中国小豆螺属一新种描述

小豆螺是一种微小的淡水螺类,属于 螺科(Hydrobiidae),小豆螺属(Bythinella)。该属首次报道于欧洲(Ehrmann,1933),后曾在日本发现,近年又在我国湖南(刘月英等,1979)、湖北(康在彬,1983)等省发现。其中有些种类是并殖吸虫(Paragonimus)的第一中间宿主,因此,引起了寄生虫学家和医学贝类学家的极大关注。     

中国小豆螺属一新种描述

小豆螺是一种微小的淡水螺类,属于觿螺科(Hydrobiidae),小豆螺属(Bythinella)。该属首次报道于欧洲(Ehrmann,1933)5,后曾在日本发现6,7,10,12,近年又在我国湖南(刘月英等,1979)、湖北(康在彬,1983)等省发现。其中有些种类是并殖吸虫(Paragonimus)的第一中间宿主2-4,8,9,因此,引起了寄生虫学家和医学贝类学家的极大关注。本文报告小豆螺属一新种,定名为李氏小豆螺(Bythinella lii,sp.nov.)。       

洄游型、淡水型和陆封型刀鲚的寄生蠕虫群落结构

由于对淡水环境的适应和江湖阻隔,部分洄游型刀鲚(Coilia nasus)分化成淡水型和陆封型,为寻找区分洄游型、淡水型和陆封型这3种生态型刀鲚的寄生虫标志,并分析其寄生蠕虫群落结构特征,本文调查了3种生态型刀鲚鳃部、胃、肠和幽门盲囊中寄生蠕虫的种类和感染情况。共发现10种寄生虫,包括鳃上3种单殖吸虫:林氏异钩铗虫(Heteromazocraes lingmueni)、细长嗜鳀虫(Helciferus tenuis)和长江中华钩铗虫(Sinomazocraes changjiangensis);胃部1种复殖吸虫:鲚套茎吸虫(Elytrophallus coiliae);肠道3种线虫:简单异尖线虫(Anisakis simplex)、对盲囊线虫(Contracaecum sp.)和胃瘤线虫(Eustrongylides sp.),以及肠和幽门盲囊的3种棘头虫:陈氏刺棘虫(Acanthosentis cheni)、鲇异吻钩棘头虫(Arhythmacanthus parasiluri)、长江傲刺棘头虫(Brentisentis yangtzensis)。林氏异钩铗虫和陈氏刺棘虫在3种生态型的刀鲚中都有较高的感染率和平均丰度;海水性寄生虫细长嗜鳀虫、鲚套茎吸虫和对盲囊线虫只感染洄游型刀鲚,可作为区分洄游型刀鲚的寄生虫标志;淡水性寄生虫长江中华钩铗虫、鲇异吻钩棘头虫和长江傲刺棘头虫只在淡水型刀鲚中发现,可作为淡水型刀鲚的寄生虫标志。洄游型刀鲚的物种丰富度和Brillouin多样性最高,分别在1.25和0.19以上,淡水型刀鲚的较低,分别为0.79~1.12和0.10~0.12,陆封型刀鲚的最低,分别在0.66和0.02以下,这主要是由于淡水型和陆封型刀鲚中海水性寄生虫大部分丢失,以及淡水性寄生虫感染率和平均丰度都较低造成的。盐度降低和中间宿主缺乏是导致淡水型和陆封型刀鲚中海水性寄生虫丢失的主要原因;而淡水性寄生虫较低的感染水平可能是由于其对新宿主的适应时间较短;地理隔离可能是陆封型刀鲚中寄生虫群落多样性最低的另一重要原因。     

小椎实螺生态习性观察与传病、防病作用探讨

小椎实螺(Lymnaea Ollula)为两栖性淡水螺,食藻类、草、叶等腐植质。是牛、羊的重要寄生虫——肝片吸虫的中间宿主。此病流行于世界各地,造成养牛、羊业的重大损失。为防治这一疾病,我们选择闽南一肝片吸虫严重流行区(20个生产队,一个国营农场)调查。当地耕牛肝片吸虫感染率74.1％,水田1885亩,农地1824亩,还有部分丘陵地,土壤多为溪泥冲积的壤土,水利条件好,种植水稻、甘蔗、甘薯、大麦、     

