项目成果

谷物功能因子研究与开发 本项目由国家863项目子专题”玉米黄素研究”等课题组成,主要研究内容紧密围绕玉米、小麦和燕麦加工的副产品——玉米蛋白粉、燕麦麸、小麦胚芽中的功能因子玉米黄素和黄体素、β-葡聚糖以及麦胚凝集素的分离、制备、结构鉴定和生理功能进行研究与关键技术突破与创新,为开发具有功能特性的高附加值产品、使谷物副产品高效增值和开发食品配料提供理论基础和科学依据。     

恶性疟原虫重组pfs230蛋白在不同表达系统中表达的研究进展

恶性疟原虫pfs230蛋白是恶性疟疾传播阻断疫苗主要的抗原之一,可影响雌雄配子的受精过程,这种疫苗对阻断恶性疟疾的传播至关重要。鉴于pfs230蛋白分子较大,以及独特的富含半胱氨酸的结构特征,体内表达有活性的全长重组pfs230蛋白存在困难。现就pfs230蛋白的生物学特征和恶性疟疾传播阻断型疫苗的活性评价方法,用大肠埃希菌、小麦胚芽无细胞系统、毕赤酵母和昆虫细胞中表达pfs230蛋白的进展,以及在不同表达系统中优化恶性疟疾pfs230蛋白表达的策略作一概述。     

硬粒小麦基因组中疑似硒蛋白生物信息分析

目的：用生物信息学的方法对硬粒小麦基因组中疑似硒蛋白的氨基酸序列进行综合分析,进一步找寻其为硒蛋白的生物信息依据,并初步分析推断其功能。方法：利用Vector NTI等多种生物信息学工具对硬粒小麦AYl46587．1序列中发现的疑似硒蛋白编码序列进行综合分析研究。结果：发现2段目标编码序列具有与某些蛋白酶相似的生物信息学特征,并推测其蛋白编码具有目前未知的机理。结论：推断AYl46587．1序列中存在编码未知硒蛋白的编码段,其编码的硒蛋白参与硬粒小麦胚芽生长发育时期能量调节。     

粤东地区重要外来有害植物叶蛋白含量的研究

用凯氏定氮法测定了粤东地区17种重要的外来植物粗蛋白含量.其中空心莲子草含量高达32.38%,另外薇甘菊、马缨丹、水葫芦、飞机草、空心莲子草等在叶蛋白的提取及叶蛋白产品的开发利用方面具有良好的前景.     

一款胚芽为核心的八宝粥的营养成分分析及体外活性评价

研究了一款以胚芽为核心的八宝粥的营养成分和抗氧化性能力,以及胚芽球蛋白对RAW 264.7巨噬细胞的增殖作用。首先测定了此款八宝粥的各种氨基酸含量,重点考察了γ-氨基丁酸（GABA）的含量;其次分别采用还原Fe3+、1,1-二苯基-2-三硝基苯肼（DPPH）法、邻苯三酚自氧化法和Folin-Ciocalteu法测定了该产品的总还原力、DPPH自由基清除能力、超氧阴离子自由基清除能力和总多酚的含量;最后分离提取出胚芽球蛋白,并且通过细胞实验分析球蛋白对巨噬细胞的增殖能力。结果表明：该产品氨基酸含量丰富,尤其是GABA含量比较突出,该产品具有很好的抗氧化能力;巨噬细胞的增殖实验表明,该产品具有提高机体的免疫能力的潜力。     

找回丢弃的宝藏——麦胚

如今,吃惯了口感好的精面粉的人们再也不愿意去吃粗面粉、灰面粉了。然而,你可知道,实际上在加工细面粉过程中,大约有1％～3％的小麦胚芽（简称麦胚）,随麦麸一起作为下脚料被用于喂猪和一些制酒业,造成了极大的浪费。据估计,我国每年被丢弃的麦胚大约有200万吨,相当于丢弃了60万吨的优质蛋白质、10万吨的麦胚油和大量的维生素以及矿物质,若这些产品能有10％被开发利用,至少能产生200亿元产值,因此被称为“被丢弃的宝藏”。     

