珙桐传粉诱物Ⅰ.花色

珙桐(Davidia involucrata)是中国特有的珍稀濒危植物。目前对珙桐的研究主要集中在珙桐的形态描述、地理分布和种群和群落生态以及引种繁殖等方面。对其传粉生物学等的研究未见报道。花色一直被认为是吸引传粉者的诱物之一。传粉生态学家多利用滤镜、摄像等技术或行为学的方法研究花色与传粉者间的关系。黄酮类是花内色素中最重要的一类物质,并且已经有了成熟的提取分离方法。但还没有人具体地对它的变化与传粉者的访花关系进行研究。该文测定了各个花期的珙桐花序苞片、雄蕊和叶中的总黄酮含量及其组分变化,并对各个时期传粉者的传粉频率进行了观察。结果表明,随着花的发育,苞片、雄蕊和叶中的总黄酮含量都在下降,在雌蕊期膜翅目昆虫访问率高,但没有鞘翅目昆虫。此时黄酮可能同时起到了吸引和防御传粉者的作用。有几个黄酮组分含量在总黄酮中的比率上升,另有几个下降,增加了花与背景叶的对比度,可能强化了吸引传粉者的能力。     

中国珍稀濒危孑遗植物珙桐种群的保护

珙桐(Davidia involucrata Baill.)为我国特有的珙桐科单型种,第三纪孑遗植物,素有"活化石"之称,是国家一级重点保护珍稀濒危植物,其特殊的分类地位决定它在全球生物多样性保育中具有不可替代的作用。从珙桐濒危状况和原因、保育技术、保护策略3个方面回顾和总结了珙桐种群保护的研究,并对未来研究方向提出一些建议。     

四川都江堰龙池地区珙桐群落生态初步研究

对四川都江堰龙池地区珙桐群落进行样方调查,并调查了散生的珙桐种群。分析了珙桐群落的植物区系构成;从样方的物种构成、重要值排列、群落结构三方面的相似性来分析并划分珙桐群落类型,并讨论群落不同层次及结构因子间的相关性;比较不同珙桐群落中乔木层常见种的径级结构,探讨珙桐在群落中的地位及更新状况与群落演替进程间的关系;对本地珙桐的有性和无性繁殖特征进行分析,并与都江堰、湖北鹤峰、五峰的珙桐种群的径级结构作     

四川卧龙自然保护区珙桐种群的空间分布格局

采用扩散系数的t检验、Poisson分布的x^2拟合检验及Morisita指数的F检验来研究珙桐种群的空间分布格局类型,用负二项参数（K）、Green指数（GI）和Lloyd的平均拥挤度（m^＊）与聚块性指标（PAI）来研究珙桐的聚集强度。同时利用上述指数研究取样尺度、海拔及克隆繁殖对珙桐种群分布格局和聚集强度的影响。结果表明,总体上珙桐种群的分布格局类型为集群分布,具一定的聚集强度。取样尺度、海拔对其分布格局和聚集强度均有不同程度的影响。基株种群和分株种群的分布格局和聚集强度在不同取样尺度和海拔下出现不同的变化。最后对珙桐种群格局在各种因素影响下的变化原因进行了讨论,认为珙桐种群格局呈集群分布的最主要原因是由其本身的繁殖特性决定的。     

