蜡皮蜥消化系统组织学初步研究（图版封3）

应用行蜡常规切片,HE染色,对蜡皮蜥的消化系统组织结构进行了观察。结果表明：消化道管壁除口咽腔外,其余由粘膜层、粘膜下层、肌层和浆膜层组成;不同部位的消化道管壁厚度各不相同,其中胃壁最厚,幽门胃壁厚达658．0μm,其次为大肠和食道,分别为393．3μm和215．9μm,小肠壁最薄,约为126．8μm皱襞的发达程度也随消化道的部位不同而有所差异,十二指肠皱襞数量最多,约为27～42个,平均高度为733.2μm,其次分别为回肠、口咽腔和食道,大肠皱襞数量最少约为3～11个,平均高度为484．2μm;食道上皮为复层鳞状上皮细胞,口咽腔、胃、小肠和大肠上皮均为单层柱状上皮;食道和大肠上皮的杯状细胞较多,密度分别为927个／mm^2、899个／mm^2;肝脏中色素细胞发达并含大量深色颗粒,胰脏泡心细胞较少且胰岛不发达,肝脏小叶和胰脏小叶界限不清晰。这充分说明了蜡皮蜥消化系统的组织结构特征与其食性和生态习性相适应,与鸟类和哺乳动物相比,具有一定的不完善性和低等性。     

黄喉拟水龟消化道的组织学观察

观察黄喉拟水龟消化道的组织结构.采用常规石蜡切片和HE染色方法对黄喉拟水龟的消化道进行观察.除了口咽腔以外,消化道的管壁是由粘膜层、粘膜下层、肌肉层和外膜组成;各部分的主要区别在于粘膜层,食道和大肠的是复层柱状上皮,胃和小肠的是单层柱状上皮.黄喉拟水龟的舌桔红色,不能伸缩;食管中无食管腺,扩张性强;胃呈囊状,有大量胃腺,腔面皱襞较多;小肠较长,是消化的主要场所,表面有大量的绒毛,在绒毛中可见肠腺;大肠无绒毛,也存在皱襞.     

中华花龟消化系统的组织学初步研究

采用常规石蜡切片的方法,对4只成体中华花龟（Oeadia sinensis）的消化系统进行组织学观察。结果表明,中华花龟的消化道管壁除口腔外均由粘膜层、粘膜下层、肌层和浆膜组成;消化道各部分的差别主要在于粘膜层和肌层,舌、咽上皮为复层柱状上皮,食道、胃、肠上皮为单层柱状上皮,大肠上皮为复层扁平上皮;食道粘膜上皮特化成与水呼吸有关的绒毛,胃体部肌层最发达,内斜中环外纵相间排列,厚约652．6±41．2μm,小肠绒毛长而密集呈叶状;肝实质内含大小不等的色素细胞,门管区明显,肝小叶分界不清;胰腺腺泡细胞发达．内分泌细胞零散分布。     

食蚊鱼消化系统的组织学观察

食蚊鱼的消化道由口咽腔、食道、肠和肛门组成。口咽腔内有味蕾分布。食道粘膜为复层扁平上皮,粘膜内有粘液细胞。肠可分为前后两段,皱襞高度、肌层厚度有差异。消化腺包括肝脏和胰腺。肝小叶不明显,雌雄肝脏的显微结构不同。胰腺呈弥散型,一部分分布在肝脏内,另一部分和消化道伴生。讨论了食蚊鱼消化系统的特点与食性的关系。     

光唇鱼消化道的形态结构特征

采用解剖及石蜡切片显微技术,观察研究了光唇鱼消化道的形态结构特征。消化道由口咽腔、食道、肠构成。口下位、马蹄形,无颌齿,具咽齿,齿式为4/4。舌较小,前端游离,舌粘膜表层为复层鳞状上皮,有较多的杯状细胞和味蕾。食道及肠均由粘膜层、粘膜下层、肌层及外膜构成。食道内皱襞发达,粘膜层有大量杯状细胞。肠道盘曲,由前、中、后肠组成,肠长/体长为1.84±0.24;前肠管腔较大,中、后肠管腔渐变小;前、中肠皱襞及纹状缘比后肠发达;前肠及后肠杯状细胞较少,中肠杯状细胞较多。光唇鱼消化道的形态结构特征与其食性相适应。     

