共生大肠杆菌促进黑腹果蝇生长发育

【背景】共生菌对宿主的很多生理功能有着重要影响,但微生物菌群的多样性和复杂性使得探索其潜在的机制存在困难。黑腹果蝇的无菌和悉菌模型可以被用来研究细菌和宿主的相互作用。【目的】分离和鉴定果蝇肠道大肠杆菌,并研究其对宿主生长发育的影响。【方法】利用大肠杆菌选择性培养基分离果蝇肠道大肠杆菌,通过16S rRNA基因序列比对鉴定菌株。利用体外和体内定殖实验验证共生关系。通过果蝇的发育历期和生长速率实验检测该细菌对宿主生长发育的影响。利用RT-qPCR技术对促胸腺激素及胰岛素信号通路相关基因的表达水平进行检测。【结果】从实验室饲养和野生果蝇肠道体内分离并鉴定得到大肠杆菌。体内和体外定殖试验中大肠杆菌可以和果蝇肠道共生菌共存,说明大肠杆菌是果蝇肠道共生菌。另外,大肠杆菌通过提高果蝇生长速率促进其发育。在分子水平上,大肠杆菌可以激活果蝇体内脑促胸腺激素和胰岛素信号通路相关基因的表达。【结论】大肠杆菌是果蝇肠道共生菌并能促进果蝇生长发育。     

共生大肠杆菌促进黑腹果蝇生长发育（英文）

【背景】共生菌对宿主的很多生理功能有着重要影响,但微生物菌群的多样性和复杂性使得探索其潜在的机制存在困难。黑腹果蝇的无菌和悉菌模型可以被用来研究细菌和宿主的相互作用。【目的】分离和鉴定果蝇肠道大肠杆菌,并研究其对宿主生长发育的影响。【方法】利用大肠杆菌选择性培养基分离果蝇肠道大肠杆菌,通过16S rRNA基因序列比对鉴定菌株。利用体外和体内定殖实验验证共生关系。通过果蝇的发育历期和生长速率实验检测该细菌对宿主生长发育的影响。利用RT-qPCR技术对促胸腺激素及胰岛素信号通路相关基因的表达水平进行检测。【结果】从实验室饲养和野生果蝇肠道体内分离并鉴定得到大肠杆菌。体内和体外定殖试验中大肠杆菌可以和果蝇肠道共生菌共存,说明大肠杆菌是果蝇肠道共生菌。另外,大肠杆菌通过提高果蝇生长速率促进其发育。在分子水平上,大肠杆菌可以激活果蝇体内脑促胸腺激素和胰岛素信号通路相关基因的表达。【结论】大肠杆菌是果蝇肠道共生菌并能促进果蝇生长发育。     

类肠膜魏斯氏菌通过调节蜕皮激素和胰岛素通路促进黑腹果蝇生长发育（英文）

【目的】本研究旨在揭示果蝇乳酸菌类肠膜魏斯氏菌Weisellas paramesenteroides对黑腹果蝇Drosophila melanogaster生长发育的影响。【方法】利用选择性培养基分离黑腹果蝇成虫肠道乳酸菌,通过16S rRNA基因序列比对鉴定菌株。通过统计从卵至蛹化和羽化的时间检测果蝇发育历期,并以幼虫体表面积为指标检测果蝇生长速率。利用qPCR检测产卵后不同时间生长激素信号通路基因(dib,E74B和PTTH)及胰岛素信号通路基因(DILP2,DILP3和InR)的表达。通过葡萄糖氧化酶法检测3龄幼虫血淋巴中的葡萄糖水平。【结果】从黑腹果蝇成虫肠道内分离到类肠膜魏斯氏菌,并可以在果蝇肠道内有效定殖。类肠膜魏斯氏菌通过提高果蝇生长速率缩短果蝇卵至蛹化和羽化的时间。qPCR结果显示,类肠膜魏斯氏菌增加了dib,E74B和PTTH的表达量,同时增加了DILP2和DILP3的表达量,降低了InR表达量和幼虫血淋巴中的葡萄糖水平。【结论】类肠膜魏斯氏菌是黑腹果蝇的一种共生菌,通过激活蜕皮激素和胰岛素信号通路,促进生长发育。     

