云南省阳蝇属五新种(双翅目:蝇科)

报道云南省蝇科Ｈｅｌｉｎａ Ｒ．－Ｄ．５新种,分别命名为保山阳蝇Ｈｅｌｉｎａ ｂａｏｓｈａｎｅｎｓｉｓ ｓｐ．ｎｏｖ．、贡山阳蝇Ｈｅｌｉｎａ ｇ９ｏｎｇｓｈａｎｅｎｓｉｓ ｓｐ．ｎｏｖ．、大黑阳蝇Ｈｅｌｉｎａ ｌａｒｇｉｎｉｇｒａ ｓｐ．ｎｏｖ．、马氏阳蝇Ｈｅｌｉｎａ ｍａａｅ ｓｐ．ｎｏｖ．和豹腹阳蝇Ｈｅｌｉｎａ ｐａｒｄｉａｂｄｏｍｉｎｉｓ ｓｐ．ｎｏｖ．。模式标本保存于沈阳师范学院昆虫研究所     

中国阳蝇属一新种记述

本文记述自黑龙江省哈尔滨市（太阳岛）采到的阳蝇属一新种,哈尔滨阳蝇Ｈｅｌｉｎａ ｈａｒｂｉｎｅｎｓｉｓ ｓｐ．ｎｏｖ．模式标本存于黑龙江省卫生防疫产。     

四川省阳蝇属三新种：双翅目：蝇科

阳蝇属三新种,双鬃阳蝇,新种Ｈｅｌｉｎａｄｕｐｌｉｃｉｓｅｔａｓｐ．ｎｏｖ;大斑阳蝇,新种Ｈｅｌｉｎａｍａｇｎｉｍｕｃｕｌａｔａｓｐ．ｎｏｖ。欢愉阳蝇,新种Ｈｅｌｉｎｉａｈｅｓｔａｓｐ．ｎｏｖ。模式标本Ｉ号存华西医科大学,Ⅱ,Ⅲ号存在于雅安地区卫生防疫站。     

中国内蒙古溜蝇属一新种记述(双翅目:蝇科)

内蒙古溜蝇,新种Ｌｉｓｐｅ ｎｅｉｍｏｎｇｏｌａ Ｔｉａｎ ｅｔ Ｍａ,ｓｐ．ｎｏｖ（图１～４）,♂,体长约５．５ｍｍ。新种隶属于须瘤蝇种团（ｐａｌｋｐｏｓａ－ｇｒｏｕｐ）,与中国河北省的河北溜蝇,Ｌｉｓｐｅ ｈｅｂｅｉｅｎｓｉｓ Ｍａ ｅｔ Ｔｉａｎ,１９９３极近似。但新种的腹部背板无正中斑条,在第３～５背板后缘两侧各有１个黑色斑,中股基半部有１列长大的前腹鬃,中胫无后腹鬃,而河北溜虽的腹部背板     

辽宁棘蝇属一新种（双翅目：蝇科）

本文记述采自辽宁东部山区的蝇科棘蝇属Ｐｈａｏｎｉａ Ｒ．－Ｄ．一新种。命名新种为眷溪棘蝇Ｐｈａｏｎ ｒｉｐａｒａ ｓｐ．ｎｏｖ．。模式标本保存于沈阳师范学院昆虫研究所。新种同吉林棘蝇Ｐｈａｏｎｉａ ｊｉｌｉｎｅｎｓｉｓ Ｍａ ｅｔ Ｗａｎｇ,１９９２相近似,但后者颊高约等于眼高１／８,小盾下面和端半部明显橙色,上前中侧片鬃存在;翅脉大部为黄色;各股节端部１／３黄色;腹部第３￣５背板正中黑色条很狭,     

