苹果绵蚜与苹果绵蚜蚜小蜂种间关系的模拟研究——Ⅰ.两种群生物学的数量特征比较

本研究通过对苹果绵蚜(Eriosoma lanigerum Haus.)和苹果绵蚜蚜小蜂(Aphelinus mali Hald.)的生物学和生态学特性的比较分析,得到如下结论:(1)苹果绵蚜完成一世代的积温要求和发育起点温度均低于苹果绵蚜蚜小蜂,二者的有效积温分别为352.19日度和375.51日度,发育起点温度分别为7.62度和7.95度。因此,苹果绵蚜较其寄生蜂更适合于昆明地区的气候条件;(2)苹果绵蚜种群的增长能力大于苹果绵蚜蚜小蜂,二者的内禀增长率在20℃下分别为0.1390和0.1146,在25℃下分别为0.2647和0.1628。这可能是昆明地区苹果绵蚜蚜小蜂不能控制苹果绵蚜为害的主要原因。另外,本研究首次利用卡方密度函数对各种温度下的昆虫产卵的时间分布进行了拟合,取得了较好的效果。     

桑尺蠖的发育起点温度和有效积温

在室内恒温条件下测定了桑尺蠖的发育历期。对试验结果采用 2种方法计算 ,并用变异系数来检验。结果表明 ,对于早春出蛰后的越冬幼虫和非越冬代 ,用直接最优化法计算所得的结果更接近实际 ;越冬幼虫的发育起点温度 (C)为 (3.4± 0 .7)℃ ,有效积温 (K )为 4 97.5日度 ;非越冬代幼虫和全世代发育起点温度 (C)分别为 (4 .2± 1.4 )℃和 (6 .0± 1.3)℃ ,相应的有效积温 (K)分别为 50 5.8日度和 781.7日度。     

刺槐叶瘿蚊发育起点温度和有效积温

在实验室条件下对刺槐叶瘿蚊Obolodiplosis robiniae(Haldemann)发育历期、发育起点温度和有效积温进行研究。结果表明,随着温度的升高,发育历期缩短;刺槐叶瘿蚊的卵、幼虫、蛹、成虫和全世代的发育起点温度分别为4.51,6.15,4.79和14.17℃,有效积温分别为62.20,281.42,124.45和55.48日.度;整个世代的发育起点温度为8.01℃,有效积温为506.93日.度;刺槐叶瘿蚊在秦皇岛年发生代数的预测值为5.12~5.76代。     

扶桑绵粉蚧寄生性天敌班氏跳小蜂生物学研究

本文对扶桑绵粉蚧Phenacoccus solenopsis Tinsley的重要天敌班氏跳小蜂Aenasius bambawalei Hayat(膜翅目:跳小蜂科)的雌雄形态特征、发育起点温度和有效积温、在长沙地区的理论发生代数进行了研究。结果表明:班氏跳小蜂是扶桑绵粉蚧若虫-成虫期寄生蜂;在28℃下,班氏跳小蜂一代的历期为17.8d;成虫、卵、幼虫和蛹的发育起点温度分别为:14.42、15.29、14.89、15.18℃,发生一代的发育起点温度为14.62℃;成虫、卵、幼虫和蛹的有效积温分别为87.92、9.74、68.41、75.84日·度,发生一代的有效积温为249.92日·度;由此预测班氏跳小蜂在长沙地区一年可发生9代。     

温度对黑纹粉蝶越冬蛹滞育后发育的影响

为了探讨温度对黑纹粉蝶Pieris melete越冬蛹滞育后发育的影响, 系统调查了越冬蛹滞育解除后在不同恒温下的发育历期及其在自然条件下春后的羽化情况。结果表明: 黑纹粉蝶雄虫和雌虫越冬蛹滞育后发育的阈值温度分别为7.1±1.5℃ 和7.4±0.4℃, 滞育后发育的有效积温分别为133.4±3.3日·度和155.7±5.3日·度。根据连续7年黑纹粉蝶越冬蛹在田间的羽化情况, 结合当年春季滞育后发育阈值以上的温度, 推算出田间50%个体成虫羽化时雄虫和雌虫获得的有效积温分别为142.2±12.2日·度和149.2±13.8日·度, 与滞育后发育的理论有效积温接近。据此, 利用该理论上的发育阈值温度和有效积温, 参照当年2-4月的气温, 可预测田间越冬蛹50%个体成虫羽化的时间。     