霍氏肠杆菌对黑腹果蝇生长和发育的影响

【背景】共生菌群可以影响宿主的生理、代谢以及神经行为,黑腹果蝇是研究宿主与共生菌作用机制的优秀遗传模型。【目的】分离和鉴定黑腹果蝇体内的共生菌,并研究其对果蝇生长和发育的影响。【方法】利用YG固体培养基分离果蝇肠道菌;革兰氏染色、生化鉴定和16S rRNA基因比对鉴定菌种;体内定殖和世代传递实验验证细菌与果蝇的共生关系;建立无菌和悉菌模型,通过发育历期和生长速率来验证其促生长作用;RT-PCR检测促生长分子基因表达;免疫荧光染色检测果蝇肠道细胞的增殖;葡萄糖氧化酶法检测葡萄糖浓度。【结果】分离到一株能够明显促进果蝇生长发育的细菌,经鉴定为霍氏肠杆菌(Enterobacter hormaechei),该菌可以稳定定殖于黑腹果蝇肠道以及培养基内,而且可以世代垂直传递。该菌可明显地促进果蝇的生长,并通过加速促胸腺激素的分泌来发挥促生长作用,同时可以促进果蝇肠道细胞的增殖。霍氏肠杆菌相较于无菌果蝇可以降低体内葡萄糖水平。【结论】霍氏肠杆菌是黑腹果蝇的有益共生菌,实验证实其可以促进果蝇的生长和发育。     

植物乳杆菌促进黑腹果蝇生长发育

【目的】检测乳酸菌对果蝇发育历期的影响,进一步探讨其对果蝇促生长的分子机制。【方法】利用选择性培养基MRS从黑腹果蝇Drosophila melanogaster体内分离乳酸菌,利用革兰氏染色、生化方法及16S rRNA基因进行鉴定;通过体内定植和世代传递实验验证该菌是黑腹果蝇的共生菌;采用悉生模型检测乳酸菌对黑腹果蝇发育的促生长作用;利用实时定量PCR技术检测黑腹果蝇体内促前胸腺激素基因PTTH和胰岛素通路相关基因InR的表达水平;利用葡萄糖试剂盒检测血淋巴液葡萄糖浓度。【结果】从黑腹果蝇中分离到的菌株鉴定为植物乳杆菌Lactobacillus plantarum FY1菌株(Gen Bank登录号:KY038178),可在黑腹果蝇肠道内定植,每个肠道定植量约为104CFU,并能在世代间稳定传递。FY1菌株体外发酵可降低p H值至5.2,可诱导无菌果蝇卵至蛹发育时间由20.0 d缩短至6.9 d,卵至成虫发育时间由30.0 d缩短至10.7 d,其生长速率是无菌果蝇的约2倍。实时定量PCR结果表明,FY1菌株显著地提前了PTTH表达高峰期,同时降低果蝇中InR表达水平,血淋巴液葡萄糖浓度从5.1 mg/mL降低至2.7 mg/mL。【结论】植物乳杆菌是黑腹果蝇的一种益生菌,推测能通过胰岛素信号通路促进宿主黑腹果蝇的生长和发育。     

一株东方醋酸杆菌分离与其促进果蝇生长发育

【目的】分离与鉴定黑腹果蝇体内醋酸杆菌,并研究其对宿主生长发育的促进作用。【方法】利用醋酸杆菌选择性培养基分离果蝇肠道醋酸杆菌;通过革兰氏染色和16S rRNA基因比对鉴定菌种;肠道定植实验验证共生关系;发育历期和生长速率实验检测其促进果蝇生长作用;免疫荧光染色技术检测肠道细胞增殖;RT-PCR法检测促生长的分子标志物和相关的信号通路。【结果】菌株为东方醋酸杆菌(Acetobacter orientalis),可以持续地定植在果蝇肠道及其培养基中,并且明显促进果蝇的生长。东方醋酸杆菌通过胰岛素信号通路增加肠分裂细胞的数量和促进蜕皮激素的分泌。【结论】东方醋酸杆菌是果蝇的一种共生菌,对果蝇肠道结构和机体发育具有重要的作用。     

