乙基多杀菌素对棉铃虫解毒酶和乙酰胆碱酯酶活性的影响

【目的】乙基多杀菌素(Spinetoram)是一种新型杀虫剂,为深入了解其对棉铃虫Helicoverpa armigera(Hübner)的作用效果和作用机制,本研究测定了我国不同地区田间棉铃虫种群对乙基多杀菌素的敏感基线,并比较了不同剂量(LC15、LC40、LC60和LC80)处理后棉铃虫体内解毒酶和乙酰胆碱酯酶活性的变化。【方法】采用药膜法,对采自不同地区的田间棉铃虫幼虫进行了毒力测定;采用酶标板动力学方法测定了乙基多杀菌素处理对棉铃虫幼虫4种酶活性的影响。【结果】乙基多杀菌素对棉铃虫有很好的胃毒效果,与阿维菌素相比,乙基多杀菌素杀虫活性高、见效快、不同地区间差异小;乙基多杀菌素处理后棉铃虫羧酸酯酶和谷胱甘肽-S-转移酶活性显著降低,且随着处理剂量的增加活性下降明显,各剂量处理后棉铃虫两种酶活性抑制率分别为52.14%~89.46%和8.09%~49.81%;而棉铃虫在取食含乙基多杀菌素的饲料后,各处理组棉铃虫多功能氧化酶活性表现为先升高、再降低、再升高的趋势,LC15剂量处理时活性最高,比对照增加147.75%;乙酰胆碱酯酶活性随处理剂量增加逐渐升高,活性最高比对照增加96.69%。【结论】乙基多杀菌素对棉铃虫的杀虫效果明显优于阿维菌素,具有广阔的应用前景;乙基多杀菌素处理棉铃虫引起羧酸酯酶和谷胱甘肽-S-转移酶活性降低、乙酰胆碱酯酶和多功能氧化酶活性升高。     

我国棉花主产区棉蚜对吡虫啉的抗性监测及抗性机理

【目的】由于生长周期短、繁殖率高,棉蚜Aphis gossypii容易对杀虫剂产生抗药性。本研究旨在明确我国棉花主产区棉蚜对吡虫啉的抗性水平及抗性机理。【方法】采用浸叶法测定了北京海淀,河北廊坊和邯郸,山东德州,河南许昌,以及新疆奎屯和阿克苏地区棉蚜对吡虫啉的抗性水平;测定了不同种群棉蚜3种解毒酶（多功能氧化酶、羧酸酯酶、谷胱甘肽S-转移酶）及乙酰胆碱酯酶的活性;并对靶标基因烟碱型乙酰胆碱受体（nAChR）β1亚基基因进行了突变检测。【结果】北京海淀、河南许昌和河北邯郸的棉蚜对吡虫啉敏感;河北廊坊、新疆阿克苏、山东德州及新疆奎屯地区的棉蚜对吡虫啉的抗性倍数(resistance ratio, RR)分别为22.6, 26.3,53.5和61.1倍,为中等水平抗性。酶活力对比研究发现,阿克苏和奎屯地区的棉蚜多功能氧化酶的比活力分别是敏感种群(北京种群)的1.7和1.8倍,羧酸酯酶的比活力分别是敏感种群的1.6和1.7倍,谷胱甘肽S-转移酶的比活力均是敏感种群的1.5倍,但是乙酰胆碱酯酶比活力在棉蚜种群间差异不显著。靶标基因突变检测表明,河北廊坊、新疆阿克苏、山东德州及新疆奎屯棉蚜种群nAChR β1亚基均存在与吡虫啉抗性相关的精氨酸到苏氨酸（R81T）突变。【结论】结果提示,多功能氧化酶、羧酸酯酶和谷胱甘肽S-转移酶活力升高以及nAChR β1亚基R81T突变与棉蚜对吡虫啉的抗性形成相关。     

