几种植物源化合物对棉铃虫海藻糖酶活性及相关碳水化合物含量的影响

碳水化合物对昆虫的能量代谢和物质合成具有重要的作用。本研究选用2种一般性生物碱（氢溴酸东莨菪碱和烟碱）以及2种β-葡萄糖苷类化合物（七叶灵和皂角苷）, 研究其在不同浓度下对棉铃虫Helicoverpa armigera (Hübner)幼虫体内海藻糖酶活性及相关碳水化合物代谢的影响。结果表明: 用饲喂法处理3龄幼虫96 h后, 皂角苷对棉铃虫幼虫的活体抑制效果明显, 且随添加物浓度增高, 棉铃虫死亡率上升, 10, 20, 40 g/L浓度下棉铃虫的均重分别是0.194, 0.089和0.034 g, 分别为对照的86.99%, 39.91%和15.24%。对海藻糖酶活性及其相关代谢酶的测定结果表明, 2种苷类化合物显著抑制中肠海藻糖酶活性, 饲喂40 g/L皂角苷的试虫中肠海藻糖酶比活力仅是对照组的54.21%; 饲喂30 g/L七叶灵的试虫中肠海藻糖酶比活力为对照组的83.73%。而2种生物碱类化合物显著抑制血淋巴和脂肪体中海藻糖酶活性, 20 g/L氢溴酸东莨菪碱对棉铃虫血淋巴和脂肪体组织的海藻糖酶活性抑制率分别为7.24%和71.43%; 而20 g/L烟碱对试虫血淋巴和脂肪体组织的海藻糖酶活性抑制率为26.29%和33.44%。用氢溴酸东莨菪碱、 烟碱和七叶灵处理试虫后, 血淋巴海藻糖含量都有所增高。4种化合物能够导致试虫糖原磷酸化酶活性变化, 其中, 皂角苷在中肠和脂肪体表现为显著抑制作用, 而随外源化合物浓度变化, 糖原含量和糖原磷酸化酶活性表现为此消彼长关系。饲喂4种植物源化合物的试虫血淋巴中葡萄糖浓度变化和其海藻糖变化一致。本研究证明β-葡萄糖苷类化合物是海藻糖酶抑制剂, 在作为先导化合物进行农药创制开发方面具有重要意义。     

棉铃虫可溶型海藻糖酶的化学修饰

【目的】本研究旨在通过分析化学修饰剂对棉铃虫Helicoverpa armigera可溶型海藻糖酶活性的影响,以明确海藻糖酶活性中心的结构特点和氨基酸构成。【方法】采用化学修饰方法,测定不同修饰剂处理后棉铃虫5龄幼虫海藻糖酶催化活性的变化,进而通过化学修饰反应失活常数来推测酶活性中心的特定氨基酸残基数量。【结果】采用8 mmol/L水溶性碳二亚胺(carbodiimide,EDC)溶液和25 mmol/L苯甲酰甲醛(phenylglyoxal,PG)溶液分别对棉铃虫5龄幼虫海藻糖酶羧酸基团和精氨酸残基进行修饰后,其活性分别减少81.58%和54.14%,这表明对羧酸基团和精氨酸残基的修饰可有效抑制海藻糖酶活性。底物海藻糖可保护海藻糖酶不受修饰剂的影响。修饰动力学结果显示,海藻糖酶活性中心可能包含1个羧酸基团和2个精氨酸残基。【结论】结果表明,含有羧基的谷氨酸和天冬氨酸是海藻糖酶活性中心的催化残基,精氨酸是维持海藻糖酶活性的必要残基。本研究结果可为开发新型农药提供理论支持。     