产气荚膜梭菌促进黑腹果蝇的生长和发育

【目的】黑腹果蝇Drosophila melanogaster肠道中栖生着众多微生物,通过分离和研究其内共生菌,以研究肠道菌群的多态性和作用。【方法】利用Hungate滚管技术从黑腹果蝇成虫肠道分离厌氧细菌;通过记录果蝇的发育历期和生长速率,检测该细菌对果蝇发育和生长的影响。【结果】首次从黑腹果蝇肠道内分离到一株产气荚膜梭菌Clostridium perfringens。该菌能够有效地定植到果蝇肠道内,是果蝇肠道共生菌。产气荚膜梭菌显著地缩短无菌果蝇的发育历期,将无菌果蝇成蛹天数由20 d缩短到8.1 d,羽化天数由30 d缩短到12.7 d。该菌还可以提高果蝇生长速率。【结论】本研究揭示了产气荚膜梭菌是果蝇的内共生菌,可以通过提高生长速率而有效地促进果蝇的生长和发育。     

共生乳酸乳球菌加速黑腹果蝇发育（英文）

为了从果蝇肠道内分离乳酸乳球菌,并研究它对宿主发育历期的影响,用MRS培养基从果蝇肠道内分离细菌,并经16S rRNA基因序列比对确定菌种;随后,检测果蝇的发育历期和生长速率。其中,免疫荧光染色和实时定量PCR分别用于检测肠道细胞增殖和促胸腺激素与胰岛素通路的激活;葡萄糖氧化酶法用于检测葡萄糖浓度。结果显示,从果蝇体内分离到一株乳酸乳球菌,该菌可以在果蝇肠道内有效定植,并通过生长速率促进果蝇的发育历期。在细胞水平上,乳酸乳球菌相关果蝇肠道内有丝分裂细胞约是无菌果蝇的6倍。在分子水平上,乳酸乳球菌激活荷尔蒙和胰岛素信号以刺激机体全身性增长。综上所述,乳酸乳球菌是果蝇的共生菌,可以通过荷尔蒙和胰岛素信号刺激果蝇的生长和发育。     

肠道哈夫尼菌促进黑腹果蝇的发育

目的分离和鉴定黑腹果蝇肠道共生微生物,并研究其促进果蝇身体发育的功能。方法利用Hungate滚管技术,分离厌氧细菌;运用定植实验证明其为果蝇肠道共生菌;用悉菌实验来检测细菌对果蝇发育的影响。结果本研究从野外捕获的果蝇体内分离到蜂房哈夫尼菌(Hafnia alvei),而且证实它能够在果蝇肠道内有效地定植并且能在培养基中稳定持续地存在,说明蜂房哈夫尼菌是果蝇肠道共生菌。此外,蜂房哈夫尼菌能显著地缩短无菌果蝇的发育周期及提高生长速率。结论证明了蜂房哈夫尼菌是果蝇肠道的共生菌,并且其可以有效地促进果蝇的生长发育。     