中国四川蝇科五新种（双翅目）

记述采自中国四川雅安地区及附近山区蝇科５新种：亮绿翠蝇Ｎｅｏｍｙｉａ ｎｉｔｅｌｉｖｉｒｉｄａ,ｓｐ．ｎｏｖ．;名山妙蝇Ｍｙｏｓｐｉｌａ ｍｉｎｇｓｈａｎａｎａ,ｓｐ．ｎｏｖ．;广叶阳蝇Ｈｅｌｉｎａｐｌａｔｙｃｅｒｃａ,ｓｐ．ｎｏｖ．;西南阳蝇Ｈｅｌｉｎａ ｘｉｎａｎａｎａ,ｓｐ．ｎｏｖ．;圆尾圆蝇Ｍｙｄａｅａ ｄｉｓｃｏｃｅｒｃａ,ｓｐ．ｎｏｖ．。模式标本存北京军事医学科学院医学昆虫标本馆。     

中国厕蝇属一新种记述(双翅目:厕蝇科)

记述采自浙江龙王山蝇属一新种,三叉厕蝇Ｆａｎｎｉａ ｔｒｉａｅｎｏｃｅｒａｃａ Ｘｕｅ ｅｔ Ｙａｎｇ,ｓｐ．ｎｏｖ．新种与裂叶厕蝇Ｆａｎｎｉａ ｓｃｉｓｓｉｆｏｌｉａ Ｘｕｅ,Ｗａｎｇ ｅｔ Ｈｕａｎｇ,１９９７近似,但是复眼具明显疏长发,前胫县１亚中位前背景,肛尾叶中在分三叉,分村中中间交长的１／２,侧尾叶上侧突内缓小刺在端部,下估侧面观较细长县无毛等特征可区别。正模♂,浙江龙王山１９９６－０     

中国四川省有瓣蝇类三新种：双翅目：麻蝇总科,蝇总科

本文报道四川省有瓣蝇类３新种,小口瘦粉蝇Ｄｅｘｏｐｏｌｌｅｎｉａｐａｒｖｉｏｓｔｉａｓｐ．ｎｏｖ（丽蝇科）齿腹粪蝇Ｓｃａｔｈｏｐｈａｇａｏｄｏｎｔｏｓｔｅｒｎｉｔａｓｐ．ｎｏｖ（粪蝇科）,橙须重毫蝇Ｄｉｃｈａｅｔｏｍｙｉａｐａｌｐｉａｕｒａｎｔｉａｃａｓｐ．ｎｏｖ（蝇科）模式标本存北京军事医学科学院医学昆虫标本馆。     

辽宁省花蝇属一新种（双翅目：花蝇科）

本文记述采自辽宁省西部山区花蝇科花蝇属Ａｎｔｈｏｍｙｉａ Ｍｅｉｇｅｎ,１８０３１新种,中华花蝇,新种Ａｎｔｈｏｍｙｉａ ｓｉｎｅｎｓｉｓ ｓｐ．ｎｏｖ。     

中国弧蚤蝇属分类研究（双翅目：蚤蝇科）

本文首次较系统地报道了中国弧蚤蝇属ＳｔｉｃｈｉｌｌｕｓＥｎｄｅｒｌｅｉｎ种类,共描述蚤蝇７种,其中包括５新种,毛尾弧蚤蝇Ｓ．ｐｏｌｙｃｈａｅｔｏｕｓ,尖突弧蚤蝇Ｓ．ａｃｕｍｉｎａｔｕｓ,疣尾弧蚤蝇Ｓ．ｔｕｂｅｒｃｕｌｏｓｕｓ,刺鞘弧蚤蝇Ｓ．ｓｐｉｎｏｓｕｓ和圆尾弧蚤蝇,Ｓ．ｏｒｂｉｃｕｌａｔｕｓ和１个中国新记录种,日本弧蚤蝇Ｓ．ｊａｐｏｎｉｃｕｓ（Ｍａｔｓｕｍｕｒａ）文中应用了雄外生殖器特征,编制     

THE EFFECT OF GESTATION ON THE RATE OF DECLINE OF MILK SECRETION WITH THE ADVANCE OF THE PERIOD OF LACTATION

1. Data are presented showing that the course of decline of milk secretion with the advance of the period of lactation in farrow cows follows the course of decline of a monomolecular chemical reaction, that is each month''s milk production is a constant percentage of the production of the preceding month (94.77 per cent in the case of the cow under consideration), from which it is inferred that milk secretion is limited by a chemical reaction initiated at parturition, and declining with the decrease of the concentration of the limiting substance as it is transformed into milk. 2. Data are presented showing that the decline in milk secretion due to pregnancy is related to the increase in weight of gestating animals, from which it is inferred that growth of the fetus is in part, at least, responsible for the decline in the milk flow due to the demand of the fetus for nutrients to support its life processes.     