温度对烟蚜茧蜂发育、生殖的影响

在恒汨１０、１５、２０、２５和３０℃实验条件下,测定了云南省玉溪地区烟蚜茧蜂（Ａｐｈｉｄｉｕｓ ｇｉｆｕｅｎｓｉｓ Ａｓｈｍｅａｄ）的发育历期和生殖力等生物学参数。结果显示,烟蚜茧蜂发育速率与温度的关系符合逻辑斯蒂曲线,即２５℃从卵至习化所需历期最短（１０．６７ｄ）,３０℃发育历期稍有延长（１１．６ｄ）。卵至羽化的发育起点温度为３．３℃,有效积温为２６６．０日度。烟蚜茧峰雌蜂羽化当天即可产卵,在产     

温度对副珠蜡蚧阔柄跳小蜂发育和繁殖的影响

通过观察副珠蜡蚧阔柄跳小蜂Metaphycus parasaissetiae Zhang and Huang在18,21,24,27,30,33和36℃恒温条件下的生长发育情况,求得其世代发育起点温度和世代有效积温分别为13.10℃和215.00日.度,建立世代发育历期预测式为N=[215.00±44.32]/[T-(13.10±3.24)],世代发育速率与温度之间的关系拟合为S形曲线V=-e(1.33+37.73/T),推算出该蜂在海南1年可发生18代。所设试验温度范围内,该蜂对橡副珠蜡蚧Parasaissetia nigra(Nietner)的寄生率在13.33%～20.00%范围内波动,30℃时寄生率最高;雌性比率在27℃时最大为70.03%。随着试验温度的升高,成蜂羽化相对集中,羽化持续时间逐渐缩短,羽化高峰提前。30℃条件下雌蜂终生产卵量最多,平均25.77粒。雌蜂寿命随试验温度的升高而逐渐缩短,同一恒温条件下补充20%蜂蜜水可显著延长雌蜂寿命。27～30℃可视为有利于副珠蜡蚧阔柄跳小蜂发育繁殖的适温范围,最适温度为30℃。     

角倍蚜越冬世代的发育起点温度和有效积温

五倍子系中国特产,是重要的化工和医药原料。角倍蚜Schclechtendaliachinesis（Bell）是生产五倍子的最主要致瘿蚜种。恒温试验表明,其越冬世代有翅型随温度从4.5℃升至18.0℃,平均世代历期从266.2天缩短至76.6天,世代发育起点温度为-1.4℃,有效积温为1512.9日度;无翅型随温度从7.5℃升至22.0℃,平均世代历期从118.8天缩短至29.4天,世代发育起点温度为2.2℃,有效积温为557．4日度。     

黑色软蚧蚜小蜂生物学特征研究

黑色软蚧蚜小蜂Coccophagus yoshidae Nakayama在四川雅安地区一年发生6-7代,以低龄幼虫和蛹在网纹绵蚧2、3龄雌若虫和雌成虫体内越冬。该蜂的发育起点温度和有效积温分别为8.40℃和456.09日度。18℃、21℃、24℃、27℃和30℃恒温条件下的平均世代历期分别为44.60天、38.27天、30.83天、23.73天。成早需取食网纹绵蚧体液作补充营养。生殖方式为产雌孤雌生殖。成蜂羽化高峰在羽化后的第3-6天,每日的羽化高峰出现在8：00-12：00时。成蜂寿命及平均每蜂子代出蜂数量与补充营养和温度关系密切。该蜂对寄生有一定的选择性,偏好寄生较大的雌成虫,其次是2、3龄雌若虫。     

椰心叶甲蛹寄生蜂——椰心叶甲啮小蜂的生物学特性

椰心叶甲啮小蜂Tetrastichus brontispae Ferrière是椰心叶甲Brontispa longissima（Gestro）蛹的重要内寄生蜂,2004年从台湾引入到海南。在实验室条件下,对椰心叶甲啮小蜂的形态、行为、发育、存活、繁殖等生物学特性进行了观察研究。结果表明,雌蜂个体比雄蜂大,腹部明显可见产卵器。每头寄主蛹出蜂量平均为21.5头,其中雌蜂约占77.4%。椰心叶甲啮小蜂羽化不久即能交配,交配时间约为1～2 min。椰心叶甲啮小蜂的产卵高峰期在交配后的24 h内,且产卵量受温度的影响较大; 蜂蜜、蔗糖、葡萄糖均能有效地延长其成虫的寿命,并能提高其怀卵量和寄生率,其中以取食蜂蜜的效果最好。该蜂发育、存活和繁殖的适宜温度为20℃～28℃,低于16℃或高于30℃对其存活不利。利用16℃、20℃、24℃、28℃、30℃下的发育历期和有效积温公式计算出椰心叶甲啮小蜂的发育起点温度（C）为9.6℃,有效积温（K）为324.9日·度。     