广东乌龟消化道组织学观察

采用常规石蜡切片法,观察了广东乌龟的食道、胃、小肠和大肠的组织结构.结果发现,这四种器官都是由粘膜层、粘膜下层、肌层和外膜组成,各部分的差别主要在于粘膜层和肌层.食道和大肠上皮为复层柱状上皮:胃和小肠上皮为单层柱状上皮.食道粘膜上皮特化形成与呼吸有关的绒毛.胃有大量胃腺,腔面有纵行皱襞.小肠表面有大量绒毛,在绒毛中可见肠腺.大肠具粘膜皱襞和较多的杯状细胞,无绒毛,可见许多分散的淋巴小结.胃和肠道肌肉为内环外纵,内环肌较厚,外纵肌较薄.     

波纹唇鱼消化系统的组织学

采用组织切片技术,研究了波纹唇鱼消化系统的组织结构,并描述了该鱼消化系统的形态构造。波纹唇鱼隶属隆头鱼科,为肉食性无胃鱼类。波纹唇鱼消化道包括口咽腔、食道、小肠、直肠和肛门。口咽腔内具有发达的颌齿和咽齿。肠道短而粗,在体腔内形成一个弯曲,比肠长0.43±0.02;食道的黏膜褶皱、黏膜下层、环肌层和纵肌层发达。小肠的黏膜下层、环肌层、纵肌层、浆膜层比直肠更薄。小肠前部的黏膜下层、浆膜层比小肠后部更厚。小肠黏膜层中的吸收细胞密度少于直肠,杯状细胞密度高于直肠。波纹唇鱼的口腔和舌的黏膜上皮为复层扁平上皮,有大量圆形黏液细胞存在。口腔和舌上有味蕾。食道黏膜层发达,基部有一种"凹"型结构,大量的巨型黏液细胞分布其中,该结构具有外分泌腺的结构特征,其"凹"型结构的开口在食道腔。小肠和直肠的微绒毛为单层柱状上皮组织,其间分布有3种杯状细胞,黏膜下层还分布有许多细胞质被染成红色的嗜酸性颗粒细胞。小肠前部黏膜上皮下含有脂肪颗粒,直肠上皮层中也含有被伊红染成红色的嗜酸性颗粒细胞。食道与小肠,小肠与直肠交界处存在瓣膜,瓣膜内的肌肉层均为横纹肌组成。肛门的黏膜层含有大量的椭圆形黏液细胞。波纹唇鱼的消化腺由肝胰脏和胆囊组成,肝脏分三叶,呈枫叶状,比肝胰脏重为1.5%±0.2%;胰脏沿肝血管弥散性分布在肝脏内,胆囊呈椭圆形,体积较大。并讨论了波纹唇鱼肠道的分段、消化道的组织特点与食性的关系等问题。       

巴西彩龟消化道组织学的初步观察

巴西彩龟的消化道管壁由内向外依次由粘膜、粘膜下层、肌层和浆膜4层结构组成.食管、胃和大肠有纵行粘膜皱襞,小肠无皱襞但有绒毛.食管上皮和肠上皮为复层柱状上皮,胃上皮为单层柱状上皮.消化道粘膜固有层内分布有淋巴细胞,虽然淋巴细胞有聚集现象,但没有形成典型的淋巴小结.无食管腺和肠腺,虽然有胃腺但胃腺细胞分化不明显,说明巴西彩龟消化道的组织分化程度较低,在系统发育中处于较低等地位.     