ATP合酶亚基d参与海藻糖代谢调控棉铃虫幼虫变态的分子机理

【目的】本研究旨在解析ATP合酶亚基d(ATP synthase subunit d, ATPs-d)参与海藻糖代谢调控棉铃虫Helicoverpa armigera幼虫发育和变态中的功能及分子机理。【方法】PCR扩增棉铃虫HaATPs-d的开放阅读框，并利用生物信息学方法对其序列及系统发育进行分析；利用qRT-PCR检测HaATPs-d在5龄蜕皮期幼虫和6龄幼虫表皮、中肠和脂肪体中及对20-羟基蜕皮酮(20-hydroxyecdysone, 20E)(0.1 mg/mL)响应的6龄幼虫脂肪体和表皮中的表达量；利用荧光拍照分析HaATPs-d在草地贪夜蛾Spodoptera frugiperda卵巢细胞系Sf9细胞中的亚细胞定位；采用酵母双杂交分析与HaATPs-d互作的蛋白；对棉铃虫6龄幼虫注射dsHaATPs-d,分析RNAi降低HaATPs-d的表达量对幼虫发育及变态和中肠中可溶性海藻糖酶活性和海藻糖含量的影响。【结果】棉铃虫HaATPs-d(GenBank登录号：LOC110375576)的开放阅读框长525 bp,编码174个氨基酸并具有较高的保守性，与草地贪夜蛾和斜纹夜蛾S...     

棉酚对海胆精子鞭毛轴丝及力蛋白(Dynein)ATP酶的抑制作用

本工作观测了不同浓度棉酚(10—80μmol/L)对海胆精子鞭毛轴丝及力蛋白ATP酶的影响,发现棉酚对之具有剂量依赖方式的抑制作用。 实验对比了几种ATP酶抑制剂对轴丝ATP酶的作用,结果表明它们之间差别很大。使酶活力下降一半所需的各种抑制剂浓度分别为:钒酸钠17μmol/L;棉酚36μmol/L;槲皮酮450μmol/L,DCCD[双环已基碳化二亚胺(Dicyclohexylcarbodiimide)]1,600μmol/L;乌本苷>2,000μmol/L。 本文对棉酚的杀精机理,抑制强度及其控制生育的意义进行了讨论。     

蛋白酶抑制剂对梨小食心虫幼虫中肠蛋白酶活性的影响

【目的】梨小食心虫Grapholitha molesta(Busck)是一种危害极其严重的果树害虫。中肠蛋白酶在昆虫生长发育过程中起着重要作用。本研究测定梨小食心虫幼虫中肠内蛋白酶活性的最适p H、蛋白酶抑制剂和激活剂对蛋白酶活性的作用,为利用蛋白酶抑制剂防治该害虫提供新思路。【方法】提取梨小食心虫3龄幼虫中肠液,利用酶专性底物测定各蛋白酶在3种不同缓冲溶液中的最适p H(dd H2O为对照)、蛋白酶抑制剂和激活剂对中肠蛋白酶活性的影响,同时测定饲喂蛋白酶抑制剂(PMSF,TLCK,TPCL和STI)后梨小食心虫中肠蛋白酶活性的变化。【结果】梨小食心虫幼虫中肠总蛋白酶在Tris-HCl,KH2PO4/Na OH和Glycine/Na OH 3种缓冲液中最适p H分别为10.5,11.0和11.0,强碱性胰蛋白酶的最适p H分别为10.5,11.0和11.0,弱碱性胰蛋白酶的最适p H分别为8.5,9.0和9.0,胰凝乳蛋白酶的最适p H分别为8.5,9.0和9.5。5种蛋白酶抑制剂(DTT,PMSF,TLCK,TPCL和STI)中,除TLCK对凝乳蛋白酶激活外,其他蛋白酶抑制剂对4种蛋白酶均表现为抑制,且浓度越大抑制效应越明显。抑制剂DTT对总蛋白酶和弱碱性胰蛋白酶的抑制效果高于其他抑制剂。4种蛋白酶激活剂(Mg Cl2,Ca Cl2,EDTA和EGTA)中,Mg Cl2抑制总蛋白酶和胰凝乳蛋白酶活性,而激活胰蛋白酶活性;Ca Cl2激活总蛋白酶和弱碱性胰蛋白酶活性,而抑制强碱性胰蛋白酶和胰凝乳蛋白酶,EDTA对4种蛋白酶均表现为抑制,EGTA除对强碱性胰蛋白酶表现为激活外,对另外3种蛋白酶表现抑制。用蛋白酶抑制剂PMSF,TLCK,TPCL和STI饲喂梨小食心虫幼虫,各抑制剂均可抑制4种蛋白酶活性,且在不同取样时间抑制水平不同。其中STI(50μg/m L)对4种蛋白酶的抑制效果高于其他抑制剂,且浓度越大抑制效应越明显。10,20和50μg/m L STI 3种浓度处理组,在取食后4 h时,4种蛋白酶活性升高,且上升程度与STI浓度有关;酶活性在20μg/m L STI处理后48 h,50μg/m L STI处理后60 h时最低,抑制剂STI表现出持效性。【结论】蛋白酶抑制剂对梨小食心虫幼虫中肠蛋白消化酶的活性具有一定的抑制作用,其中大豆胰蛋白酶抑制剂STI在害虫防治中具有极其重要的应用价值。     