高通量测序方法分析两种草食性淡水螺肠道菌群多样性

淡水螺是水生态系统中重要的生物类群，也是多种寄生虫的中间宿主。肠道菌群在动物能量代谢和抵抗病原体方面起着重要作用。本文分析了耳萝卜螺Radix auricularia和三旋卷丽螺Planorbella trivolvis肠道菌群的多样性。结果表明：在门水平上，耳萝卜螺有23个菌门，以变形菌门 (Proteobacteria，33.63%)、蓝细菌门(Cyanobateria，15.33%)、绿弯菌门 (Chloroflexi，13.95%) 和放线菌门 (Actinobacteria，12.99%)为主；三旋卷丽螺有13个菌门，以变形菌门 (54.88%)、拟杆菌门 (Bacteroidetes，28.49%) 和放线菌门 (7.65％) 为主。属水平上，耳萝卜螺有厚皮藻属Pleurocapsa、硫网菌属Thiodictyon、纤毛菌属Leptotrichia及类诺卡氏菌属Nocardioides等445个属；三旋卷丽螺有Cloacibacterium、OM60NOR5_clade、假单胞菌属Pseudomonas及红杆菌属Rhodobacter等238个属。有93个菌属为两种螺的共有核心菌群 (所有样本中都存在)，其中27个菌属丰度大于0.5%。两种螺肠道菌群结构差异显著 (P=0.027)。PICRUSt功能预测分析表明，两种螺肠道菌群KEGG功能组成相似，氨基酸代谢、碳水化合物代谢及膜转运丰度较大。综上，两种草食性淡水螺肠道菌群多样性较高且差异显著，但有数量较多的共有核心菌群。     

闽南淡水螺寄生吸虫幼虫期的调查

本文报道在闽南的漳平、龙海、南安检查了四种淡水螺(耳萝卜螺、放逸短沟蜷、纹沼螺、瘤拟黑螺)共2532只,经检查有13种吸虫的幼虫期,并对其中的中华唐似吸虫和二种异形种吸虫进行了动物感染实验,结果于后。一、中华唐似吸虫Tangiopsis chinensis地点;漳平。放逸短沟蜷(Semisulcospira li-bertlna)是新查见的宿主,感染率为2.5%(32/1264)。螺体内查见雷蚴和尾蚴。该蜷以其尾蚴感染介蚤和剑水蚤均未成功。二、包氏毛毕吸虫Trichobilharzia paoi地点:龙海、南安。耳萝卜螺(Radix auri-cularia)感染率为4.56%(24/526)。在螺体内发现其胞蚴和尾…     

尖膀胱螺的生物学特征及光照对其生长繁殖影响的初步研究

尖膀胱螺Physa acuta是世界广泛分布的淡水螺类,在我国属外来入侵种.本文着重对该螺的形态特征、繁殖、发育及光照对螺生长和繁殖发育的影响等进行了实验观察和研究.尖膀胱螺个体中等,左旋,壳口无厣.喜聚居于水生植物较多、营养丰富的淡水区域.尖膀胱螺为雌雄同体,异体受精,有时也可自体受精.性成熟个体在条件适宜的情况下(温度、食物和光照)每天都可产卵,卵孵化率近100％.尖膀胱螺胚胎发育共经历卵裂期、囊胚期、原肠期、担轮幼虫期、面盆幼虫期、仔螺形成及出膜期7个时期.一般情况下,螺卵7～10 d可孵化,60 d即可性成熟.25℃、24 h连续光照条件下,尖膀胱螺体重明显增加,40 d就可以性成熟并产卵.     

2000年期刊目录索引选(动物部分)(三)

1 无脊椎动物遗传(染色体、同功酶)、形态、分类、寄生虫学等 中国水螅属一新种(水螅虫纲：螅形目) 范学铭动物分类学报 2000,25(2)：134～138 云南淡水水母一新种(淡水水母目：笠水母科) 和振武等动物分类学报 2000,25(2)：139～142 玛利安蚓属一新种(环节动物门：寡毛纲：线蚓科) 谢志才等动物分类学报 2000,25(2)：143～146 中国虹蛹螺科二新种(肺螺亚纲：柄眼目：虹蛹螺科) 罗泰昌等动物分类学报 2000,25(2)：147～151 手绥螨属一新种(蜱螨亚纲：裂胸螨科) 马立名动物分类学报 2000,25(2)：152～154 准脊甲螨属在中国首次发现及一新种记述(蜱螨亚纲：平脊甲螨科) 文在根等动物分类学报 2000,25(2)：155～157 腹柱虫属一新种及其形态发生(纤毛动物门：腹毛目)徐朝晖等动物分类学报 2000,25(3)：268～274 中国巴蜗牛科一新种(肺螺亚纲：柄眼目：巴蜗牛科) 陈德牛等动物分类学报 2000,25(3)：275～276     