植物乳杆菌、苹果醋酸杆菌和酿酒酵母三种微生物对黑腹果蝇行为和发育的影响

【目的】肠道微生物在宿主的多种生命活动中发挥重要作用。本研究旨在通过研究植物乳杆菌Lactobacillus plantarum, 苹果醋酸杆菌Acetobacter malorum和酿酒酵母Saccharomyces cerevisiae 3种微生物对黑腹果蝇Drosophila melanogaster觅食、产卵和发育的影响,进一步阐明肠道微生物与宿主的互作调控机制。【方法】采用引诱实验检测体外培养的植物乳杆菌、苹果醋酸杆菌和酿酒酵母对交配前后黑腹果蝇成虫的引诱力以及这3种微生物的单一微生物和其中2种或3种微生物的混合物对非处女蝇的引诱力。采用产卵选择实验检测黑腹果蝇非处女蝇对单一微生物和其中2种或3种微生物的混合物的产卵偏好。将黑腹果蝇卵在接种分别含有植物乳杆菌、苹果醋酸杆菌和酿酒酵母的培养基和正常培养基(对照)上培养,测量幼虫体重;同时将卵在分别含有活菌或灭活的这3种单一微生物的培养基上和正常培养基上培养,统计化蛹数,以检测不同微生物对黑腹果蝇幼虫发育的影响。将黑腹果蝇幼虫在分别含有植物乳杆菌、苹果醋酸杆菌和酿酒酵母的培养基及正常培养基中培养72 h,qRT-PCR检测胰岛素信号通路的关键基因InR在黑腹果蝇幼虫中的相对表达量变化。【结果】苹果醋酸杆菌主要影响黑腹果蝇的产卵,酿酒酵母和植物乳杆菌则可同时影响黑腹果蝇觅食和产卵,且与单一微生物相比,非处女黑腹果蝇更趋向于含有2种或3种微生物的混合物。产卵选择实验表明,3种单一供试微生物及其中2种或3种微生物的混合物对黑腹果蝇的产卵选择具有显著的吸引力,其中混合物的影响最大,然后依次是苹果醋酸杆菌、酿酒酵母、植物乳杆菌。3种微生物均可促进黑腹果蝇幼虫的发育,活菌在接种早期加快幼虫到蛹的发育,灭活菌的促进作用则相对滞后。与对照比较,InR在接种苹果醋酸杆菌的培养基上培养的黑腹果蝇幼虫中的表达量显著降低,而在分别接种植物乳杆菌和酿酒酵母的培养基上培养的幼虫中则被显著促进表达。【结论】苹果醋酸杆菌可引诱黑腹果蝇的产卵,酿酒酵母和植物乳杆菌对黑腹果蝇的觅食和产卵都有具有引诱力;同时微生物的多样性可增加黑腹果蝇的觅食和产卵偏好。植物乳杆菌、苹果醋酸杆菌和酿酒酵母可能通过不同的调控机制影响黑腹果蝇幼虫的生长发育。     

Prothoracicotropic hormone regulates developmental timing and body size in Drosophila

In insects, control of body size is intimately linked to nutritional quality as well as environmental and genetic cues that regulate the timing of developmental transitions. Prothoracicotropic hormone (PTTH) has been proposed to play an essential role in regulating the production and/or release of ecdysone, a steroid hormone that stimulates molting and metamorphosis. In this report, we examine the consequences on Drosophila development of ablating the PTTH-producing neurons. Surprisingly, PTTH production is not essential for molting or metamorphosis. Instead, loss of PTTH results in delayed larval development and eclosion of larger flies with more cells. Prolonged feeding, without changing the rate of growth, causes the overgrowth and is a consequence of low ecdysteroid titers. These results indicate that final body size in insects is determined by a balance between growth-rate regulators such as insulin and developmental timing cues such as PTTH that set the duration of the feeding interval.     

重金属镉胁迫对果蝇dDnmt2、dMBD2/3表达量的影响

【目的】探明重金属镉(Cadmium,Cd)对黑腹果蝇Drosophila melanogaster DNA甲基化修饰相关基因表达的影响,初步分析镉胁迫可能导致果蝇的表观遗传变异及其可遗传性。【方法】收集8 h内羽化未交配的雌、雄果蝇,在添加不同质量浓度(0、0.9375、1.875、3.75、7.5、15.0、30.0、60.0 mg/kg)Cd的培养基中培养,以Real-time PCR定量检测亲代(F0)果蝇生殖系统、去生殖系统体细胞、整体表达量变化趋势及解除胁迫的子代(F1)果蝇DNA甲基化修饰系统相关基因(dDnmt2、dMBD2/3)在mRNA水平的表达变化。【结果】重金属镉胁迫诱导了果蝇卵巢、精巢、去卵巢雌果蝇、去精巢雄果蝇、完整雌果蝇、完整雄果蝇的dDnmt2、dMBD2/3在mRNA水平的表达上调,呈现一定剂量依赖性及雌、雄组织差异性,且这种表达变化持续至子一代。【结论】研究结果揭示了重金属镉胁迫可诱导果蝇dDnmt2、dMBD2/3表达量上调,其可能与果蝇的DNA甲基化修饰过程相关联,导致表观遗传变异并可能向子代传递。     