小菜蛾对三氟甲吡醚的抗性风险评价与抗性生化机制研究

【目的】明确小菜蛾Plutella xylostella(Linnaeus)对三氟甲吡醚的抗性风险和抗性生化机制,为三氟甲吡醚的合理使用提供科学依据。【方法】采用TabashnikMc Gaughey的阈性状分析方法评估小菜蛾对三氟甲吡醚的抗性风险;采用浸叶法测定增效剂(胡椒基丁醚、磷酸三苯酯和顺丁烯二酸二乙酯)对三氟甲吡醚的增效作用,通过酶动力学方法测定了小菜蛾对三氟甲吡醚抗性和敏感品系的谷胱甘肽-S-转移酶、酯酶和多功能氧化酶的活性。【结果】经过18代次筛选,小菜蛾种群对三氟甲吡醚的抗性水平上升至14.8倍,小菜蛾对三氟甲吡醚的抗性现实遗传力(h~2)为0.1558;当h~2=0.155 8时,在致死率为50%-90%的选择压力下,预计小菜蛾对三氟甲吡醚抗性增加10倍分别需要16.1-7.3代。在小菜蛾三氟甲吡醚抗性品系中,酯酶和多功能氧化酶比活力均显著高于敏感品系,分别为敏感品系的1.34倍和1.45倍;谷胱甘肽-S-转移酶比活力与敏感品系的无显著差异。抗性品系的酯酶抑制剂磷酸三苯酯和多功能氧化酶抑制剂胡椒基丁醚对三氟甲吡醚具有明显增效作用,增效倍数分别为1.21倍和1.43倍;谷胱甘肽-S-转移酶抑制剂顺丁烯二酸二乙酯对三氟甲吡醚没有明显增效作用。【结论】小菜蛾对三氟甲吡醚产生抗性的风险较大,酯酶和多功能氧化酶活性的升高可能是小菜蛾对三氟甲吡醚产生抗性的重要机制。     

5种杀虫剂对西花蓟马和花蓟马的毒力及其生理酶活性的影响

【目的】探究不同杀虫剂对重要入侵害虫西花蓟马及其本地近缘种花蓟马的毒力及对保护酶和解毒酶活性的影响,为进一步研究2种害虫的抗性管理提供依据。【方法】采用浸渍法测定5种田间常用杀虫剂对西花蓟马和花蓟马的毒力,并测定杀虫剂亚致死浓度(LC25)下2种蓟马体内保护酶和解毒酶活性的差异。【结果】不同杀虫剂对2种蓟马的毒力依次为:乙基多杀菌素甲维盐阿维菌素吡虫啉噻虫嗪,乙基多杀菌素对西花蓟马和花蓟马的LC_(50)分别为0.28和0.03 mg·L~(-1)。不同药剂的亚致死剂量(LC_(25))对西花蓟马和花蓟马体内保护酶和解毒酶活性普遍具有诱导作用。其中,阿维菌素对西花蓟马超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)活性诱导作用最强,为326.40 U·mg~(-1),是对照的9.37倍,而乙基多杀菌素对花蓟马SOD活性诱导作用最强,为245.35 U·mg~(-1),是对照的9.32倍;吡虫啉对西花蓟马和花蓟马过氧化物酶(POD)诱导作用最强,分别为298.67和246.79 U·mg~(-1),是对照的37.10和20.57倍;阿维菌素对西花蓟马和花蓟马过氧化氢酶(CAT)和羧酸酯酶(CarE)诱导作用最强,分别为298.67、246.79 U·mg~(-1)(CAT活性)和12.53、11.99 U·mg~(-1)(CarE活性);乙基多杀菌素对西花蓟马和花蓟马谷胱甘肽转移酶(GST)和乙酰胆碱酯酶(AChE)诱导作用最强,分别为77527.59、66927.39 U·mg~(-1)(GST活性)和2.34、2.22 U·mg~(-1)(AChE活性)。【结论】5种杀虫剂中,乙基多杀菌素对2种蓟马的毒力最强;西花蓟马对杀虫剂的解毒代谢能力强于花蓟马。     