美洲黑石斑鱼消化道的形态结构

采用解剖和光镜技术观察了美洲黑石斑鱼消化道的形态及组织学结构。消化道由口咽腔、食道、胃、肠构成。口咽腔较大,具颌齿、腭齿及犁齿;舌由基舌骨突出部分覆盖粘膜构成。食道、胃及肠均由粘膜层、粘膜下层、肌层及外膜构成。食道粘膜层绒毛分柱状上皮区及扁平上皮区,扁平上皮区表面为杯状细胞层;食道粘膜下层中有食道腺。胃呈V形,由贲门部、胃体部及幽门部组成,胃壁粘膜层上皮为单层柱状上皮,胃腺位于贲门部与胃体部的固有层中。肠细长,呈S型,由前、中、后肠构成,粘膜层向肠腔突起形成肠绒毛,粘膜上皮为单层柱状上皮,上皮游离面有微绒毛密集排列而成的纹状缘,上皮中含有杯状细胞,且杯状细胞的数量从前向后呈递减趋势;肠长/体长约为1.6。胃与小肠相接处有3对指状幽门盲囊,幽门盲囊的组织学结构与肠相同。     

可口革囊星虫消化道的形态及组织学结构

对可口革囊星虫(Phascolosoma esculenta)消化道各部分结构进行了形态学和组织学观察,表明可口革囊星虫消化道由翻吻、咽、食道、肠、直肠和肛门组成。翻吻收缩性很强;肠道极长,沿纺锤肌螺旋缠绕成肠索。消化道管壁由内向外分为粘膜层、粘膜下层、肌层和外膜。粘膜上皮主要由柱状细胞组成。除肠外,消化道上皮细胞均有发达的纤毛,肠上皮细胞主要具发达的微绒毛;粘膜下层及肌层的发达程度因消化道的部位不同而异。     

六种藓类植物茎的比较解剖学研究

通过对6种藓类植物,即褶叶青藓(Brachythecium salebrosum(Web.et Mohr.)B.S.G.)、湿地匐灯藓(Plagiomnium acutum(Lindb.)Kop.)、侧枝匐灯藓(Plagiomnium maximoviczii(Lindb.)Kop.)、大凤尾藓(Fissidensnobilis Griff.)、大羽藓(Thuidium cymbifolium(Doz.et Molk.)B.S.G.)和大灰藓(Hypnum plumaeforme Wils.)嫩茎和老茎的石蜡切片和显微观察发现,同一藓类植株的嫩茎和老茎,茎结构稳定,不同种藓类植物茎横切面具有不同特征.植物体茎横切面形状、表层细胞的层数、细胞大小和细胞壁厚薄、皮层细胞大小和形状、中轴的有无以及比例等特征可以作为藓类植物的分科分类依据之一.     

Photoregulation of seed germination of wild-type and of an aurea-mutant of tomato

Seed germination of an aurea mutant of tomato ( Lycopersicon esculentum Mill.) is promoted by continuous irradiation with red, far-red or long-wavelength far-red (758 nm) light as well as by cyclic irradiations (5 min red or 5 min far-red/25 min darkness). Far-red light applied immediately after each red does not change the germination behaviour. Seed germination of the isogenic wild-type, cv. UC-105, is promoted by continuous and cyclic red light while it is inhibited by continuous and cyclic far-red light and by continious 758 nm irradiation. Far-red irradiation reverses almost completely the promoting effect of red light. The promoting effect (in the aurea mutant) and the inhibitory effect (in the wild-type) of continuous far-red light do not show photon fluence rate dependency above 20 nmol m⁻² s⁻¹. It is concluded that phytochrome controls tomato seed germination throgh low energy responses in both the wild type and the au mutant. The promoting effect of continuous and cyclic far-red light in the au mutant can be attributed to a greater sensitivity to P_fr.     

真菌类遗传学分析的知识结构教学

本文以认知结构理论为指导,讨论了真菌类遗传分析与高等动植物遗传分析的内在联系,认为利用这种内在联系进行教学可收到好的效果并说明了作者的具体教学过程。 Abstract:In the paper, the relationship between genetic analysis of Fungi and genetic analysis of high animal and plant was discussed.A good results were obtained when we adopted this method in the teaching.     