茶毛虫各龄幼虫的发育起点温度和有效积温

在16～26℃范围内5个恒温下的饲养结果表明,茶毛虫EuproctispseudoconspersaStrand1～7龄幼虫和整个幼虫期的发育起点温度分别为4.57,8.38,7.00,8.86,7.10,4.84,3.80,6.05℃,有效积温分别为114.45,80.94,91.28,82.23,94.54,117.83,129.46,722.95日·度。用这些结果分龄预测茶毛虫防治适期和茶毛虫病毒室内大量繁殖中幼虫的饲毒日期,与实际情况基本相符。     

药材甲发育起点温度和有效积温

在恒温条件下用新鲜药材甘遂饲养药材甲Stegobium paniceum(L.),测定药材甲各虫态(龄)的发育历期,结果表明,该虫卵、幼虫、蛹、产卵前期及世代发育起点温度分别是5.05,8.45,9.06,8.36和8.01℃,有效积温分别是177.9,745.5,127.9,37.8和1094.1日.度。     

阿里山潜蝇茧蜂Fopius arisanus的发育起点温度和有效积温

对橘小实蝇卵寄生蜂阿里山潜蝇茧蜂Fopius arisanus(Sonan)的发育起点温度和有效积温进行了研究。结果表明,阿里山潜蝇茧蜂的卵、幼虫、蛹、雌成虫、雄成虫和世代的发育起点温度分别为9.7、8.8、8.5、8.7、8.7和9.3℃;有效积温分别为25.2.200.2、133.6、344.4、242.8和440.2日度。在19-31℃之间,阿里山潜蝇茧蜂的发育历期随温度的升高而缩短。     

枣实蝇蛹发育起点温度和有效积温

室内设定21,24,27,30和33℃共5个温度梯度,分别测定不同恒温条件下枣实蝇越冬蛹的发育历期,利用最小二乘法计算出蛹的发育起点温度为13.63℃,有效积温为807.55日.度。根据吐鲁番20年(1988～2007)月均地表温度数据,使用小样本方法估算出月均地表温度的置信区间,利用有效积温法则,推算得出2008年枣实蝇越冬代成虫初次出现日期范围为5月13日至22日,与2008年野外实测越冬成虫初次出现日期5月15日接近,测报结果较准确。     

红体色麦长管蚜发育起点温度和有效积温

研究观测红体色麦长管蚜Macrosiphum avenae(Fabricius)无性世代各个若虫龄期在14,17,20,23和26℃条件下的生长发育速率。结果表明,红体色麦长管蚜各龄期若虫的发育历期随着温度的上升而缩短。采用不同的方法计算得到的红体色麦长管蚜发育起点温度和有效积温不同,而直线回归法计算的变异系数较小,其结果显示红色麦长管蚜若虫期的发育起点温度和有效积温分别是4.478℃和110.662日.度。     

Strong responses of Drosophila melanogaster microbiota to developmental temperature

Physiological responses to changes in environmental conditions such as temperature may partly arise from the resident microbial community that integrates a wide range of bio-physiological aspects of the host. In the present study, we assessed the effect of developmental temperature on the thermal tolerance and microbial community of Drosophila melanogaster. We also developed a bacterial transplantation protocol in order to examine the possibility of reshaping the host bacterial composition and assessed its influence on the thermotolerance phenotype. We found that the temperature during development affected thermal tolerance and the microbial composition of male D. melanogaster. Flies that developed at low temperature (13°C) were the most cold resistant and showed the highest abundance of Wolbachia, while flies that developed at high temperature (31°C) were the most heat tolerant and had the highest abundance of Acetobacter. In addition, feeding newly eclosed flies with bacterial suspensions from intestines of flies developed at low temperatures changed the heat tolerance of recipient flies. However, we were not able to link this directly to a change in the host bacterial composition.     

