke［‘j及马瑞昆等［‘j）,叶片以外的其它器官测定则更未见报道。本文以小麦为材料,提出用离体植株器官连续自动称重方法同步联合测定气孔和角质层蒸腾的技术,同时对取样、数…     

亚热带森林附生植物叶片气孔特征及其可塑性对光照变化的响应

附生植物是热带亚热带森林生态系统中物种多样性极高且极其脆弱敏感的生物类群之一。光照被认为是促进附生植物由陆生类群演化而来并决定其生长和分布的关键因素。然而,由于接近林冠和规范性采样的限制,附生植物与光照的关系仍亟待阐述。为揭示附生植物对光强变化的响应和适应策略,该研究以亚热带常绿阔叶林6种附生植物(林冠层木本:鼠李叶花楸、毛棉杜鹃;林冠层草本:狭瓣贝母兰、毛唇独蒜兰;树干区草本:点花黄精、距药姜)为对象,对其在4个光处理梯度下生长的叶片气孔特征及其可塑性进行了对比分析。结果表明:(1) 2种附生小乔木的气孔面积(SA)、气孔密度(SD)、潜在气孔导度指数(PCI)和表皮细胞密度(ECD)均对光强改变显著响应。2种附生兰科植物的SA最大,而SD最小;附生乔木叶片SD和ECD的光响应趋势与陆生植物更相似,而附生草本则出现种间差异。(2) 6种附生植物的气孔、表皮细胞特性及其表型可塑性,在草本-木本、常绿-落叶植物、林冠-树干区之间,均无明显差别。(3)附生植物气孔特性和表皮细胞平均可塑性指数均低于陆生植物。综上结果表明,亚热带常绿阔叶林中附生植物对于光环境变化的适应性相对较弱。不同的附生植物可以通过不同程度地增加叶片SD和ECD来适应高光强生境,并通过对SD和SA的双重调节以增大潜在光合能力从而应对低光胁迫。     

植物角质蒸腾的几个方面

角质蒸腾速率和植物生态型有密切关系,与普通品种相比抗旱的高粱和玉米品种角质蒸腾较弱,或差异不明显,但节水途径不同。强光促进角质层腊质的形成,使角质蒸腾减弱。高湿度下生长的植物移到湿度较低处后,其角质蒸腾与总蒸腾速率都明显增大。土壤干旱对角质蒸腾的影响因植物种类和水分胁迫的具体情况而异。角质层腊质含量和角质蒸腾速率一般呈反相关。     

干旱、CO2和温度升高对春小麦光合、蒸发蒸腾及水分利用效率的影响

研究了干旱、CO₂浓度和温度升高对春小麦生育期、光合速率(P_n)、蒸发蒸腾(ET)及水分利用效率(WUE)的影响.结果表明,大气CO₂浓度升高(550、700μmol·mol^-1)虽可延长抽穗成熟期,但高温(日平均温度高于正常日平均温度约4.8℃)对生育期的影响远大于高CO₂影响,使得高CO₂、高温下抽穗成熟期缩短,且种子提前萌发;CO₂浓度升高和高温共同作用使各水分处理的小麦光合增强、气孔阻力增加、叶片水平的水分利用效率(WUEl)和群体水平的水分利用效率(WUE)增大,但对蒸腾速率影响不显著.对蒸发蒸腾的影响因不同的土壤水分而不同,在高(田间持水量的75%～85%)、中(田间持水量的55%～65%)水分条件下,高温和高CO₂使蒸发蒸腾增加,而在低水分条件(田间持水量的35%～45%)下,高温和高CO₂使蒸发蒸腾减少.     

土壤水势对水曲柳幼苗水分生态的影响

采用根区渗灌控水技术,将土壤水势长期控制在0～-20kPa(W₁)、-20～-40kPa(W₂)、-40～-60kPa(W₃)、-60～-80kPa(W₄)、-80～-160kPa(W₅)范围内,系统地研究了不同土壤水势条件下水曲柳幼苗的蒸腾过程、吸水过程、根叶水势日动态过程及SPAC体系的水流阻力.结果表明,在亚饱和土壤水分状态下(W₁),细根水势最高,水分由土壤进入细根的阻力最小,根系吸水速率最高,从而支持了日间强烈的蒸腾作用.在田间持水量土壤水分状态下(W₂),细根吸水阻力成倍增加,吸水速率和蒸腾速率显著下降,但尚未改变蒸腾作用日动态过程的单峰模式.当土壤水分在田间持水量状态以下(W₃～W₅)时,随着土壤水势递降,细根吸水阻力急剧增加至几倍乃至几十倍,根系吸水速率过低,吸水与蒸腾矛盾加剧,叶水势降至很低,气孔关闭,蒸腾作用受到严重抑制,呈现明显的午休低谷.在实验范围内(0～-160kPa),土壤水分对水曲柳幼苗是非等效的,当土壤水分在田间持水量状态以下(<-40kPa)时,水曲柳全光苗发生显著的水分胁迫.     