INFLUENCE OF THE CONCENTRATION OF ELECTROLYTES ON SOME PHYSICAL PROPERTIES OF COLLOIDS AND OF CRYSTALLOIDS

1. When a 1 per cent solution of a metal gelatinate, e.g. Na gelatinate, of pH = 8.4 is separated from distilled water by a collodion membrane, water will diffuse into the solution with a certain rate which can be measured by the rise of the level of the liquid in a manometer. When to such a solution alkali or neutral salt is added the initial rate with which water will diffuse into the solution is diminished and the more so the more alkali or salt is added. This depressing effect of the addition of alkali and neutral salt is greater when the cation of the electrolyte added is bivalent than when it is monovalent. This seems to indicate that the depressing effect is due to the cation of the electrolyte added. 2. When a neutral M/256 solution of a salt with monovalent cation (e.g. Na₂SO₄ or K₄Fe(CN)₆, etc.) is separated from distilled water by a collodion membrane, water will diffuse into the solution with a certain initial rate. When to such a solution alkali or neutral salt is added, the initial rate with which water will diffuse into the solution is diminished and the more so the more alkali or salt is added. The depressing effect of the addition of alkali or neutral salt is greater when the cation of the electrolyte added is bivalent than when it is monovalent. This seems to indicate that the depressing effect is due to the cation of the electrolyte added. The membranes used in these experiments were not treated with gelatin. 3. It can be shown that water diffuses through the collodion membrane in the form of positively charged particles under the conditions mentioned in (1) and (2). In the case of diffusion of water into a neutral solution of a salt with monovalent or bivalent cation the effect of the addition of electrolyte on the rate of diffusion can be explained on the basis of the influence of the ions on the electrification and the rate of diffusion of electrified particles of water. Since the influence of the addition of electrolyte seems to be the same in the case of solutions of metal gelatinate, the question arises whether this influence of the addition of electrolyte cannot also be explained in the same way, and, if this be true, the further question can be raised whether this depressing effect necessarily depends upon the colloidal character of the gelatin solution, or whether we are not dealing in both cases with the same property of matter; namely, the influence of ions on the electrification and rate of diffusion of water through a membrane. 4. It can be shown that the curve representing the influence of the concentration of electrolyte on the initial rate of diffusion of water from solvent into the solution through the membrane is similar to the curve representing the permanent osmotic pressure of the gelatin solution. The question which has been raised in (3) should then apply also to the influence of the concentration of ions upon the osmotic pressure and perhaps other physical properties of gelatin which depend in a similar way upon the concentration of electrolyte added; e.g., swelling. 5. When a 1 per cent solution of a gelatin-acid salt, e.g. gelatin chloride, of pH 3.4 is separated from distilled water by a collodion membrane, water will diffuse into the solution with a certain rate. When to such a solution acid or neutral salt is added—taking care in the latter case that the pH is not altered—the initial rate with which water will diffuse into the solution is diminished and the more so the more acid or salt is added. Water diffuses into a gelatin chloride solution through a collodion membrane in the form of negatively charged particles. 6. When we replace the gelatin-acid salt by a crystalloidal salt, which causes the water to diffuse through the collodion membrane in the form of negatively charged particles, e.g. M/512 Al₂Cl₆, we find that the addition of acid or of neutral salt will diminish the initial rate with which water diffuses into the M/512 solution of Al₂Cl₆, in a similar way as it does in the case of a solution of a gelatin-acid salt.     