胰岛素信号转导、昆虫发育与老化

胰岛素及其信号转导的探讨为当代生物学一大热点,研究显示:从线虫到果蝇、小鼠及其人类其胰岛素信号转导路径十分类似。昆虫胰岛素的研究开始于家蚕,在20世纪80年代,日本学者在分离家蚕促前胸腺激素(prothoracictropic hormone,简称PTTH)时,发现所纯化的为一称为家蚕素的神经激素,该激素之氨基酸排列顺序与高等动物体内的胰岛素部分相似,但是家蚕素的生理功能至今仍不是很清楚。而果蝇的分子遗传学研究则显示,胰岛素及其信号转导调控果蝇的生长、发育、寿命等许许多多的生理现象。专一性地改变果蝇前胸腺之胰岛素信号转导,会严重影响幼虫的蜕皮与变态。而作者利用家蚕所进行的研究更显示,将牛的胰岛素注射于家蚕幼虫体内可显着提高其蜕皮激素的分泌,离体培养前胸腺时加入牛胰岛素也可直接增加其激素的分泌,牛胰岛素可直接活化家蚕前胸腺细胞之胰岛素受体及信号分子Akt的磷酸化。另外,从线虫、果蝇到小鼠胰岛素及其信号转导突变体的研究结果显示了胰岛素信号转导调控寿命的重要性。利用猴子及人所进行的研究结果显示,低卡路里摄取之所以会延长寿命是因为卡路里的摄取与胰岛素信号转导的变化有关。因此,不同物种利用相同的胰岛素信号转导通路调控发育及老化机制,该发现大大鼓舞了科学家们利用低等的生物来研究复杂的生命现象。     

肠道微生物群加重黑腹果蝇盐胁迫反应

【背景】高盐饮食目前引起普遍关注,肠道微生物与盐胁迫的相互作用正成为研究热点之一。【目的】以黑腹果蝇为宿主模型,探讨肠道微生物对果蝇盐胁迫反应的影响与潜在机理。【方法】利用平板计数法和定量PCR法检测果蝇肠道载菌量;利用存活率和运动能力测定装置测定果蝇适合度;用化学试剂和抗生素处理建立无菌果蝇,测定肠道菌对果蝇盐胁迫反应的影响;利用亮蓝食用色素染料渗透性实验检测果蝇肠道屏障的完整性;应用实时定量PCR检测先天免疫系统的活性。【结果】高盐处理引起果蝇肠道菌群失调,导致其肠道载菌量显著增加。此外,高盐饮食(high salt diet,HSD)降低了黑腹果蝇成虫的存活率和运动能力。经0.75 mol/L NaCl处理,雌性GF (germ-free)果蝇存活率比对照组升高了11%,同时混合抗生素有效地提高了高盐处理后果蝇的存活率。肠道微生物加剧了肠道屏障功能损伤,雌性GF果蝇出现染料渗透性实验现象的百分率比对照组降低了8%。在分子水平上,盐胁迫下雌性GF果蝇体内Attacin-C、Duox基因表达水平分别是CR(conventionally reared)果蝇的2.5倍和1.7倍。【结论】肠道微生物加重果蝇盐胁迫反应,引发高盐诱导的肠屏障功能紊乱,并且抑制高盐诱导的先天免疫活性。     