鄱阳湖沿岸带螺类的物种组成及其生境

2011年5月和6月在鄱阳湖沿岸带的62个样点采集了淡水螺类样本并调查了生境类型,分析了淡水螺类的物种组成及其生境分布特征。结果表明:共采集到淡水螺类19种,分属田螺科（8种）、觿螺科（8种）、椎实螺科（2种）和黑螺科（1种）。与前人的研究相比,本次调查的螺类物种数有较大的下降,但田螺科和觿螺科的物种仍是整个螺类群落的主要组成部分。淤泥生境的螺类物种组成与其他生境的差异较大,淤泥生境的螺类物种丰富度显著高于沙土、砂石和水草3种生境（P0.05）,表明螺类对生境具有一定的栖息偏好性。最后详细讨论了淡水螺类种数变化、物种组成及其生境分布的影响因素。       

浙江地区主要淡水经济鱼类寄生虫初步调查

一、前言 我省淡水养鱼历史悠久,群众经验丰富,池塘、外荡、水库、江河遍及全省各地,为全国淡水养鱼中心之一。但是,由于鱼类被寄生虫的侵袭,在一定程度上,引起鱼类的死亡。为此,进行鱼类寄生虫调查,查明各种水体中不同年龄的饲养鱼类,在各地区不同季节的     

A New Record of Kaloula(Amphibia: Anura: Microhylidae) in Shanghai,China

We discovered a medium-sized species of narrow-mouthed frog of the genus Kaloula in June and September 2014 during municipal surveys of amphibians in Shanghai. Three narrow-mouthed frogs were collected in city drains of the Binjiang Forest Park, Shanghai. Based on subsequent examination and morphological characters, these specimens were identified as Kaloula borealis(Barbour, 1908). The species was mainly distributed in Northern China and Korea. It is a new amphibian record for Shanghai. We found the visible differences in male secondary sexual characteristics between our specimens and Beijing specimens. K. borealis was first described inhabiting urban greenlands which could benefit amphibian conservation in urban and urbanizing areas.     

北京城市公园湿地的休憩吸引力评价

以北京地区20个城市公园湿地为研究对象,从公园湿地的景观质量、区位条件、可达性3方面构建了城市公园湿地休憩吸引力评价指标体系,并基于层次分析法赋权的综合指数评价方法,对公园湿地的休憩吸引力进行评价,最后通过实地问卷调查数据对休憩吸引力评价结果进行验证,结果表明:具有高休憩吸引力的公园湿地依次为颐和园、奥林匹克公园、青龙湖公园、北海公园、圆明园、玉渊潭公园、十渡、金海湖风景区、陶然亭公园、野鸭湖湿地,稻香湖湿地和珍珠湖风景区的休憩吸引力最低,其余8个公园湿地休憩吸引力一般.休憩吸引力评价结果与实际调查数据相符,说明所建立的评价指标体系与评价方法是可行的.20个公园湿地按照其休憩吸引力可聚为4类,据此可制定不同的管理对策.通过城市公园湿地休憩吸引力评价,分析城市公园湿地景观在休闲游憩方面所发挥的作用,可以为城市湿地公园的优化与配置、提高人居环境质量、改善城市景观布局提供依据.     

Epistemma neuerburgii (Apocynaceae, Periplocoideae): A new epiphytic species from Nyungwe National Park, Rwanda, Africa

A new species, Epistemma neuerburgii is described. This species was discovered in the Nyungwe National Park, Rwanda, Tropical Africa during a field investigation of epiphytes in montane rainforest. It was, however, also found in Uganda, in similar environment. E. neuerburgii is the fourth species described for Epistemma, but the other three species are found about 2000 km to the west in Cameroon, Gabon, Ghana, Ivory Coast and Nigeria. E. neuerburgii is an epiphytic climber distinguished by fairly large lanceolate leaves and conspicuous reddish-purple flowers with corolline white, densely hairy corona lobes.     

北京市奥林匹克森林公园植物组成分析

奥林匹克森林公园是目前北京市最大的城市公园,自建成以来,奥林匹克森林公园的植物种类组成与来源尚无报道。论文在实地调查数据的基础上,对北京市奥林匹克森林公园的植物组成与分布进行了研究,调查发现园内共有维管束植物295种,隶属于75科,203属,其中乔木种60种,灌木种57种,草本植物170种,藤本8种。按照植物种的自然分布情况统计,发现在园内295种维管束植物中,有北京地区乡土种179种,外来种116种,其中包括外来入侵种4种。按照植物种的来源统计,发现有人工栽种种183种,野生种112种。通过比较分析:发现公园内栽培的本地灌木种占全部栽培灌木种数比例(50.00%)高于整个北京市建成区的比例(27.00%);公园内物种多是国内引进。最后提出了丰富园内野生灌木植物种类;保持乡土种利用;减少对外来种使用等的建议。     