Drosophila suzukii wing spot size is robust to developmental temperature

Phenotypic plasticity is an important mechanism allowing adaptation to new environments and as such it has been suggested to facilitate biological invasions. Under this assumption, invasive populations are predicted to exhibit stronger plastic responses than native populations. Drosophila suzukii is an invasive species whose males harbor a spot on the wing tip. In this study, by manipulating developmental temperature, we compare the phenotypic plasticity of wing spot size of two invasive populations with that of a native population. We then compare the results with data obtained from wild‐caught flies from different natural populations. While both wing size and spot size are plastic to temperature, no difference in plasticity was detected between native and invasive populations, rejecting the hypothesis of a role of the wing‐spot plasticity in the invasion success. In contrast, we observed a remarkable stability in the spot‐to‐wing ratio across temperatures, as well as among geographic populations. This stability suggests either that the spot relative size is under stabilizing selection, or that its variation might be constrained by a tight developmental correlation between spot size and wing size. Our data show that this correlation was lost at high temperature, leading to an increased variation in the relative spot size, particularly marked in the two invasive populations. This suggests: (a) that D. suzukii's development is impaired by hot temperatures, in agreement with the cold‐adapted status of this species; (b) that the spot size can be decoupled from wing size, rejecting the hypothesis of an absolute constraint and suggesting that the wing color pattern might be under stabilizing (sexual) selection; and (c) that such sexual selection might be relaxed in the invasive populations. Finally, a subtle but consistent directional asymmetry in spot size was detected in favor of the right side in all populations and temperatures, possibly indicative of a lateralized sexual behavior.     

Effects of temperature on developmental performance, survival and growth of sea lamprey embryos

This study assesses the influence of thermal regime on the development, survival rates and early growth of embryos of sea lamprey Petromyzon marinus incubated at five constant temperatures (7, 11, 15, 19 and 23° C). The time from fertilization to 50% hatching and from hatching to 50% burrowing were inversely related to incubation temperature. All the embryos incubated at 7° C died at very early stages, while those maintained at 11° C did not attain the burrowing stage. Survival from fertilization to hatching was 61, 89, 91 and 89% at 11, 15, 19 and 23° C, decreasing to 58, 70 and 70% from hatching to burrowing at 15, 19 and 23° C, respectively. Larvae reared during the first 3 months of exogenous feeding in a common environment at constant 21° C, revealed maximum survival for an incubation temperature of 15° C (43% of burrowed larvae) decreasing strongly at 19° C (16%) and 23° C (one suvivor among 240 larvae). Body length at the burrowing stage was maximum for embryos incubated at 19° C, but body mass increased in the interval 15–23° C. Mean incubation temperatures experienced by 117 broods during the embryonic development in the source river were estimated in 15·3±2·30° C and 16·7±1·76° C (mean±1 s.d .) for the periods fertilization-to-hatching and hatching-to burrowing, respectively.     

Parental and developmental temperature effects on the thermal dependence of fitness in Drosophila melanogaster

Cross-generational effects refer to nongenetic influences of the parental phenotype or environment on offspring phenotypes. Such effects are commonly observed, but their adaptive significance is largely unresolved. We examined cross-generational effects of parental temperature on offspring fitness (estimated via a serial-transfer assay) at different temperatures in a laboratory population of Drosophila melanogaster. Parents were reared at 18 degrees C, 25 degrees C, or 29 degrees C (Tpar) and then their offspring were reared at 18 degrees C, 25 degrees C, or 29 degrees C (Toff) to evaluate several competing hypotheses (including an adaptive one) involving interaction effects of parental and offspring temperature on offspring fitness. The results clearly show that hotter parents are better; in other words, the higher the temperature of the parents, the higher the fitness of their offspring, independent of offspring thermal environment. These data contradict the adaptive cross-generational hypothesis, which proposes that offspring fitness is maximal when the offspring thermal regime matches the parental one. Flies with hot parents have high fitness seemingly because their own offspring develop relatively quickly, not because they have higher fecundity early in life.     

美洲斑潜蝇发育起点温度及有效积温研究

设置6个温度12个湿度对美洲斑潜蝇卵、幼虫、蛹的发育速率进行了测定,结果表明：温度是影响孩虫发育的最重要因素;分别运用直线回归法和优选法计算发育起点温度和有效积温,结果是优选法的精确度较高;用优选法所得卵、幼虫、蛹和全世代的发育起点温度分别为9．2、6．4、10．8、11．0℃,有效积温分别为4O．2、78．0、129．0、218．9日度。