棉铃虫气味结合蛋白HarmOBP16的组织表达谱及配基结合特性分析

【目的】揭示棉铃虫Helicoverpa armigera气味结合蛋白(odorant binding protein,OBP)基因Harm OBP16的组织表达谱及其重组蛋白与气味化合物的结合特性。【方法】基于棉铃虫触角转录组数据,利用PCR技术从棉铃虫成虫触角中PCR克隆气味结合蛋白基因,并进行生物信息学和系统进化分析;采用qPCR对其进行组织[头部(去除触角和喙)、胸部、腹部、足、翅、触角和喙]表达谱分析;进一步采用原核表达系统表达和纯化重组蛋白;最后采用荧光竞争结合实验测定该重组蛋白与85种候选气味物质的结合能力。【结果】从棉铃虫成虫触角中克隆得到一个Atypical OBP家族基因Harm OBP16(Gen Bank登录号:JQ753074),其开放阅读框长441 bp,编码146个氨基酸,推断的编码蛋白等电点为6.87,具有10个保守的半胱氨酸。组织表达谱结果表明,Harm OBP16在雌成虫翅中高表达。纯化后的重组蛋白Harm OBP16对植物花的挥发物香叶基丙酮(Ki=14.2μmol/L)、β-紫罗兰酮(Ki=15.2μmol/L)、辛醛(Ki=15.3μmol/L)、芳樟醇(Ki=16.8μmol/L)、(R)-(+)-柠檬烯(Ki=14.9μmol/L)和β-蒎烯(Ki=17.3μmol/L)有较强的结合能力。【结论】Harm OBP16可能在棉铃虫识别寄主植物的过程中发挥一定的作用,可为基于气味物质的棉铃虫引诱剂或驱避剂的研发提供潜在的分子靶标。     

蓖麻蚕在变态期间代谢作用的研究——Ⅱ.海藻糖酶的性质及其在代谢中的作用

本文以蓖麻蚕蛹化前后各虫期为材料,通过对不同组织中海藻糖酶活力及其糖含量的测定,结果发现了:1)血淋巴海藻糖酶活力仅在眠期蜕皮过程显现,其它虫期该酶不表现活力;2)海藻糖酶抑制物仅存在于血淋巴中,抑制物的存在虽然使海藻糖酶经常处于不活动状态,但后者却具有一定的潜在活力;3)饥饿能促使对海藻糖酶抑制的解除,随着酶活力的显现,此血糖的含量水平不断下降;4)消化道中海藻糖酶的分布依次为中肠>后肠>前肠,酶活力随幼虫进食而增加,吐丝以后显著下降;5)血淋巴和脂肪体中糖代谢与海藻糖酶活力变化之间存在一定的联系。文中明确了不同组织中海藻糖酶活力变化在昆虫糖代谢中的作用,并讨论了它的生理意义。     