三种地宝兰属植物叶片解剖结构及光合特性的比较研究

为探讨地宝兰属植物的叶片解剖结构及光合特性,该研究对狭域濒危种贵州地宝兰(Geodorum eulophioides)及广布种地宝兰(G.densiflorum)、大花地宝兰(G.attenuatum)的叶片解剖结构、光合日变化、光响应曲线、CO₂响应曲线、叶绿素含量等指标进行测定。结果表明：(1)3种地宝兰属植物的叶肉细胞没有海绵组织和栅栏组织分化,气孔仅分布于下表皮;与地宝兰和贵州地宝兰相比,大花地宝兰具有更大的叶片厚度和较小的气孔密度,表现出更适应弱光环境的结构特征。(2)3种地宝兰属植物的净光合速率(P_n)日变化均呈“双峰型”曲线,其光合“午休”主要由非气孔限制引起;P_n和水分利用效率(WUE)日均值大小均表现为大花地宝兰>地宝兰>贵州地宝兰,表明贵州地宝兰积累光合产物的能力更弱,对干旱环境的适应能力可能更差。(3)3种地宝兰属植物均为阴生植物,地宝兰的光补偿点(LCP)最小、光饱和点(LSP)最大,对光强适应范围较宽;大花地宝兰具有较高的最大净光合速率(P_max)和表观量子效率...     

大叶藤黄叶片角质层的酶分离技术

角质层运输特征的研究在生态学、环境和农用化学等方面都具有非常重要的意义 ,完好地分离角质层是进行这方面研究的前提。本文以生长在西双版纳热带雨林中的大叶藤黄为材料 ,探讨了角质层的酶分离技术。结果表明 ,30℃时用 2 % (w/v) ,pH 3 0的果胶酶和纤维素酶溶液浸泡大叶藤黄叶圆片 9h ,叶圆片边缘角质层分离 ,浸泡 5d可分离到完整的角质层 ,角质层在硼酸盐缓冲液 (0 0 1mol·L-1,pH 9 0 )中充分浸泡数日去除石炭酸 ,空气中干燥 ,室温下于聚乙烯的盒子保存备用     

草原地区不同生态类型的植物生理特性的比较研究

比较研究了4种不同水分生态型植物在不同水分胁迫下的光合作用、叶片含水量和气孔阻力等生理指标的反应.结果表明,不同水分生态型植物抵御干旱的机制是不同的.中生植物主要是通过增加气孔阻力限制蒸腾失水,而旱生植物则依靠高浓度的细胞原生质减少水分的散失,后者保水效率远高于前者.植物从中生种到旱生种,生理特性亦显示出规律性的种间差异,叶片含水量和气孔阻力水平降低,而单位叶面积的净光合速率增加.     

草原地区不同生态类型的植物生理特性的比较研究

比较研究了４种不同水分生态型植物在不同水分胁迫下的光合作用、叶片含水量和气孔阻力等生理指标的反应。结果表明,不同水分生态型植物抵御干旱的机制是不同的。中生植物主要是通过增加气孔阻力限制蒸腾失水,而旱生植物则依靠高浓度的细胞原生质减少水分的散失,后者保水效率远高于前者。植物从中生种到旱生种,生理特性亦显示出规律性的种间差异,叶片含水量和气孔阻力水平降低,而单位叶面积的净光合速率增加。     

六种藓类植物茎的比较解剖学研究

通过对6种藓类植物,即褶叶青藓(Brachythecium salebrosum(Web.et Mohr.)B.S.G.)、湿地匐灯藓(Plagiomnium acutum(Lindb.)Kop.)、侧枝匐灯藓(Plagiomnium maximoviczii(Lindb.)Kop.)、大凤尾藓(Fissidensnobilis Griff.)、大羽藓(Thuidium cymbifolium(Doz.et Molk.)B.S.G.)和大灰藓(Hypnum plumaeforme Wils.)嫩茎和老茎的石蜡切片和显微观察发现,同一藓类植株的嫩茎和老茎,茎结构稳定,不同种藓类植物茎横切面具有不同特征.植物体茎横切面形状、表层细胞的层数、细胞大小和细胞壁厚薄、皮层细胞大小和形状、中轴的有无以及比例等特征可以作为藓类植物的分科分类依据之一.     