粉红珙桐叶片呈色相关生理特性的季节变化

以四川省珙县王家镇同一生境下不同季节的粉红与绿叶珙桐叶片为试材,对其色素含量、渗透调节物质含量及相关酶活性进行测定,分析其季节性变化规律,从生理角度探寻影响珙桐叶片呈色的关键因素,以期为粉红珙桐的选育和合理栽培提供理论依据和技术参考。结果显示:(1)粉红珙桐叶片花色苷含量在春夏秋季均极显著高于绿叶珙桐,在夏季时含量最低;粉红珙桐叶片总叶绿素含量在夏季和秋季极显著低于绿叶珙桐,从春季过渡至秋季过程中逐渐上升;两者的类胡萝卜素和类黄酮含量差异不明显且在季节间较平稳。(2)粉红珙桐叶片的可溶性糖和可溶性蛋白含量略高于绿叶珙桐,夏季时达到最高;其脯氨酸含量也高于绿叶珙桐,且从春季到秋季缓慢上升。(3)粉红珙桐叶片苯丙氨酸解氨酶活性(PAL)、苯基苯乙烯酮黄烷酮异构酶(CHI)和超氧化物歧化酶活性(SOD)都显著高于绿叶珙桐,过氧化物酶(POD)活性则相反;从春季到秋季过程中,两种珙桐叶片PAL活性先减弱后增强,其POD和SOD活性则先增强后减弱,但粉红珙桐CHI活性逐渐减弱,绿叶CHI活性则先上升后下降。(4)粉红珙桐叶片花色苷含量与叶绿素含量、可溶性蛋白含量以及CHI、POD和SOD活性呈显著负相关关系。研究表明,叶片花色苷含量的增加和叶绿素含量的减少是粉红珙桐呈色的决定因素,CHI、SOD和POD活性是调节花色苷降解速率的关键酶。     

土壤氮素与光照对盆栽珙桐幼苗光合参数的影响

珙桐是我国特有珍稀保护物种,在植物系统发育和地史变迁研究上有很高的学术地位,国内外学者进行了大量的研究。以濒危植物珙桐(Davidia involucrate)一年生幼苗为试验材料,通过控制土壤氮素含量与光照的方法,研究了不同土壤氮素含量(0mg、200mg、400mg、600mg、800mg)及是否遮光对珙桐幼苗生长和光合参数的影响,探讨土壤氮素及光照对珙桐幼苗生长的影响。结果表明:1)高氮素水平可以减缓在非适生环境下生长的珙桐幼苗光合速率的降低;2)适宜的直射光照可能对珙桐等喜阴植物的幼苗的生长是有利的;3)氮素对由遮光引起的光合参数的降低有补偿作用,但仍无法完全抵消由于遮光所引起的净光合速率的降低。     

珙桐的引种繁殖研究

珙桐是我国特有的珍稀植物,为保护、发展这一树种,对珙桐进行了引种实验和一系列的繁殖研究。     

珙桐种质资源保存样本策略的研究

珙桐 (Davidiainvolucrata) 是我国特有的珙桐科单型属植物, 起源古老, 是第三纪热带植物区系的孑遗种, 被列为国家一级保护植物。利用RAPD技术, 通过 11个多态引物对 5个天然珙桐种群的遗传多样性、种群内和种群间的遗传变异进行了研究。结果表明 :珙桐天然种群具有丰富的遗传多样性, 但群体间的差异明显, 2 6 %的遗传变异存在于群体间。研究将珙桐划分为东南部和西北部两大种源区。通过对珙桐群体间及群体内的聚类分析, 结合遗传标记的捕获曲线研究提出了珙桐种质资源保存的样本策略。原地保存可以选择甘肃文县、四川峨眉山和贵州梵净山 3个种群作为保存对象, 每个群体保存面积 3hm2 以上 ;异地保存应抽取甘肃文县、四川峨眉山、湖北神农架、贵州梵净山等 4个群体, 每个群体抽样 30个以上个体, 株间最小间距 30m以上, 共计保存 15 0个个体, 分别在东南部和西北部建立一个异地保存点。     

基于MaxEnt模型的珙桐在中国潜在适生区预测

珙桐为我国特有珍稀树种,预测珙桐潜在适生区可为珙桐物种保护与研究提供重要参考。基于387条中国境内样本分布数据和27个环境因子,利用MaxEnt模型与地理信息系统(geographic information system,GIS),对珙桐在中国的潜在适生区进行预测,并通过受试者工作特征(receiver operating characteristic,ROC)曲线对模型精度进行验证。结果表明:ROC曲线下面积(AUC)平均值为0.951,模型预测结果准确性较高,适合珙桐的潜在适生区预测;珙桐潜在适生区主要位于四川、云南、贵州、湖南、湖北、重庆、陕西和西藏等地区,高适生区呈不规则环状分布,西起横断山区,北达秦岭-武当山-荆山一线,东抵张家界-雪峰山一带,南至贵阳,在西藏东南部的雅鲁藏布江河谷和安徽西部的大别山地区也有分布;气温年较差、年降水量、最冷月最低温、昼夜温差、降水量变异系数等5个环境因子对珙桐潜在适生区预测影响最大,其他环境因子,如地形、土壤、水文等影响较小。     