乙基多杀菌素对草地贪夜蛾幼虫的毒力及对其解毒酶和乙酰胆碱酯酶活性的影响

【目的】为了研究乙基多杀菌素对草地贪夜蛾Spodoptera frugiperda幼虫的毒力及作用机制。【方法】以氯虫苯甲酰胺为对照,采用表面涂抹法测定了乙基多杀菌素对草地贪夜蛾2, 3和4龄幼虫的LC_(50)和LC_(90)。采用酶联免疫吸附法(ELISA),测定不同浓度乙基多杀菌素(0.127, 0.183, 0.250, 0.400和0.572 mg/L)处理48 h后草地贪夜蛾3龄幼虫体内多功能氧化酶(MFO)、谷胱甘肽-S-转移酶(GST)、羧酸酯酶(CarE)以及乙酰胆碱酯酶(AchE)的活性。【结果】与氯虫苯甲酰胺相比,乙基多杀菌素对草地贪夜蛾幼虫具有更高的毒力,处理48 h后对2, 3和4龄幼虫的LC_(50)值分别为0.21, 0.34和0.59 mg/L, LC_(90)值分别为0.59, 0.75和2.01 mg/L。经过乙基多杀菌素处理后,草地贪夜蛾3龄幼虫体内MFO和AchE活性均表现随着浓度的增加而显著增加,二者均在0.572 mg/L处理时活性最高,分别为52.23和23.98 U/mg pro; CarE活性在低浓度乙基多杀菌素处理(0.127和0.183 mg/L)下相对于溶剂对照(0.1%Tween-80)无显著变化,随着浓度增加至0.400与0.572 mg/L时,其活性显著增加; GST活性表现为随着乙基多杀菌素浓度增加而增加的特点,当处理浓度为0.400与0.572 mg/L时,其活性无显著性差异。【结论】乙基多杀菌素对草地贪夜蛾幼虫的杀虫效果优于氯虫苯甲酰胺,尤其对4龄幼虫效果最为明显;在不同浓度的乙基多杀菌素处理条件下,草地贪夜蛾幼虫体内的CarE, MFO和AchE活性有所增高。     

西花蓟马对多杀菌素的抗性生化机制研究

在室内持续用多杀菌素对西花蓟马Frankliniella occidentalis(Pergande)进行抗性汰选,获得抗性倍数达到11 999倍的极高抗品系。该抗性品系对乙基多杀菌素和噻虫嗪具有显著的交互抗性,抗性倍数分别为53 718和84倍,对阿维菌素和毒死蜱的敏感性也有显著下降,交互抗性倍数分别为3.33和2.28倍,对虫螨腈无明显交互抗性。生化测定结果表明,抗性品系的羧酸酯酶、谷胱甘肽S-转移酶和多功能氧化酶的活力与敏感品系均无显著差异,推测抗性可能与靶标位点的敏感性降低有关。     

桔全爪螨的抗药性选育及其解毒酶活力变化

在室内模拟田间药剂的选择压力,用齐墩螨素和甲氰菊酯对桔全爪螨Panonychus citri 逐代处理,以选育其抗药性种群。选育至12代,对齐墩螨素抗性增长到7.30倍,对甲氰菊酯抗性增长到17.11倍。增效剂和离体酶活性的测定结果表明,抗性种群的乙酰胆碱酯酶和多功能氧化酶的活性都提高了;推测羧酸酯酶、乙酰胆碱酯酶、多功能氧化酶和谷胱甘肽-S-转移酶比活力的增加是桔全爪螨对甲氰菊酯产生抗性的主要原因。     

棉铃虫抗药性的生理生化机制研究

本文报道了棉铃虫Helicoverpa armigera田间抗性种群对杀虫剂抗药性的生理生化机制。抗性种群(HJ-R)5龄幼虫羧酸酯酶、谷胱甘肽转移酶、多功能氧化酶活力均明显高于相对敏感种群(HD-S)。两种群乙酰胆碱酯酶对杀虫剂敏感性没有显著差异。HJ-R种群的腹神经索对氰戊菊酯表现了2-3倍的神经不敏感性。HJ-R种群对氨基甲酸酯类杀虫剂的抗性主要是由代谢机制引起,其中多功能氧化酶可能起主导作用;对菊酯的抗性是由多功能氧化酶、酯酶、以及神经不敏感性几个因子综合作用的结果。     

棉蚜对有机磷杀虫剂抗性的生化机理

本文对有机磷抗性和感性棉蚜Aphis gossypii三个种群抗性生化机制进行了讲究.首先用解毒酶的抑制剂测定药剂的解毒途径.进一步测定乙酰胆碱酯酶活力及其敏感性和多功能氧化酶、谷胱甘肽s-转移酶、α-乙酸萘酯酶和α-乙酸萘酯羧酸酯酶等解毒酶的活力.结果表明,体内条件下,多功能氧化酶与抗性有关,但在离体条件下,在棉蚜匀浆液中有内源抑制剂存在.α-乙酸萘酯酶和α-乙酸萘酯羧酸酯酶活力的增加,乙酰胆碱酯酶对杀虫剂敏感性的降低也是造成棉蚜对有机磷产生抗性的原因.     