柞蚕蛹滞育和滞育解除过程中海藻糖酶基因表达模式及酶活力分析

【目的】克隆柞蚕Antheraea pernyi海藻糖酶(trehalase,Treh)基因,探讨该基因在柞蚕蛹滞育和滞育解除过程中的表达模式与海藻糖酶活力变化,为阐明柞蚕蛹滞育期间糖代谢机制提供参考。【方法】利用RT-PCR技术从柞蚕蛹中克隆获得海藻糖酶基因,并对其进行生物信息学分析。采用半定量RT-PCR检测长光照(17L∶7D)处理后的滞育解除柞蚕蛹与对照滞育蛹不同组织中该基因的表达谱;采用实时定量PCR(qPCR)分析其在长光照下滞育解除过程中柞蚕蛹脂肪体中的相对表达量变化。利用3,5-二硝基水杨酸法检测脂肪体中海藻糖酶活力的变化,同时采用蒽酮比色法测定其血淋巴中海藻糖含量。【结果】克隆获得柞蚕3个海藻糖酶基因,分别命名为ApTreh1A,ApTreh1B和ApTreh2(GenBank登录号分别为:KU977455,KU977456和KU977457),开放阅读框(ORF)全长分别为1 797,1 635和1 932 bp,分别编码598,544和643个氨基酸。同源序列比对与系统进化树分析表明,ApTreh1A和ApTreh1B为可溶型海藻糖酶(Treh S),ApTreh2为膜结合型海藻糖酶(Treh M)。半定量RT-PCR检测发现,各组织中ApTreh2比ApTreh1的分布更广且表达量更高。qPCR检测发现,ApTreh1A和ApTreh1B在长光照处理后的柞蚕蛹脂肪体中,21 d时表达量都表现出快速升高[分别是对照组(12L∶12D)的2倍和4.7倍],28 d与35 d时下降,42 d时表达量再次升高;ApTreh2随着滞育的解除表达量逐渐升高,28 d时达到最高(约为对照组的2.7倍),42 d时又出现一个小高峰(约2.3倍),后期逐渐下降。长光照下脂肪体中海藻糖酶活力逐渐升高,21 d时达到最高(约18.5 U),35 d时降到最低(约11.2 U),42 d时其酶活力再次略微升高,之后呈下降趋势,与基因表达变化趋势一致。蛹血淋巴中海藻糖含量在长光照条件下呈现出升高趋势,21 d时达到最高,在整个发育时期的含量比对照组要高。【结论】本研究结果表明柞蚕蛹滞育解除过程中海藻糖酶基因表达的变化与蛹脂肪体中海藻糖酶活性、蛹血淋巴中海藻糖含量的变化趋势呈一致性,提示海藻糖酶基因的表达响应在柞蚕蛹滞育解除中发挥重要作用。     

棉铃虫幼虫中肠微粒体P450差光谱与O-脱甲基酶的酶学特征及其可诱导性

棉铃虫Helicoverpa armigera (Hübner)幼虫中肠微粒体制备液的CO差光谱在450 nm有吸收峰,P450含量为(687±11) pmol/mg。中肠750 g离心的上清液的O-脱甲基酶活性在酶量相当5个中肠、反应时间30 min内与酶量和反应时间呈线性关系;最适Ph值在7.8, 最适温度为20～25℃。酶系对底物对硝基苯甲醚的O-脱甲基活性的Km=1.23 mmol/L, V_max=2.54 nmol对硝基酚/(mg·min)。NADPH为酶活的重要因子,离体测定时,O-脱甲基酶在无外来NADPH的活性仅为加0.25 mmol/L NADPH 的16%。在反应体系中加入1.5% BSA明显促进产物的生成。P450的专一性抑制剂PBO浓度达到1 mmol/L时,可抑制酶90%的活性。棉铃虫取食含0.25%苯巴比妥钠的食物72 h后,O-脱甲基酶活性是对照组的1.73倍。     

产碱假单胞菌脂肪酶的克隆表达及酶学性质研究

【目的】克隆产碱假单胞菌的脂肪酶基因,实现其在大肠杆菌中异源表达并进行酶学性质研究。【方法】通过基因文库构建和PCR,获得脂肪酶基因,并以pET30a(+)为表达载体、E.coli BL21(DE3)为宿主菌,在大肠杆菌中进行异源表达,表达产物经HisTrapTM亲和层析柱纯化后进行酶学性质研究。【结果】从产碱假单胞菌中克隆得到一个脂肪酶基因,大小为1 575 bp(GenBank登录号为JN674069)。该酶分子量为55 kD,最适底物为p-NPO,最适反应温度和pH分别为35°C、pH 9.0。重组酶经1 mmol/L的Cu2+处理30 min可使酶活提高至156%。在最适反应条件下重组酶的比活力为275 U/mg,Km和Vmax分别为80μmol/L和290 mmol/(min.g protein)。【结论】产碱假单胞菌脂肪酶基因的克隆与表达不仅积累了脂肪酶基因的资源,并为其在手性拆分中的应用奠定基础。     

