我国水稻种质资源创新研究与利用进展

农业种质资源主要包括农作物、畜禽、农业微生物和药用植物等种质资源。截止到2023年,我国保存的作物种质资源有超过54万份,其中有8万多份是水稻种质资源,如何对这么庞大的水稻种质资源进行精确评价与利用,这将对今后水稻种质创新与育种具有重要意义。本文梳理了我国水稻种质资源收集、评价与精确鉴定、水稻新品系创制、水稻杂种优势利用、水稻种质创制新技术、新方法以及水稻优异基因资源的挖掘与利用等方面的进展,并归纳形成了水稻种质资源创制与利用的新模式。最后,本文就当前水稻核心种质构建、种质资源鉴定与挖掘以及种质资源共享共赢机制等方面的问题进行了探讨,并就如何加强专用型核心种资的构建、种质资源的精确鉴定、种质资源的创新研究、种质资源的共享机制以及种质资源的合作交流进行了分析与展望,以期为进一步深入开展水稻种质资源鉴定评价与创新利用提供一定的参考和帮助。     

中国燕麦种质资源国外引种与利用

综述了中国从国外引进燕麦种质资源及其利用情况。经过长期努力,中国从28个国家引进29个物种的燕麦种质资源共计2099份,大大增加了中国燕麦种质资源的数量,丰富了中国保存燕麦种质资源的物种和遗传多样性。与此同时,利用国外燕麦种质资源改良和培育出了一批优良品种,极大地提高了中国燕麦生产水平。利用引进的燕麦野生资源,开展了燕麦种质创新、起源进化和遗传学研究,取得了显著进展。建议继续加强国外燕麦种质资源的引进,对野生燕麦进行深入鉴定评价和利用,同时加强燕麦种质资源国际合作研究。     

湖南省农作物种质资源收集保护和创新利用进展

根据湖南省第一次(1956-1957年)和第二次(1979-1983年)全国农作物种质资源调查、收集及研究利用的工作开展情况,总结了湖南省种质资源保护和利用的现状及取得的成果,特别是水稻、油菜、辣椒、茶叶等在资源创新利用上取得了优异成绩;分析了湖南省农作物种质资源保护仍存在地方品种资源日益减少、资源收集困难、农作物种质资源保存体系不够完善、资源专业团队缺乏、资源利用率低等限制本地区农作物种质资源创新利用的问题。提出了以"第三次全国农作物种质资源普查与收集行动"为契机,建立完善的种质资源保护体系、精准评价体系及共享共用机制等促进农作物种质资源保存与利用工作良性循环的建议。     

甘肃省干旱地区抗逆农作物种质资源调查与分析

调查、收集甘肃省干旱地区抗逆农作物种质资源,为甘肃抗逆农作物种质资源保护、研究、利用提供基础材料。2011～2013年采用查阅文献、访问和实地调查相结合的方法,对分布在甘肃干旱地区18个县(市、区)、48个乡(镇)、81个行政村的抗逆农作物种质资源的保存及利用现状进行了调查,并对种质进行了收集。共收集到粮食作物、经济作物、蔬菜及野生资源材料845份,分属16科46属62种,其中抗旱种质27份,耐盐碱种质4份,高抗锈病种质14份。 本文对调查地区抗逆农作物种质资源现状、消长情况及原因和调查、收集到的资源种类及其利用价值进行了分析,并对甘肃省干旱地区抗逆农作物种质资源的保护、开发和利用进行了讨论。     

中国烟草种质资源分发利用情况分析

烟草种质资源是烟草新品种选育、遗传理论研究、生物技术研究和烟叶生产的宝贵资源和重要战略物资,也是我国烟草行业能否健康快速发展的关键所在。本文详细统计分析了1983-2014年这32年间我国烟草种质资源的分发利用情况,尤其是自2007年国家烟草专卖局正式启动"中国烟草种质资源平台建设"专项以来我国烟草种质资源的利用效果。阐述了当前我国烟草种质资源收集保存和利用研究上存在的问题,并提出了今后加强完善我国烟草种质资源工作的相关对策。旨在为我国烟草种质资源的进一步收集、保存以及更加全面充分的利用提供理论和应用基础。     

寒地果树种质资源研究与利用进展

中国寒地果树种质资源研究工作始于20世纪50年代。本文回顾了寒地果树种质资源研究利用的历史,简述了寒地果树种质资源收集、保存、鉴定、评价、利用与创新工作所取得的成就,提出了今后中国寒地果树种质资源研究工作的主攻方向。     

基于表型与分子数据的斑茅核心种质构建

斑茅(Saccharum arundinaceum L.)是重要的"甘蔗复合群"野生资源,在我国分布广泛,但目前尚未在遗传育种研究中得到很好的利用。本研究以国家甘蔗种质资源圃保存的来自全国9省区的147份斑茅无性系为原始种质,首先基于表型数据筛选58份材料构建了斑茅初级核心种质,然后基于SSR和AFLP分子标记数据筛选16份材料构建斑茅微核心种质,分别占原始种质的39.46%和10.88%。通过表型与分子遗传多样性参数的比较分析,验证了斑茅核心种质具有较好代表性。最后对甘蔗种质资源和遗传育种研究中斑茅核心种质的构建方法和利用策略等问题进行了探讨,以期为"甘蔗复合群"野生类群核心种质的构建及创新利用提供参考,促进资源研究工作重心由数量保存型向创新利用型转变。     