Interconnection of parameters of regulation system of lipid peroxidation and of morphophysiological parameters of mouse liver

A complex analysis of seasonal fluctuations of the mean group parameters of the system of regulation of lipid peroxidation has been performed in liver of Balb/c mice. Association of lipid characteristics and morphophysiological parameters is studied in the Balb/c mouse liver. An inter-connection is revealed between the liver index and the amount of lysoforms of phospholipids, the scale and character of the interconnection differing essentially depending on proportion of phos-phatidylcholine in mouse liver phospholipids.     

Time of detection of recessive genes: effects of system of mating and number of examined individuals

Summary Anthers were cultured from two sets of seven lines of hexaploid wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) with different cytoplasms, the euplasmic nucleus donors, Siete Cerros 66 and Penjamo 62, as well as their six alloplasmic lines derived from wild relative species of the genera Triticum and Aegilops. Significant cytoplasmic and nuclear effects but no cytoplasmic-nuclear interaction were found for embryogenic anther response, with the best performance of Penjamo 62 in Ae. kotschyi cytoplasm. Plant regeneration was not affected significantly by the cytoplasmic background of the lines cultured. The possible genetic implications of the observed cytoplasmic and nuclear influences on the in vitro haploid induction of wheat are discussed.     

Cause of Senescence of Nine Sorts of Flowers

The levels of endogenous phytohormones and respiratory rate in nine sorts of flowers such as Cymbidium faberi Rolfe, Nopalxochia ackermannii Kunth and others were investigated both at full bloom and senescence and meanwhile the effect of exogenous phytohormones on prolonging the blossoms and promoting ethylene production were tested. There is a high content of endogenous ethylene in all the long-lived flowere, about 3–16 folds higer than the short-lived ones. There is a high level of ABA at full blooming flowers of short-lived flowers, in which there is no or only some cytokinins in it, but the ratio of CTK (6BA+zeatin)/ABA is smaller(l.7). The endogenous ABA reached a much higher level at senescence in all nine sorts of flowers, so it is reasonable to consider that it is ABA which plays an important role of regulation in controlling flower's senescence. There is a much higher level of GA3 and zeatin in the long-lived flowers which is not demonstrated in the shortlived ones. The respiratory rate is one of the factors controtling the longevity of flowers, but it does not play a decided role. Application of 6BA and zeatin prolongs distinctly orchid’s longevity, however exogenous IAA through the promotive action on ethylene production, evidently extends the longevity of the flowers of the Nopalxochia ackermannii Kunth.     

Physiological characteristics of various species of strains of carboxydobacteria

Seven strains of aerobic carbon monoxide-oxidizing bacteria (carboxydebacteria) when growing on CO as sole source of carbon and energy had doubling times which ranged from 12–42 h. The activity profiles obtained after discontinuous sucrose density gradient centrifugation indicated that the CO-oxidizing enzymes are soluble and the hydrogenases are membrane-bound in all strains examined. The CO-oxidizing enzymes of Pseudomonas carboxydohydrogena, Pseudomonas carboxydoflava, Comamonas compransoris, and the so far unidentified strains OM2, OM3, and OM4 had a molecular weight of 230,000; that of Achromobacter carboxydus amounted to 170,000. The molecular weights of the CO-oxidizing and H₂-oxidizing enzymes turned out to be identical. The cell sonicates were shown to catalyze the oxidation of both CO and H₂ with methylene blue, thionine, phenazine methosulfate, toluylene blue, dichlorophenolindophenol, cytochrome c or ferricyanide as electron acceptors. Methyl viologen, benzyl viologen, FAD⁺, FMN⁺, and NAD(P)⁺ were not reduced. The spectrum of electron acceptors was identical for all strains tested. Neither free formate, hydrogen nor oxygen gas were involved in the CO-oxidation reaction. Methylene blue was reduced by CO at a 1:1 molar ratio. The results indicate that CO-oxidation by carboxydobacteria is catalyzed by identical or similar enzymes and that the reaction obeys the equation CO+H₂OCO₂+2H⁺+2e^- as previously shown for Pseudomonas carboxydovorans.Dedicated to Otto Kandler remembering almost three decades of enjoyable cooperation