六种藓类植物茎的比较解剖学研究

通过对6种藓类植物,即褶叶青藓(Brachythecium salebrosum(Web.et Mohr.)B.S.G.)、湿地匐灯藓(Plagiomnium acutum(Lindb.)Kop.)、侧枝匐灯藓(Plagiomnium maximoviczii(Lindb.)Kop.)、大凤尾藓(Fissidensnobilis Griff.)、大羽藓(Thuidium cymbifolium(Doz.et Molk.)B.S.G.)和大灰藓(Hypnum plumaeforme Wils.)嫩茎和老茎的石蜡切片和显微观察发现,同一藓类植株的嫩茎和老茎,茎结构稳定,不同种藓类植物茎横切面具有不同特征.植物体茎横切面形状、表层细胞的层数、细胞大小和细胞壁厚薄、皮层细胞大小和形状、中轴的有无以及比例等特征可以作为藓类植物的分科分类依据之一.     

Photoregulation of seed germination of wild-type and of an aurea-mutant of tomato

Seed germination of an aurea mutant of tomato ( Lycopersicon esculentum Mill.) is promoted by continuous irradiation with red, far-red or long-wavelength far-red (758 nm) light as well as by cyclic irradiations (5 min red or 5 min far-red/25 min darkness). Far-red light applied immediately after each red does not change the germination behaviour. Seed germination of the isogenic wild-type, cv. UC-105, is promoted by continuous and cyclic red light while it is inhibited by continuous and cyclic far-red light and by continious 758 nm irradiation. Far-red irradiation reverses almost completely the promoting effect of red light. The promoting effect (in the aurea mutant) and the inhibitory effect (in the wild-type) of continuous far-red light do not show photon fluence rate dependency above 20 nmol m⁻² s⁻¹. It is concluded that phytochrome controls tomato seed germination throgh low energy responses in both the wild type and the au mutant. The promoting effect of continuous and cyclic far-red light in the au mutant can be attributed to a greater sensitivity to P_fr.     

Cause of Senescence of Nine Sorts of Flowers

The levels of endogenous phytohormones and respiratory rate in nine sorts of flowers such as Cymbidium faberi Rolfe, Nopalxochia ackermannii Kunth and others were investigated both at full bloom and senescence and meanwhile the effect of exogenous phytohormones on prolonging the blossoms and promoting ethylene production were tested. There is a high content of endogenous ethylene in all the long-lived flowere, about 3–16 folds higer than the short-lived ones. There is a high level of ABA at full blooming flowers of short-lived flowers, in which there is no or only some cytokinins in it, but the ratio of CTK (6BA+zeatin)/ABA is smaller(l.7). The endogenous ABA reached a much higher level at senescence in all nine sorts of flowers, so it is reasonable to consider that it is ABA which plays an important role of regulation in controlling flower's senescence. There is a much higher level of GA3 and zeatin in the long-lived flowers which is not demonstrated in the shortlived ones. The respiratory rate is one of the factors controtling the longevity of flowers, but it does not play a decided role. Application of 6BA and zeatin prolongs distinctly orchid’s longevity, however exogenous IAA through the promotive action on ethylene production, evidently extends the longevity of the flowers of the Nopalxochia ackermannii Kunth.     

Interconnection of parameters of regulation system of lipid peroxidation and of morphophysiological parameters of mouse liver

A complex analysis of seasonal fluctuations of the mean group parameters of the system of regulation of lipid peroxidation has been performed in liver of Balb/c mice. Association of lipid characteristics and morphophysiological parameters is studied in the Balb/c mouse liver. An inter-connection is revealed between the liver index and the amount of lysoforms of phospholipids, the scale and character of the interconnection differing essentially depending on proportion of phos-phatidylcholine in mouse liver phospholipids.     