大相岭自然保护区珙桐群落植物区系、结构及动态

在多次调查的基础上,对四川大相岭自然保护区珙桐(Davidia involucrata)群落的植物区系组成、群落结构、更新现状以及群落演替进行了探究。结果表明:(1)大相岭自然保护区的植被为亚热带向温带过渡的区系类型,大量古老孑遗属的存在反映出珙桐群落植物区系的孑遗性和古老性。(2)群落整体径级结构呈偏正态分布型,高度级结构呈倒J型,群落结构发展趋势较为稳定。(3)大相岭自然保护区珙桐种群整体年龄结构近似呈金字塔型,为增长型种群。总体来说,珙桐纯林(C类型群落)搭配优势度最优,处于后期稳定型演替阶段,是大相岭自然保护区珙桐群落中的顶极群落。研究认为,设立专门的珙桐保护区开展就地保护是针对此类珙桐原生群落有效的保护方法。     

南极磷虾行为与生理生态学研究进展

行为生态学和生理生态学是生态学领域的两个重要研究范畴,开展相关研究可以更好地理解海洋生物的生活习性及其对环境的适应能力.南极磷虾是南大洋生态系统中的关键物种,探究其行为和生理生态学可以了解磷虾类等海洋生物应对极端环境的能力.本文从行为生态和生理生态两方面总结了南极磷虾的典型生态学特征.行为生态学包括其集群(规模、行为)及游泳(游泳角度、附肢摆动)等;生理生态学包括呼吸、排泄与代谢以及蜕皮与生长等.目前关于南极磷虾的生理生态学和行为生态学的研究仍较为有限,且多数研究结果基于陆基实验室的暂养.鉴于陆基实验室暂养与自然的南极磷虾栖息环境差异较大,开展南极磷虾的现场实验生态学研究迫在眉睫.     

Industrial Ecology as a Cultural Phenomenon: On Objectivity as a Normative Position

Taking a recent column by Braden Allenby in this journal as a starting point, we argue the need for researchers in the field of industrial ecology to reflect upon its normative aspects. We argue that the field will advance through an explicit discourse on such issues as epistemological positions, the inherent normative nature of using metaphors, and the way in which the field of study relates to the field of practice.
In "Culture and Industrial Ecology," Allenby raises, and begins to address, some critical questions that define the field of industrial ecology. We suggest that his arguments dismiss too lightly issues that are central to this developing field. The purpose of this reply is to open up for further discussion what industrial ecology is, and what it is not.
We begin by summarizing Allenby's line of reasoning. We explore his arguments around the notion of objectivity and the questions he raises about the relationship among objective science, normative positions, opinions, and fads. While Allenby makes a strong plea for industrial ecology to maintain objectivity and avoid normative positions, we contend that any positions on what should or should not be included in a field of study carry normative intent. Although science might seek to be objective in its method, scientists are rarely free of such normative positions. These positions need to be explicit and open to debate. Also, Allenby's position implies that industrial ecology as a field of study should be separated from industrial ecology as a field of practice. We argue that the interrelation of these fields provides important advantages.
Our main concern is that Allenby's position forestalls discussion on important issues at the heart of the field of study. We examine some key issues around the concept of objectivity and propose an agenda for research on the cultural and ideological aspects of industrial ecology.     

Ecology, mythology and the organismic way of thinking in limnology

For laymen, the word 'ecology' has become naturally surrounded with mythological mist. The influence of mythological thinking on ecology as a science is not so evident, but it certainly exists and in some aspects it can hardly be overestimated. The idea of the organism as a model or matrix for shaping new knowledge about populations, communities and ecosystems is extremely important in the maintenance of mythological thinking in modern ecology. We may even consider the organismic ideas as a vehicle of mythology in modern ecology. to this article, the problem is illustrated with limnology - an advanced branch of ecology in which it is easier to see the connections and contradictions between the dominant approaches.     

What is dental ecology?