STABILITY OF SUSPENSIONS OF SOLID PARTICLES OF PROTEINS AND PROTECTIVE ACTION OF COLLOIDS

1. It is shown that the concentrations of different salts required to precipitate suspensions of gelatin-coated collodion particles in water are practically identical with the concentrations of the same salts required for the "salting out" of gelatin from aqueous solutions. Neither effect shows any relation to the electrical double layers surrounding the particles. 2. It is shown that at the isoelectric point of gelatin, suspensions of gelatin-coated collodion particles are not stable and it had been shown previously that gelatin is least soluble at the isoelectric point. The addition of salt increases both the solubility of gelatin in water as well as the stability of suspensions of gelatin-coated collodion particles in water, and both effects increase with the valency of one of the ions of the salt. 3. This latter effect is not due to any charges conferred on the gelatin particles by the salts, since the cataphoretic experiments show that salts like NaCl, Na₂SO₄, or CaCl₂, which at the isoelectric point of gelatin increase the solubility of gelatin as well as the stability of suspensions of gelatin-coated collodion particles, leave the particles practically uncharged in the concentrations in which the salts are efficient. 4. It follows from all these facts that the stability of suspensions of gelatin-coated particles in water depends on the solubility of gelatin in water; e.g., on the chemical affinity of certain groups of the gelatin molecule for water. 5. Though crystalline egg albumin is highly soluble in water, the stability of collodion particles coated with crystalline egg albumin does not depend upon the affinity of the albumin molecule for water, but depends practically alone on the electrical double layer surrounding each particle. As soon as the P.D. of this double layer falls below 13 millivolts, the suspension is no longer stable. 6. The critical potential for the stability of suspensions of collodion particles coated with genuine egg albumin is the same as that for particles of boiled (denatured) white of egg. Since through the process of heating, egg albumin loses its solubility in water, it is inferred that egg albumin undergoes the same change when it forms a film around a solid particle like collodion. 7. The influence of electrolytes on the stability of suspensions of collodion particles coated with casein or edestin was similar to that of collodion particles coated with egg albumin. The experiments are, however, complicated by the fact that near the isoelectric point CaCl₂ and even NaCl cause a suspension again at concentrations of about M/2 or 1 M, while still higher concentrations may cause a precipitation again. These latter effects have no connection with double layers, but belong probably in the category of solubility phenomena. 8. These experiments permit us to define more definitely the conditions for a general protective action of colloids. Protective colloids must be capable of forming a durable film on the surface of the suspended particles and the molecules constituting the film must have a higher attraction for the molecules of the solvent than for each other; in other words, they must possess true solubility. Only in this case can they prevent the precipitating action of low concentrations of electrolytes on particles which are kept in suspension solely by the high potentials of an electrical double layer. Thus gelatin films, in which the attraction of the molecules for water is preserved, have a general protective action, while crystalline egg albumin, casein, and edestin, which seem to lose their attraction for water when forming a film, have a protective action only under limited conditions stated in the paper.     

蜀龙头骨及脑颅的解剖

本文对蜥脚类蜀龙(Shunosaurus)的脑颅分别从其头骨特征、脑垂体、耳区、视觉系统、脑神经等诸方面进行了较为详细的解剖研究,结果表明 Shunosaurus 内颈动脉不分叉;基蝶骨突强烈收缩;外淋巴囊出现在中耳及 IX、X、XI 孔与颈静脉孔内分外合等现象十分独特.因此,Shunosaurus 应视为一种特化的原始蜥脚类.     

THE EFFECT OF THE CONCENTRATION OF ENZYME ON THE RATE OF DIGESTION OF PROTEINS BY PEPSIN

1. In certain cases the rate of digestion of proteins by pepsin is not proportional to the total concentration of pepsin. 2. It is suggested that this is due to the fact that the enzyme in solution is in equilibrium with another substance (called peptone for convenience) and that the equilibrium is quantitatively expressed by the law of mass action, according to the following equation. See PDF for Equation It is assumed that only the uncombined pepsin affects the hydrolysis of the protein. 3. The hypothesis has been put in the form of a differential equation and found to agree quantitatively with the experimental results when the concentration of pepsin, peptone, or both is varied. 4. Pepsin inactivated with alkali enters the equilibrium to the same extent as active pepsin. 5. Under certain conditions (concentration of peptone large with respect to pepsin, and concentration of substrate relatively constant) the relative change in the amount of active pepsin is inversely proportional to the concentration of peptone and the equation simplifies to Schütz''s rule. 6. An integral equation is obtained which holds for the entire course of the digestion (except for the first few minutes) with varying enzyme concentration. This equation is identical in form with the one derived by Arrhenius for the action of ammonia on ethyl acetate. 7. It is pointed out that there are many analogies between the action of pepsin on albumin solutions and the action of toxins on an organism.     