抗吡虫啉棉蚜对其他新烟碱类药剂的交互抗性及相关酶的活性变化

为明确抗吡虫啉棉蚜Aphis gossypii对其他新烟碱药剂交互抗性及相关酶活性的变化, 本研究以室内筛选的棉蚜吡虫啉抗性种群、山东夏津县田间多抗种群和敏感种群为材料,采用生测法测定了这3种不同抗性种群棉蚜对呋虫胺和烯啶虫胺的交互抗性,以及3种解毒酶抑制剂对吡虫啉等药剂的增效作用,采用生化分析法测定了这3个种群棉蚜解毒酶及乙酰胆碱酯酶的活性和药剂的抑制作用。结果表明：吡虫啉抗性种群、夏津田间多抗种群的棉蚜对呋虫胺均无交互抗性,但对烯啶虫胺的交互抗性分别达5.28和4.89倍。呋虫胺对抗吡虫啉棉蚜的羧酸酯酶、乙酰胆碱酯酶及谷胱甘肽-S-转移酶都有显著的抑制作用;烯啶虫胺对抗吡虫啉棉蚜的羧酸酯酶、乙酰胆碱酯酶及谷胱甘肽-S-转移酶的抑制作用较小。羧酸酯酶抑制剂TPP和多功能氧化酶抑制剂PBO对吡虫啉和烯啶虫胺都有明显的增效作用,但对呋虫胺的增效作用不明显; 谷胱甘肽-S-转移酶抑制剂DEM对3种药剂均没有明显的增效作用。呋虫胺和烯啶虫胺都可以抑制抗吡虫啉棉蚜的解毒酶及乙酰胆碱酯酶,其中以呋虫胺的抑制效果较为显著。结果显示呋虫胺在抗吡虫啉棉蚜治理中的应用价值较大,其结构可为今后新烟碱类药剂的开发提供参考。     

六种藓类植物茎的比较解剖学研究

通过对6种藓类植物,即褶叶青藓(Brachythecium salebrosum(Web.et Mohr.)B.S.G.)、湿地匐灯藓(Plagiomnium acutum(Lindb.)Kop.)、侧枝匐灯藓(Plagiomnium maximoviczii(Lindb.)Kop.)、大凤尾藓(Fissidensnobilis Griff.)、大羽藓(Thuidium cymbifolium(Doz.et Molk.)B.S.G.)和大灰藓(Hypnum plumaeforme Wils.)嫩茎和老茎的石蜡切片和显微观察发现,同一藓类植株的嫩茎和老茎,茎结构稳定,不同种藓类植物茎横切面具有不同特征.植物体茎横切面形状、表层细胞的层数、细胞大小和细胞壁厚薄、皮层细胞大小和形状、中轴的有无以及比例等特征可以作为藓类植物的分科分类依据之一.     

Cause of Senescence of Nine Sorts of Flowers

The levels of endogenous phytohormones and respiratory rate in nine sorts of flowers such as Cymbidium faberi Rolfe, Nopalxochia ackermannii Kunth and others were investigated both at full bloom and senescence and meanwhile the effect of exogenous phytohormones on prolonging the blossoms and promoting ethylene production were tested. There is a high content of endogenous ethylene in all the long-lived flowere, about 3–16 folds higer than the short-lived ones. There is a high level of ABA at full blooming flowers of short-lived flowers, in which there is no or only some cytokinins in it, but the ratio of CTK (6BA+zeatin)/ABA is smaller(l.7). The endogenous ABA reached a much higher level at senescence in all nine sorts of flowers, so it is reasonable to consider that it is ABA which plays an important role of regulation in controlling flower's senescence. There is a much higher level of GA3 and zeatin in the long-lived flowers which is not demonstrated in the shortlived ones. The respiratory rate is one of the factors controtling the longevity of flowers, but it does not play a decided role. Application of 6BA and zeatin prolongs distinctly orchid’s longevity, however exogenous IAA through the promotive action on ethylene production, evidently extends the longevity of the flowers of the Nopalxochia ackermannii Kunth.     