核心种质在蔬菜育种上的应用与展望(综述)

核心种质概念的提出对种质资源的收集、保存和利用具有重要意义,本文主要概述植物遗传资源核心种质的提出背景和概念,以及核心种质的构建过程及主要方法,同时介绍核心种质在蔬菜育种上的应用现状,并探讨其发展前景。     

青藏高原植物种质资源数据库及应用平台建设

为了实现青藏高原植物种质资源信息数据的有效管理、保藏、共享、交流和利用,根据科技部基础性工作专项对项目成果共享的要求和青藏高原极端环境下野生植物种质资源调查和采集项目执行管理的需求,针对青藏高原植物种质资源本身固有的特征,通过关系数据库模式构建了青藏高原植物种质资源信息数据库,设计和开发了数据采集、审核、入库等实用工具.利用微软.NET技术,基于三层架构模式,构建了基于青藏高原植物种质资源数据库的应用平台,实现了植物种质数据的数字化存储、开放共享等功能.为青藏高原极端环境下植物种质资源调查和资源利用奠定了基础.     

云南省作物种质资源的研究现状及利用前景

云南是中国作物种质资源最为丰富的省份之一,已收集保存各类作物种质资源2万余份,并在水稻、小麦、玉米、甘蔗、茶叶、油料、花卉等资源的利用方面开展了一系列的研究,取得了丰硕的成果。本文将在分析云南作物种质资源利用研究的基础上,论述云南作物种质资源在育种、科研、国际交流等方面的利用途径与发展前景。     

Alterations in human gingival glycosaminoglycan pattern in inflammation and in phenytoin induced overgrowth

Glycosaminoglycans were extracted from normal, inflamed and phenytoin induced overgrowth of human gingival tissue by proteolysis and alcohol precipitation. Extracts were run in a Dowex-1 column and the fractions were treated with mucopolysaccharidases. Cellulose acetate electrophoresis was carried out with or without enzyme digestion for identification of individual glycosaminoglycans. Glycosaminoglycans were found to be decreased in inflammation but were observed to increase in the overgrowth. Hyaluronic acid was found to be increased in both the pathological conditions. Dermatan sulphate, chondroitin sulphate and heparan sulphate were observed to be decreased in inflammation. In overgrowth, dermatan sulphate and chondroitin sulphate were found to increase while the presence of heparan sulphate was not significant. The changes in the pattern of individual glycosaminoglycan in the two varied conditions are discussed.Abbreviations GAG glycosaminoglycan - MPS mucopolysaccharide - DS dermatan sulphate - HS heparan sulphate - CS chondroitin sulphate - HA hyaluronic acid - KS keratan sulphate     

Geographic variation in plasticity in Eristalis arbustorum

To study the evolution of phenotypic plasticity in the field, six populations of the hoverfly Eristalis arbustorum were sampled along two parallel North-South transects over a maximum daily temperature gradient. Three populations were sampled per transect. Egg batches were collected and the offspring were reared in a split family set up over three different pupal temperature regimes in the laboratory to produce population reaction norms of colour pattern, pupal development time, wing length and thorax length. Wing length and colour pattern were corrected for body size. All four characters showed plasticity in response to rearing temperature and significant differences in height, slope and shape of the reaction norms were found. Only male colour pattern showed variation in reaction norms along the North-South gradient. Most other characters showed variation in reaction norms from West to East. The two populations lying in the middle of the transects were frequendy different from the others. Within the populations, significant genotype-environment interactions were frequently found for wing length and colour pattern, indicating that genetic variation for plasticity was present. The results suggest that the populations may have evolved plastic responses to suit local environmental conditions.     

Shifts in the psychophysical function in rats

The primary goal was to compare results from a free-operant procedure with pigeons [Machado, A., Guilhardi, P., 2000. Shifts in the psychometric function and their implications for models of timing. J. Exp. Anal. Behav. 74, 25-54, Experiment 2] with new results obtained with rats. The secondary goal was to compare the results of both experiments with dependent variables that were not used in the original publication. As in the original study with pigeons, rats were trained on a two-alternative free-operant psychophysical procedure in which left lever press responses were reinforced during the first and second quarters of a 60-s trial, and right lever press responses were reinforced during the third and fourth quarters of the trial. The quarters were reinforced according to four independent variable interval (VI) schedules of reinforcement. The VI duration was manipulated in each quarter, and shifts in the psychophysical functions that relate response rate with time since trial onset were measured. The results obtained with rats were consistent with those previously obtained with pigeons. In addition, results not originally reported were also consistent between rats and pigeons, and provided insights into the perception, memory, and decision processes in Scalar Expectancy Theory and Learning-to-Time Theory.     