硬粒小麦基因组中硒蛋白存在性分析研究

目的：用生物信息的方法对硬粒小麦基因组中硒蛋白存在性进行分析研究。方法：利用SECISearch工具将Genebank中收录的11029条硬粒小麦核酸序列逐个分析,找出具有符合硒蛋白特有茎环结构的序列,以已经发表的衣藻中硒蛋白为参照对象,利用VectorNTI软件对匹配序列进行生物信息分析,研究硬粒小麦硒蛋白存在性。结果：发现AY146587．1序列的互补序列中存在一个表达区与衣藻硒蛋白具有较高的结构相似性（该序列区长度为288bp,对应的SECIS在其下游6071bp处）,很有可能是硬粒小麦硒蛋白（或同源蛋白）编码区。结论：获得硬粒小麦中可能与硒蛋白相关的核酸序列。     

小麦胚芽鞘扩展蛋白特性及对水分胁迫的响应

扩展蛋白是植物细胞壁延伸过程中的关键调节因子,在植物的生长发育以及对逆境的响应过程中起着重要作用。本文选用小麦(HF 9703)胚芽鞘为材料,采用Hepes法和SDS法分别提取小麦胚芽鞘扩展蛋白,通过改良的植物组织伸长测定仪测定其活性,并利用扩展蛋白抗体进行免疫印迹以检测其丰度,主要研究了小麦胚芽鞘扩展蛋白的特性及对水分胁迫的响应。结果表明:Hepes法提取的扩展蛋白活性较高,而SDS法的提取效率高;离体小麦胚芽鞘扩展蛋白的活性具有pH依赖性,且随缓冲液的交替更换(pH 4.5:pH 6.8)而反复逆转;扩展蛋白主要定位于细胞壁中;小麦胚芽鞘扩展蛋白和黄瓜下胚轴扩展蛋白具有交叉重组活性,但这种活性具有种属特异性。水分胁迫诱导小麦胚芽鞘扩展蛋白的活性和丰度提高,扩展蛋白活性的提高在小麦对水分胁迫的抗性方面可能具有重要作用。     

低温胁迫下玉米幼苗的几种生理生化指标的变化

胚芽期和三叶期的玉米自交系‘齐319’幼苗经0、2、4、6℃冷处理后,测定过氧化物酶（POD）、过氧化氢酶（CAT）和超氧化物歧化酶（soD）活性以及可溶性蛋白和丙二醛（MDA）含量的结果表明：POD、CAT、SOD活性以及MDA和蛋白质含量均增加,0、2℃下胚芽期幼苗的抗寒性比三叶期的高,4和6℃下三叶期幼苗的抗寒能力更强;无论是胚芽期还是三叶期,温度越低,幼苗受冷伤害越大。     

小麦体内生化物质在抗蚜中的作用

综述了小麦体内生化物质的抗蚜作用 ,主要包括不同抗性品种对麦蚜的影响、小麦体内氨基酸、糖类、酚类物质、生物碱和非蛋白氨基酸等与抗蚜性的关系 ,以及蚜虫对小麦体内抗虫生化物质的诱导作用 ,并提出了深入研究小麦生化物质与抗蚜性关系的前景和意义。     

Initiation factors that bind mRNA. A comparison of mammalian factors with wheat germ factors

Three mammalian eukaryotic initiation factors (eIF) are required for the ATP-dependent binding of mRNA to the 40 S ribosomal subunit. These three factors, eIF-4A, eIF-4B, and eIF-4F, have also been isolated from wheat germ. Three assays were used to measure the ability of the wheat germ factors to interact with and/or substitute for the mammalian factors. Two assay systems were used to measure partial reactions involving the interaction of the three factors, ATP, and mRNA: 1) RNA-dependent ATP hydrolysis and 2) cross-linking of the factors to the 5' cap of oxidized mRNA. A third assay system was used to measure the ability of the factors to support initiation of protein synthesis. The results of the ATP hydrolysis and cross-linking experiments indicate that the wheat germ factors can interact with or substitute for the mammalian factors. Wheat germ eIF-4A appears to be functionally equivalent to mammalian eIF-4A. Wheat germ eIF-4B and eIF-4F appear to be isozymes possessing functions similar to mammalian eIF-4F. Wheat germ eIF-4B does not appear to be a functional equivalent to the mammalian eIF-4B. In a complete translation system from wheat germ, mammalian factors partially substitute for wheat germ factors, whereas the wheat germ factors are ineffective in the mammalian system.     

Chloroplastic methionyl-tRNA synthetase from wheat

Wheat chloroplastic methionyl-tRNA synthetase was isolated and appeared to be a monomer with a molecular weight of 75,000 daltons. Its catalytical properties in the aminoacylation for various isoacceptors tRNA_s^Met from E. coli and wheat germ revealed a recognition of prokaryotic tRNAs and wheat cytoplasmic tRNA_i^Met, but not tRNA_m^Met. Using pI determinations and catalytical properties, it could be detected in non-chloroplastic quiescent wheat germ a form of methionyl-tRNA synthetase having the same properties as the chloroplastic one's.     