Photoregulation of seed germination of wild-type and of an aurea-mutant of tomato

Seed germination of an aurea mutant of tomato ( Lycopersicon esculentum Mill.) is promoted by continuous irradiation with red, far-red or long-wavelength far-red (758 nm) light as well as by cyclic irradiations (5 min red or 5 min far-red/25 min darkness). Far-red light applied immediately after each red does not change the germination behaviour. Seed germination of the isogenic wild-type, cv. UC-105, is promoted by continuous and cyclic red light while it is inhibited by continuous and cyclic far-red light and by continious 758 nm irradiation. Far-red irradiation reverses almost completely the promoting effect of red light. The promoting effect (in the aurea mutant) and the inhibitory effect (in the wild-type) of continuous far-red light do not show photon fluence rate dependency above 20 nmol m⁻² s⁻¹. It is concluded that phytochrome controls tomato seed germination throgh low energy responses in both the wild type and the au mutant. The promoting effect of continuous and cyclic far-red light in the au mutant can be attributed to a greater sensitivity to P_fr.     

Cause of Senescence of Nine Sorts of Flowers

The levels of endogenous phytohormones and respiratory rate in nine sorts of flowers such as Cymbidium faberi Rolfe, Nopalxochia ackermannii Kunth and others were investigated both at full bloom and senescence and meanwhile the effect of exogenous phytohormones on prolonging the blossoms and promoting ethylene production were tested. There is a high content of endogenous ethylene in all the long-lived flowere, about 3–16 folds higer than the short-lived ones. There is a high level of ABA at full blooming flowers of short-lived flowers, in which there is no or only some cytokinins in it, but the ratio of CTK (6BA+zeatin)/ABA is smaller(l.7). The endogenous ABA reached a much higher level at senescence in all nine sorts of flowers, so it is reasonable to consider that it is ABA which plays an important role of regulation in controlling flower's senescence. There is a much higher level of GA3 and zeatin in the long-lived flowers which is not demonstrated in the shortlived ones. The respiratory rate is one of the factors controtling the longevity of flowers, but it does not play a decided role. Application of 6BA and zeatin prolongs distinctly orchid’s longevity, however exogenous IAA through the promotive action on ethylene production, evidently extends the longevity of the flowers of the Nopalxochia ackermannii Kunth.     

龙胆科药用植物化学成分的研究现状

龙胆科植物在我国的分布范围很广,且多数为药用植物,其多数种属的药用植物,至今其化学成分尚未被系统研究。综述了目前龙胆科药用植物的化学成分的研究现状及一般提取方法,对近年来发现的环烯醚萜及裂环烯醚萜类化合物进行了总结,为本科药用植物的更深入研究提供了参考。     

Interconnection of parameters of regulation system of lipid peroxidation and of morphophysiological parameters of mouse liver

A complex analysis of seasonal fluctuations of the mean group parameters of the system of regulation of lipid peroxidation has been performed in liver of Balb/c mice. Association of lipid characteristics and morphophysiological parameters is studied in the Balb/c mouse liver. An inter-connection is revealed between the liver index and the amount of lysoforms of phospholipids, the scale and character of the interconnection differing essentially depending on proportion of phos-phatidylcholine in mouse liver phospholipids.     

The effects of glutamine of the maintenance of embryogenic cultures of Cryptomeria japonica

Summary Embryogenic tissues of sugi (Cryptomeria japonica) were induced on a modified Campbell and Durzan (CD) medium containing 1 μM 2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid (2,4-D) and 600 mg l⁻¹ glutamine, and subcultured in the medium of the same composition for over 1 yr. This resulted in a mixed culture of embryogenic and non-embryogenic cells. When embryogenic cells were isolated and cultured independently, their capacity to form embryogenic aggregates was lost. Thus, the non-embryogenic cells present within a mixed culture system were essential to the formation of embryogenic aggregates. When embryogenic tissues were isolated and cultured independently on a high glutamine-containing (2400 mg l⁻¹) medium, dry weights and endogenous levels of glutamine increased, and the tissue could generate a large number of embryogenic aggregates. Amino acid analysis of embryogenic and non-embryogenic cells from the maintenance culture indicated a higher level of glutamine was present in the latter. The high endogenous level of glutamine in the non-embryogenic portion of mixed cell masses may be the supplier of glutamine for maintaining the embryogenic property of the tissues.     