福建红树林湿地鸟类区系研究

红树林湿地是热带、亚热带海岸带的重要湿地类型。由于红树林是自然辅助供能的高生产率的生态系统 ,具有高光合率、高呼吸率和高归还率的三高特点 ,为红树林区底栖动物的生活提供了能量来源 ,丰富的底栖动物又为鸟类等高等动物提供了充足的饵料来源。红树林湿地特殊的环境特点 ,使之成为咸淡水交迭的环境下生存的动植物、微生物丰富的基因库[10 ] 。因此 ,红树林区域在生物多样性研究中具有重要价值。在香港米埔红树林保护区 ,鸟类学家对当地鸟类的迁徙和生态进行了 30多年的研究[15,16 ] ,2 0世纪 80年代后对广东、广西、海南等地主要红树…     

Cytokinin-induced switch in development in excised cotyledons of radiata pine cultured in vitro

Cotyledons of Pinus radiata D. Don were cultured under shoot-forming (plus cytokinin) and elongating (minus cytokinin) conditions. Using. autoradiographic and precursor incorporation techniques, the sites and rate of macromolecular synthesis were examined during the first five days in culture. Active incorporation of ³H-thymidine, ³ H-uridine and ³H-leucine occurred. In shoot-forming cotyledons the incorporation became preferentially located in the epidermal and sub-epidermal cell layers in contact with the medium. In elongating cotyledons, in contrast, incorporation was randomly distributed, and the amount of incorporation declined with time. Biochemically, differences in DNA, RNA and total protein synthetic patterns were observed. In elongating cotyledons the rates of RNA and protein synthesis were higher during the first 48 h than in shoot-forming tissues, after which the synthetic rates were similar. Two peaks of newly formed DNA were observed in both tissues. These findings indicate that the cytokinin-induced changes in developmental pathways began within 24 h in culture.     

Survival of Heterodera zeae in Soil in the Field and in the Laboratory

Eggs and (or) second-stage juveniles (J2) inside cysts of Heterodera zeae survived over winter in the field with no detectable mortality at all six depths to 30 cm from which soil samples were collected between corn stubble in the row at 4-8-week intervals. Few or no free J2 were recovered from soil collected in January-April from the top 5 cm, but some were recovered at all samplings from soil collected at greater depths. Emergence of J2 from cysts and numbers of females developing on corn roots in bioassays of cysts increased substantially between January and April. Cyst numbers in a fallow area of the corn field did not decline at any depth to 30 cm during 20 months. Free soil J2, J2 emerged from cysts, and females from the bioassay of cysts were highest at the first soil sampling in July after 10 months of fallow; numbers of nematodes in all three categories declined thereafter, but a few were still detectable after 20 months of fallow. Some cysts were still being recovered after 51 months from naturally infested field soil stored moist in the laboratory at 2 C and 24 C. Females were produced in the bioassays of cysts recovered from soil stored for 38 months at 24 C and for 32 months at 2 C. No free J2 were recovered from soil after 1 month of storage at -18 C, but even after 7 months storage J2 emerged from cysts that were recovered and many females developed in bioassays of those cysts.     

Parelaphostrongyliasis in white-tailed deer in Missouri

The heads of 137 white-tailed deer (Odocoileus virginianus) were collected on the opening day of the 1996 Missouri (USA) fire-arms deer season and surveyed for the presence of meningeal worm (Parelaphostrongylus tenuis). Eighteen percent of the deer examined were infected. Mean intensity of infection was 2.0 (range 1-7). There were no significant differences of infection or mean intensity when deer were classified and compared according to sex or age class.     

Ultradian rhythms in renal excretion in dogs

Urine flow, urinary osmolality, concentrations of sodium and potassium were measured every 10 min for 24 hours in 6 female dogs, whose sleep-wake stages were monitored electrographically. Experiments were conducted under hydration and progressive dehydration conditions. Visual examination and spectral analysis revealed significant diurnal ultradian rhythms of about 200 min/cycle in urine flow, which were out of phase with similar rhythms in osmolality in different hydratory conditions. Diurnal rhythms with similar characteristics were found in urinary potassium only in the hydration condition. Sodium excretions did not show consistent rhythmic patterns. No consistent rhythms were found in nocturnal urine parameters in different hydratory conditions. The variations in renal activities were related to the dogs' diurnal ultradian sleep-wake cycle, urine volume increased and osmolality decreased during diurnal waking episodes, and conversely volume decreased and osmolality increased during the diurnal sleep episodes.     

Hepatitis B Antigen in Viral Hepatitis in West London

During the first 12 months of a total population survey 249 patients were seen with viral hepatitis. A total of 215 of these were tested for hepatitis B antigen (HB Ag) by radioimmunoassay and 32 (15%) were positive.More than five times as many men (27) as women (5) were HBAg positive and 19 of the men were between the ages of 20 and 39 years. There were only four drug addicts among those tested, two of whom were positive, as were two of the four patients who were tattooed.Sixty out of 86 children (under 15 years) were tested for HBAg and none was positive.