Teeth have long been used as indicators of primate ecology. Early work focused on the links between dental morphology, diet, and behavior, with more recent years emphasizing dental wear, microstructure, development, and biogeochemistry, to understand primate ecology. Our study of Lemur catta at the Beza Mahafaly Special Reserve, Madagascar, has revealed an unusual pattern of severe tooth wear and frequent tooth loss, primarily the result of consuming a fallback food for which these primates are not dentally adapted. Interpreting these data was only possible by combining our areas of expertise (dental anatomy [FC] and primate ecology [MS]). By integrating theoretical, methodological, and applied aspects of both areas of research, we adopted the term "dental ecology"-defined as the broad study of how teeth respond to the environment. Specifically, we view dental ecology as an interpretive framework using teeth as a vehicle for understanding an organism's ecology, which builds upon earlier work, but creates a new synthesis of anatomy and ecology that is only possible with detailed knowledge of living primates. This framework includes (1) identifying patterns of dental pathology and tooth use-wear, within the context of feeding ecology, behavior, habitat variation, and anthropogenic change, (2) assessing ways in which dental development and biogeochemical signals can reflect habitat, environmental change and/or stress, and (3) how dental microstructure and macro-morphology are adapted to, and reflect feeding ecology. Here we define dental ecology, provide a short summary of the development of this perspective, and place our new work into this context.     

水与村落关系的生态学思考

村落是地表突出且普遍的景观。从生态学角度而言 ,村落系以农村人群为中心 ,伴生生物为主要生物群落 ,建筑设施为重要栖息环境的人工生态系统。村落具有景观、分布、结构、功能、生命过程、新陈代谢和分类区划等生态学特征。从生态学角度对村落生态系统进行研究 ,形成具有特色的生态学分支村落生态学 (ｖｉｌｌａｇｅｅｃｏｌｏｇｙ) ,村落生态学具有确定性定义和研究内容[1 ] 。我国是一个农业大国 ,目前全国分布有 5 0 0多万个村落 ,6万多个集镇 ,市镇人口约占 30 % ,农村人口约占 70 % ,是农村生态系统的重要组成部分。我国 5 5个少数民…     

生态学研究的新领域--分子生态学

分子生态是生态学的一个新的研究领域。它采用分子生物学的技术与方法来研究生态活动规律的分子机理。本文简要介绍了分子生态学的定义、研究内容、研究方法和研究热点等,以期描述出分子生态学的概貌。     

Ecology and behaviour of domestic sheep (Ovis aries): a review

Behaviour of sheep is complex and poorly understood. It is only within the past 20 years that a concerted effort has been made to elucidate those aspects of behaviour which have most relevance to sheep raising under open-range conditions. The present report attempts to summarize and review published work on the behaviour and ecology of sheep. The whole question of the significance of behaviour and the extent to which it is possible to shape it is a field which is open for study. This paper is an attempt to summarize the work on sheep behaviour and on those aspects of physiology which impinge. Consideration is given to the evolution of Bovids, scope of domestication and world distribution of sheep since these aspects have a major influence on the sheep with which we deal today. Animal requirements for food, water, shelter, protection from predators, and control of disease and parasites have been largely met by man and the forces for selection which operated among the progenitors of domestic sheep have been largely negated. Despite this, genetic selection still goes on. Behavioural adaptation to a wide variety of environmental and nutritional regimes is a common feature among free-ranging sheep. Reproductive success, a matter of considerable commercial concern is often poor. Lamb survival is of critical importance. Factors involved in neonatal mortality are reviewed in detail. Finally, the now extensive literature on sheep behaviour, physiology and management is collated in a bibliography with over 150 literature citations.     

核酸技术在立枯丝核菌分类与生态学研究中的应用

立枯丝核菌是一种传播广、危害大的土传病原菌,对其展开的研究已涉及各个方面并逐渐深入,近几年借助于核酸技术对其所展开的研究更成为热点。对核酸技术在立枯丝核菌的分类学研究(主要包括G Cmol%含量测定、核酸杂交、各种DNA指纹技术、特异PCR扩增、测序DNA的序列分析)、监测群体动态变化的生态学研究(实时荧光PCR技术)中的应用作一简要的介绍。