Photoregulation of seed germination of wild-type and of an aurea-mutant of tomato

Seed germination of an aurea mutant of tomato ( Lycopersicon esculentum Mill.) is promoted by continuous irradiation with red, far-red or long-wavelength far-red (758 nm) light as well as by cyclic irradiations (5 min red or 5 min far-red/25 min darkness). Far-red light applied immediately after each red does not change the germination behaviour. Seed germination of the isogenic wild-type, cv. UC-105, is promoted by continuous and cyclic red light while it is inhibited by continuous and cyclic far-red light and by continious 758 nm irradiation. Far-red irradiation reverses almost completely the promoting effect of red light. The promoting effect (in the aurea mutant) and the inhibitory effect (in the wild-type) of continuous far-red light do not show photon fluence rate dependency above 20 nmol m⁻² s⁻¹. It is concluded that phytochrome controls tomato seed germination throgh low energy responses in both the wild type and the au mutant. The promoting effect of continuous and cyclic far-red light in the au mutant can be attributed to a greater sensitivity to P_fr.     

龙胆科药用植物化学成分的研究现状

龙胆科植物在我国的分布范围很广,且多数为药用植物,其多数种属的药用植物,至今其化学成分尚未被系统研究。综述了目前龙胆科药用植物的化学成分的研究现状及一般提取方法,对近年来发现的环烯醚萜及裂环烯醚萜类化合物进行了总结,为本科药用植物的更深入研究提供了参考。     

The effects of glutamine of the maintenance of embryogenic cultures of Cryptomeria japonica

Summary Embryogenic tissues of sugi (Cryptomeria japonica) were induced on a modified Campbell and Durzan (CD) medium containing 1 μM 2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid (2,4-D) and 600 mg l⁻¹ glutamine, and subcultured in the medium of the same composition for over 1 yr. This resulted in a mixed culture of embryogenic and non-embryogenic cells. When embryogenic cells were isolated and cultured independently, their capacity to form embryogenic aggregates was lost. Thus, the non-embryogenic cells present within a mixed culture system were essential to the formation of embryogenic aggregates. When embryogenic tissues were isolated and cultured independently on a high glutamine-containing (2400 mg l⁻¹) medium, dry weights and endogenous levels of glutamine increased, and the tissue could generate a large number of embryogenic aggregates. Amino acid analysis of embryogenic and non-embryogenic cells from the maintenance culture indicated a higher level of glutamine was present in the latter. The high endogenous level of glutamine in the non-embryogenic portion of mixed cell masses may be the supplier of glutamine for maintaining the embryogenic property of the tissues.     

Specificity of action of piperidylcholine derivatives as substrates of cholinesterases of various origin

The review deals with study of enzymologic properties of a novel highly specific acetylcholinesterase substrate, N-(β-acetoxyethyl) piperidinium iodomethylate (“piperidylcholine”), and its 30 derivatives that were tested as effectors of cholinesterases of mammals and various species of Pacific squids. It was proven for the first time that responsible for specificity of action was structure of cyclic ammonium grouping of the alcohol part of molecule of the ester substrate. Analysis of specificity is performed based on enzymatic hydrolysis parameters—activity of catalytic center of cholinesterases and bimolecular constant of the reaction rate that are determined at optimal and low substrate concentrations. Among the specially synthesized group of thioester compounds there is revealed one more highly specific acetylcholinesterase substrate—N-(β-acetoxyethyl) piperidinium.     

Interconnection of parameters of regulation system of lipid peroxidation and of morphophysiological parameters of mouse liver

A complex analysis of seasonal fluctuations of the mean group parameters of the system of regulation of lipid peroxidation has been performed in liver of Balb/c mice. Association of lipid characteristics and morphophysiological parameters is studied in the Balb/c mouse liver. An inter-connection is revealed between the liver index and the amount of lysoforms of phospholipids, the scale and character of the interconnection differing essentially depending on proportion of phos-phatidylcholine in mouse liver phospholipids.     

真菌类遗传学分析的知识结构教学

本文以认知结构理论为指导,讨论了真菌类遗传分析与高等动植物遗传分析的内在联系,认为利用这种内在联系进行教学可收到好的效果并说明了作者的具体教学过程。 Abstract:In the paper, the relationship between genetic analysis of Fungi and genetic analysis of high animal and plant was discussed.A good results were obtained when we adopted this method in the teaching.