Specificity of action of piperidylcholine derivatives as substrates of cholinesterases of various origin

The review deals with study of enzymologic properties of a novel highly specific acetylcholinesterase substrate, N-(β-acetoxyethyl) piperidinium iodomethylate (“piperidylcholine”), and its 30 derivatives that were tested as effectors of cholinesterases of mammals and various species of Pacific squids. It was proven for the first time that responsible for specificity of action was structure of cyclic ammonium grouping of the alcohol part of molecule of the ester substrate. Analysis of specificity is performed based on enzymatic hydrolysis parameters—activity of catalytic center of cholinesterases and bimolecular constant of the reaction rate that are determined at optimal and low substrate concentrations. Among the specially synthesized group of thioester compounds there is revealed one more highly specific acetylcholinesterase substrate—N-(β-acetoxyethyl) piperidinium.     

Physiological characteristics of various species of strains of carboxydobacteria

Seven strains of aerobic carbon monoxide-oxidizing bacteria (carboxydebacteria) when growing on CO as sole source of carbon and energy had doubling times which ranged from 12–42 h. The activity profiles obtained after discontinuous sucrose density gradient centrifugation indicated that the CO-oxidizing enzymes are soluble and the hydrogenases are membrane-bound in all strains examined. The CO-oxidizing enzymes of Pseudomonas carboxydohydrogena, Pseudomonas carboxydoflava, Comamonas compransoris, and the so far unidentified strains OM2, OM3, and OM4 had a molecular weight of 230,000; that of Achromobacter carboxydus amounted to 170,000. The molecular weights of the CO-oxidizing and H₂-oxidizing enzymes turned out to be identical. The cell sonicates were shown to catalyze the oxidation of both CO and H₂ with methylene blue, thionine, phenazine methosulfate, toluylene blue, dichlorophenolindophenol, cytochrome c or ferricyanide as electron acceptors. Methyl viologen, benzyl viologen, FAD⁺, FMN⁺, and NAD(P)⁺ were not reduced. The spectrum of electron acceptors was identical for all strains tested. Neither free formate, hydrogen nor oxygen gas were involved in the CO-oxidation reaction. Methylene blue was reduced by CO at a 1:1 molar ratio. The results indicate that CO-oxidation by carboxydobacteria is catalyzed by identical or similar enzymes and that the reaction obeys the equation CO+H₂OCO₂+2H⁺+2e^- as previously shown for Pseudomonas carboxydovorans.Dedicated to Otto Kandler remembering almost three decades of enjoyable cooperation     

Modulation of allostery of pyruvate kinase by shifting of an ensemble of microstates

Since the introduction of the concepts of allostery about four decades ago, much advancement has been made in elucidating the structure-function correlation in allostery. However, there are still a number of issues that remain unresolved. In this review we used mammalian pyruvate kinase (PK) as a model system to understand the role of protein dynamics in modulating cooperativity. PK has a triosephosphate isomerase (TIM)(α/β)₈ barrel structural motif. PK is an ideal system to address basic questions regarding regulatory mechanisms about this common (α/β)₈ structural motif. The simplest model accounting for all of the solution thermodynamic and kinetic data on ligand-enzyme interactions involves two conformational states, inactive E^T and active E^R. These conformational states are represented by domain movements. Further studies provide the first evidence for a differential effect of ligand binding on the dynamics of the structural elements, not major secondary structural changes. These data are consistent with our model that allosteric regulation of PK is the consequence of perturbation of the distribution of an ensemble of states in which the inactive E^T and active E^R represent the two extreme end states. Sequence differences and ligands can modulate the distribution of states leading to alterations of functions. The future work includes: defining the network of functionally connected residues; elucidating the chemical principles governing the sequence differences which affect functions; and probing the nature of mutations on the stability of the secondary structural elements, which in turn modulate allostery.