中国鳐类脑颅的研究

作者解剖观察了33种,隶于4目、7亚目、15科、19属的中国鳐类脑颅的形态。研究结果认为:锯鳐目和鳐目是原始类群,它们均具吻软骨,其中圆犂头鳐科和团扇鳐科是特化类群。电鳐目亦具吻软骨,它们是特化和退化类群。在较高等的鲼目则无吻软骨。依据鳐类不同的分类阶元,其脑颅亦各具有不同的式型。     

THE EFFECT OF SALT CONCENTRATION OF THE MEDIUM ON THE RATE OF OSMOSIS OF WATER THROUGH THE MEMBRANE OF LIVING CELLS

1. Using the unfertilized egg of the sea urchin, Arbacia, as osmometer, it was found that the rate with which water enters or leaves the cell depends on the osmotic pressure of the medium: the velocity constant of the diffusion process is higher when the cell is in concentrated sea water, and lower when the sea water medium is diluted with distilled water. Differences of more than tenfold in the value of the velocity constant were obtained in this way. When velocity constants are plotted against concentration of medium, a sigmoid curve is obtained. 2. These results are believed to indicate that cells are more permeable to water when the osmotic pressure of the medium is high than when it is low. This relation would be accounted for if water should diffuse through pores in a partially hydrated gel, constituting the cell membrane. In a medium of high osmotic pressure, the gel is conceived to give up water, to shrink, and therefore to allow widening of its pores with more ready diffusion of water through them. Conversely, in solutions of lower osmotic pressure, the gel would take up water and its pores become narrow.     

EVALUATION OF EXPOSURE TREATMENT OF BURNS

For purposes of comparison with the occlusive dressing method of treating burns, the exposure method was used in 30 cases—16 of first and second degree and 14 of third degree. Attempt was made to simulate the conditions which might be expected to prevail in mass treatment of burned patients—inadequate personnel and materials. Elaborate measures to immobilize burned areas were not employed.Healing of first and second degree burns was natural and the results satisfactory without further treatment. In third degree burns, skin grafting was necessary after the eschar was removed. Cracking of the eschar several days before time to remove it in some cases of third degree burns necessitated use of occlusive dressings in the last few days before skin grafting was done.The exposure method is considered valuable in circumstances in which saving of time, material and personnel is indicated. Generally it is not suitable for treatment of encircling burns of the trunk or extremities, since maintaining the integrity of the eschar is extremely difficult in such situations.     

麻黄生物总碱提取生产工艺改进

设计考察了一种新的麻黄生物碱提取生产工艺,旨在解决现生产中的污染问题。在碱性条件下将麻黄生物碱盐苛化为生物碱形式,直接用二甲苯提取后,用2％草酸将生物碱转化为草酸盐萃取,二甲苯在工厂原有设备基础上回收循环利用,在解决污水问题的同时,简化工艺。采用析因试验确定最佳提取条件,包括提取温度、加饱和氢氧化钠量、麻黄草的粉碎程度。并考查了提取时间对提取率的影响;建立测定提取液中生物碱含量的方法。     

THE RATE OF DECLINE OF MILK SECRETION WITH THE ADVANCE OF THE PERIOD OF LACTATION

It is shown that the course of decline of milk secretion with the advance of the period of lactation may be expressed by the equation of a monomolecular chemical reaction; that is, the percentage decline of milk secretion with the advance of the stage of lactation is constant. This substantiates the idea that milk secretion is limited by a chemical reaction, and, in general, brings lactation into the class of processes the speed of which is determined by the concentration of a limiting substance.