龙胆科药用植物化学成分的研究现状

龙胆科植物在我国的分布范围很广,且多数为药用植物,其多数种属的药用植物,至今其化学成分尚未被系统研究。综述了目前龙胆科药用植物的化学成分的研究现状及一般提取方法,对近年来发现的环烯醚萜及裂环烯醚萜类化合物进行了总结,为本科药用植物的更深入研究提供了参考。     

Physiological characteristics of various species of strains of carboxydobacteria

Seven strains of aerobic carbon monoxide-oxidizing bacteria (carboxydebacteria) when growing on CO as sole source of carbon and energy had doubling times which ranged from 12–42 h. The activity profiles obtained after discontinuous sucrose density gradient centrifugation indicated that the CO-oxidizing enzymes are soluble and the hydrogenases are membrane-bound in all strains examined. The CO-oxidizing enzymes of Pseudomonas carboxydohydrogena, Pseudomonas carboxydoflava, Comamonas compransoris, and the so far unidentified strains OM2, OM3, and OM4 had a molecular weight of 230,000; that of Achromobacter carboxydus amounted to 170,000. The molecular weights of the CO-oxidizing and H₂-oxidizing enzymes turned out to be identical. The cell sonicates were shown to catalyze the oxidation of both CO and H₂ with methylene blue, thionine, phenazine methosulfate, toluylene blue, dichlorophenolindophenol, cytochrome c or ferricyanide as electron acceptors. Methyl viologen, benzyl viologen, FAD⁺, FMN⁺, and NAD(P)⁺ were not reduced. The spectrum of electron acceptors was identical for all strains tested. Neither free formate, hydrogen nor oxygen gas were involved in the CO-oxidation reaction. Methylene blue was reduced by CO at a 1:1 molar ratio. The results indicate that CO-oxidation by carboxydobacteria is catalyzed by identical or similar enzymes and that the reaction obeys the equation CO+H₂OCO₂+2H⁺+2e^- as previously shown for Pseudomonas carboxydovorans.Dedicated to Otto Kandler remembering almost three decades of enjoyable cooperation     

Modulation of allostery of pyruvate kinase by shifting of an ensemble of microstates

Since the introduction of the concepts of allostery about four decades ago, much advancement has been made in elucidating the structure-function correlation in allostery. However, there are still a number of issues that remain unresolved. In this review we used mammalian pyruvate kinase (PK) as a model system to understand the role of protein dynamics in modulating cooperativity. PK has a triosephosphate isomerase (TIM)(α/β)₈ barrel structural motif. PK is an ideal system to address basic questions regarding regulatory mechanisms about this common (α/β)₈ structural motif. The simplest model accounting for all of the solution thermodynamic and kinetic data on ligand-enzyme interactions involves two conformational states, inactive E^T and active E^R. These conformational states are represented by domain movements. Further studies provide the first evidence for a differential effect of ligand binding on the dynamics of the structural elements, not major secondary structural changes. These data are consistent with our model that allosteric regulation of PK is the consequence of perturbation of the distribution of an ensemble of states in which the inactive E^T and active E^R represent the two extreme end states. Sequence differences and ligands can modulate the distribution of states leading to alterations of functions. The future work includes: defining the network of functionally connected residues; elucidating the chemical principles governing the sequence differences which affect functions; and probing the nature of mutations on the stability of the secondary structural elements, which in turn modulate allostery.     

（鱼句）亚科花（鱼骨）型鱼类骨骼系统的比较

对我国花型Hemibarbuspattern鱼类作了骨骼系统比较,结果表明,此类型鱼类脑颅较长,副蝶骨平直或稍弯曲,眶蝶骨腹纵嵴发达(铜鱼Coreius septentrionalis例外),下颞窝和咽突中等大,基枕骨后突发达;脑颅中的上筛骨的后突、侧筛骨的外筛突,蝶耳骨的外突、上耳骨的后突、围眶骨和后颞窝等均有明显的差异;咽颅中的舌颌骨、尾舌骨、鳃盖骨和下咽齿的列数等又有显著的区别;附肢骨骼中的腰带骨、脊椎骨中的复合神经骨和第4椎骨腹侧的悬器等也有不同之处。据此,这些差异和区别可作为属间或种间的分类依据。