Amino acid sequence of calmodulin from wheat germ

The complete amino acid sequence of calmodulin from wheat germ was determined by isolating and sequencing the cyanogen bromide and tryptic peptides. The protein consisted of 149 amino acid residues and its amino(N)-terminus was blocked with an acetyl group. Wheat germ calmodulin lacked tryptophan and contained 1 mol each of histidine, tyrosine, cysteine, and N epsilon-trimethyllysine residues per mol of the protein. A comparison of its amino acid sequence with that of bovine brain calmodulin indicated that there were eleven amino acid subsitutions other than amide assignments, two insertions and one deletion of amino acid residues in wheat germ calmodulin.     

Interaction of lectins with human platelets. Effects on platelet stimulation by thrombin and ristocetin.

Wheat germ agglutinin induced aggregation and secretion of fresh platelets. Aggregation, but not secretion of serotonin by platelets in plasma, by the lectin was inhibited by 5 mM EDTA. Further, the lectin-induced stimulation of fresh platelets was blocked by prostaglandin E1. Thus, this lectin stimulates platelets by a mechanism which closely mimics thrombin activation and is independent of intercellular crosslinking. Lentil lectin did not stimulate platelets. Each platelet contained about 6 . 10(-5) binding sites for the lectins with an apparent dissociation constant of 3.0 . 10(-7) M. Wheat germ agglutinin, which binds mainly to glycoprotein I (Mr 150 000), increased the subsequent binding of thrombin to fixed platelets while lentil lectin was without effect. It appears that thrombin and wheat germ agglutinin bind to independent but interacting sites. Wheat germ agglutinin, but neither thrombin nor lentil lectin, inhibited the agglutination of platelets by ristocetin. Further, rat platelets were not aggregated by either ristocetin or wheat germ agglutinin. It appears that the interaction sites of ristocetin and wheat germ agglutinin on platelets are overlapping.     

A proteomic approach to the identification and characterisation of protein composition in wheat germ

Proteome analyses were carried out on commercial wheat germ of mature grain from the biscuit-making wheat cultivar, Rosella. Wheat germ protein extracts were fractionated by two-dimensional gel electrophoresis across two different immobilised pH gradients: pH 4.0–7.0 and 6.0–9.0. A total of 612 individual protein spots were excised from the gels and characterised by peptide mass fingerprinting. From these analyses, 347 individual proteins were identified from protein sequence database interrogation, and 301 different types of protein were catalogued according to protein function. The remaining 265 protein spots gave poor or no matches to proteins in the databases and were not identified in this study. Six different classes of enzymes were identified in the germ, many of them having roles in the mobilisation of energy reserves for germination. Abundantly expressed enzyme classes include the oxidoreductases, transferases and hydrolases. A comparison was also made between the major protein classes expressed in the germ and protein classes expressed in the endosperm from previous proteomic work. This study contributes significantly to our knowledge of protein expression and heterogeneity in the germ of wheat grain and forms the basis for future studies in regard to the characterisation of proteins during the initial stages of germination.     

The cell surface of a restrictive fenestrated endothelium

The choriocapillaris is one example of a capillary bed lined by a fenestrated endothelium that is restrictive to exogenous tracers and endogenous plasma proteins. In this study we have examined the distribution of cell-surface monosaccharides utilizing biotinylated lectin-avidin ferritin cytochemistry. Receptors for wheat germ agglutinin were localized to the plasmalemma and diaphragms of some fenestrae, vesicles, and channels at the luminal endothelial front in amounts greater than seen for the other lectins employed. The absence of labeling following inhibition with N-acetylglucosamine and after tissue digestion with N-acetylhexosaminidase, but not after neuraminidase indicated that this lectin marked N-acetylglucosamine residues and not sialic acid. Wheat germ agglutinin receptors were not affected by pronase E or trypsin digestion, but were partially removed by proteinase K. The latter also removed many fenestral diaphragms. Wheat germ agglutinin receptors were cleaved with endoglycosidase D. The combined results indicate that the wheat germ agglutinin receptor is of the low-mannose type and part of a protein with hydrophobic properties. Receptors for concanavalin A (mannose) and Ricinus communis agglutinin (galactose) were also localized to the plasmalemma and endothelial diaphragms. The examination of sections at different tilt angles revealed that these lectins bound to the endothelium in a non-random distribution, encircling diaphragms of fenestrae and channels. Soybean agglutinin (N-acetylgalactosamine) marked endothelial structures sparsely. Following digestion with pronase E or trypsin, receptor sugars for the latter three lectins were completely removed, indicating their presence on protease susceptible glycoproteins. These findings demonstrate that the endothelium of the choriocapillaris bears carbohydrate moieties that are different than those described for permeable fenestrated endothelia.     