Extinction or survival: partulid tree snails in American Samoa

Four partulid tree snail species are known from American Samoa. In 1998, we surveyed the recently established National Park (units on three islands: Tutuila, Tau, Ofu) and neighboring areas for partulids. On Tutuila, Samoana abbreviata, previously considered probably extinct, was extremely rare (15 snails seen); Samoana conica was more common (288 snails) but still rare; Eua zebrina was the most common (1102 snails), at one locality perhaps near its natural abundance. The species have similar distributions within the Park. All three have declined dramatically since the 1920s. Before 1980, when the predatory snail Euglandina rosea was introduced, habitat destruction, and perhaps rat predation and shell collecting, probably caused the decline. The Park provides protection to the Tutuila partulids by protecting habitat, although development is still a potential problem. But predation by E. rosea may yet cause their extinction. On Ofu (only outside the Park), 12 live Samoana thurstoni were found; 31 have now been recorded by western science. Also, an apparently robust population of E. zebrina, previously considered a Tutuila endemic, was found. Euglandina rosea is not on Ofu, so these populations are important remnants of the fauna. No partulids were found on Tau; none has ever been recorded there.     

Invasion by the Introduced Aquatic Snail Melanoides tuberculata (Müller, 1774) (Gastropoda: Prosobranchia: Thiaridae) of the Rio Doce State Park,Minas Gerais,Brazil

During quantitative samples of invertebrate fauna in two lakes in the Rio Doce State Park (Marliéria, MG) I found some individuals of the introduced aquatic snail Melanoides tuberculata. It was most abundant in areas with high human activity, where the original vegetation was removed from the shallow areas near the margin. Population structure inferred by size-class data suggests that the most impacted area was invaded first and that these snails maintain a viable population in Dom Helvécio lake. Potential spread of the snail in this lake system is tentatively related to the characteristics of the bank vegetation and I presume that the not yet invaded Carioca lake has better conditions for an exponential growth of this species.     

Diversity patterns of the terrestrial snail fauna of Nyungwe Forest National Park (Rwanda), a Pleistocene refugium in the heart of Africa

We investigated the land snail fauna of Nyungwe Forest National Park in south‐western Rwanda. Fifty plots at altitudes between 1718 and 2573 m were studied. In total, 3461 specimens were collected and were assigned to 102 land snail species. With respect to land snail species, Nyungwe Forest is the richest forest known in Africa. A comparison with other forests in the northern Albertine Rift indicates that land snail species richness in this region is significantly correlated with distance from Pleistocene forest refugia. The high beta diversity in Nyungwe is the result of a high species turnover between sites, which has biogeographical and ecological origins. Nyungwe Forest is situated on the Congo–Nile divide where species of different geographical origin may meet. Moreover, Nyungwe Forest offers a high diversity of habitats because it extends across a wide range of altitudinal zones. Species richness decreased with increasing altitude. It was also correlated with the presence of bare rocks that offer additional microhabitats and shelter. Although the occurrences of different land snail species in Nyungwe Forest were significantly clustered, only a minority of the species could be assigned to a group of species with similar occurrences. The majority of the species respond individualistically to environmental variables. The significant nestedness of the occurrences of the land snail species in Nyungwe was mainly correlated with altitude. © 2015 The Linnean Society of London, Biological Journal of the Linnean Society, 2015, 114 , 363–375.     

江西遂川五斗江国家湿地公园植物区系与植被分析

据调查,江西遂川五斗江国家湿地公园共有野生维管束植物108科286属450种,以禾本科Gramineae、菊科Compositae等为优势科,悬钩子属Rubus为优势属。共有13个植物区系类型,以泛热带分布、世界广布和温带分布的比例最大,属的热温比(R/T值)为1.10,区系性质表现为隐域性和地带性共存的特点。有珍稀濒危植物21种,尤其是樟树Cinnamomum camphora和闽楠Phoebe bournei分布广泛,并有大量古树。植被类型可分为5个植被型组12个植被型58个群系,为典型的河岸带湿地植被。     

钉螺神经系统的显微解剖

作者于1988至1990年,对采自南京的133号日本血吸虫的中间宿主钉螺的神经系统进行了显微解剖研究。其神经系统由神经中枢和外周神经组成。前者由8对和两个不成对的神经节组成,神经节之间存在着3种联合和7种连索;后者主要由47对和18条不对称的神经组成;嗅检器位于鳃的基部。