Characterization of malate dehydrogenase isozymes in wheat germ.

Malate dehydrogenase of wheat germ exists in multiple molecular forms (isozymes). Comparisons of some physical properties such as Stoke's radii, sedimentation constants, electrophoretic mobilities on polyacrylamide gel, chromatographic behaviors on DEAE-cellulose, stabilities to heat and iodacetamide inactivation, as well as kinetic parameters were described. When all these properties are considered together, at least five isozymes were found to associate with cytoplasm, mitochondria, glyoxysomes and proplastids of wheat germ. Wheat germ malate dehydrogenases are specific for the reduction of oxaloacetate and its monoesters. At least one carboxylic group of oxaloacetate must be free, in order to exhibit substrate activity, and maximum binding of oxaloacetate is achieved when both carboxylic groups are free. Soluble malate dehydrogenase and organelle-associated malate dehydrogenase can be differentiated readily in that the former can not utilize 4-ethyl oxaloaceode of ATP inhibition.     

Wounding of Aged Pea Epicotyls Enhances the Reinitiating Ability of Isolated Ribosomes

Total ribosomes (monosomes plus polysomes) isolated from woundedpea epicotyls are more efficient at supporting protein synthesisin a wheat germ S₃₀ system (containing wheat ribosomes) thanare total ribosomes from aged (control) pea tissue. This increasedefficiency is seen when enriched large polysomes, almost devoidof monosomes, are used to program a wheat germ S₃₀₀ system,from which the wheat germ ribosomes have been removed. Reactionsprimed by enriched polysomes from wounded tissue, but not agedtissue, continue for at least 30 min, suggesting that reinitiationis occurring during the reaction, albeit in the initial absenceof monosomes from wheat or pea. Wheat germ ribosomes, but notmonosomes from either aged or wounded pea tissue, are able totranslate pea poly(A) RNA and globin mRNA. Aurintricarboxylicacid reduces protein synthesis in a rather indiscriminate manner,whereas, pactamycin seems to have an inhibitory effect specificfor initiation, and it is much more effective on wounded thanon control tissue polysomes. We interpret these results to implythat polysomal ribosomes from wounded tissue are more efficientat initiation than are polysomal ribosomes from control tissueor than non-polysomal ribosomes (monosomes) from either tissue. (Received May 7, 1985; Accepted July 4, 1985)     

In Vitro Synthesis and Processing of Wheat alpha-Amylase : TRANSLATION OF GIBBERELLIC ACID-INDUCED WHEAT ALEURONE LAYER RNA BY WHEAT GERM AND XENOPUS LAEVIS OOCYTE SYSTEMS

Wheat (Triticum aestivum) RNA was used to program synthesis of the α-amylase protein by Xenopus laevis oocytes. A 41,500-dalton protein was made which was identified as α-amylase by immunoprecipitation with rabbit anti-α-amylase antiserum raised against the purified wheat protein and by its co-migration with authentic α-amylase on sodium dodecyl sulfate polyacrylamide gels. Synthesis of α-amylase was dependent upon injection of RNA extracted from gibberellic acid-induced aleurone layers from wheat. The amount of α-amylase produced was proportional to the amount of RNA injected and reached a plateau within 4 hours after injection. When the same RNA was translated in a wheat germ cell-free translation system, a 43,000-dalton protein was produced. Addition of dog pancreas microsomal membranes to the wheat germ translation system resulted in processing of the α-amylase protein to a form which co-migrated with authentic α-amylase purified from malted wheat and with the protein synthesized in oocytes.     

Isolation of membrane glycoproteins by affinity chromatography in the presence of detergents

Wheat germ agglutinin has been used in a one-step preparative method to isolate the major sialoglycoprotein (glycophorin A) from the human erythrocyte membrane. The conditions for isolation and purification of the sialoglycopeptide included low concentration of sodium dodecyl sulfate in the presence of relatively high salt concentration. This medium caused complete solubilization of the membrane but still allowed almost quantitative binding of the sialoglycopeptide to wheat germ agglutinin-Sepharose. The eluted protein from such affinity systems was found to be chemically comparable to glycophorin A, as prepared by other procedures.