The endosymbiont Wolbachia in Eurasian populations of Drosophila melanogaster

The endosymbiotic [alpha]-proteobacteria Wolbachia is widely spread among arthropods and Filariidae nematodes. This bacterium is transmitted vertically via a transovarian route. Wolbachia is a cause of several reproductive abnormalities in the host species. We analyzed the isofemale lines created using flies collected from Drosophila melanogaster natural populations for infection with the endosymbiont Wolbachia. Wolbachia were genotyped according to five variable markers: the presence of insertion sequence IS5 in two loci, the copy number of two minisatellite repeats, and an inversion. Overall, 665 isofemale lines isolated from the populations of D. melanogaster from Ukraine, Belarus, Moldova, Caucasus, Central Asia, Ural, Udmurtia, Altai, West and East Siberia, and Far East in 1974 through 2005 were used in the work. The samples from Ukrainian, Altaian, and Middle Asian populations were largest. The infection rate of D. melanogaster populations from Middle Asia, Altaian, and Eastern Europe (Ukraine, Moldavia, and Belarus) with Wolbachia amounted to 64, 56, and 39%, respectively. The D. melanogaster population from the Caucasus displayed heterogeneity in the genotypes of this cytoplasmic infection. The Wolbachia genotype wMel, detected in all the populations studied, was the most abundant. The genotype wMelCS2 was always present in the populations from Middle Asia and Altai and was among the rare variants in the D. melanogaster populations from the Eastern Europe. Single instances of the Wolbachia genotype wMelCS occurred in a few flies from the Central Asian and Altai populations, but was not found this genotype in the other regions.     

Insulin receptor function is inhibited by guanosine 5'-[gamma-thio]triphosphate (GTP[S]).

The regulatory role of GTP-binding proteins (G-proteins) in insulin receptor function was investigated using isolated insulin receptors and plasma membranes from rat adipocytes. Treatment of isolated insulin receptors with 1 mM-guanosine 5'-[gamma-thio]triphosphate (GTP[S]) inhibited insulin-stimulated phosphorylation of the beta-subunit, histone Hf2b and poly(GluNa4,Tyr1) by 22%, 65% and 65% respectively. Phosphorylation of calmodulin by the insulin receptor kinase was also inhibited by 1 mM-GTP[S] both in the absence (by 88%) and in the presence (by 81%) of insulin. In the absence of insulin, 1 mM-GTP had the same effect on calmodulin phosphorylation as 1 mM-GTP[S]. However, when insulin was present, GTP was less effective than GTP[S] (41% versus 81% inhibition). Concentrations of GTP[S] greater than 250 microM are necessary to inhibit phosphorylation. Although these concentrations are relatively high, the effect of GTP[S] is not due to competition with [32P]ATP for the insulin receptor kinase since (1) other nucleotide triphosphates did not inhibit phosphorylation as much as did GTP[S] (or GTP) and (2) the Vmax of the ATP-dependent kinase reaction was decreased in the presence of GTP[S]. GTP[S] (1 mM) also inhibited insulin binding to isolated receptors and plasma membranes, by 80% and 50% respectively. Finally, an antibody raised to a peptide sequence common to the alpha-subunits of G-proteins Gs, Gi, Go and transducin detected G-proteins in plasma membranes but failed to detect them in the insulin receptor preparation. These results indicate that GTP inhibits insulin receptor function, but does so through a mechanism that does not require a conventional GTP-binding protein.     

Drosophila regulate yeast density and increase yeast community similarity in a natural substrate

Drosophila melanogaster adults and larvae, but especially larvae, had profound effects on the densities and community structure of yeasts that developed in banana fruits. Pieces of fruit exposed to adult female flies previously fed fly-conditioned bananas developed higher yeast densities than pieces of the same fruits that were not exposed to flies, supporting previous suggestions that adult Drosophila vector yeasts to new substrates. However, larvae alone had dramatic effects on yeast density and species composition. When yeast densities were compared in pieces of the same fruits assigned to different treatments, fruits that developed low yeast densities in the absence of flies developed significantly higher yeast densities when exposed to larvae. Across all of the fruits, larvae regulated yeast densities within narrow limits, as compared to a much wider range of yeast densities that developed in pieces of the same fruits not exposed to flies. Larvae also affected yeast species composition, dramatically reducing species diversity across fruits, reducing variation in yeast communities from one fruit to the next (beta diversity), and encouraging the consistent development of a yeast community composed of three species of yeast (Candida californica, C. zemplinina, and Pichia kluvyeri), all of which were palatable to larvae. Larvae excreted viable cells of these three yeast species in their fecal pools, and discouraged the growth of filamentous fungi, processes which may have contributed to their effects on the yeast communities in banana fruits. These and other findings suggest that D. melanogaster adults and their larval offspring together engage in 'niche construction', facilitating a predictable microbial environment in the fruit substrates in which the larvae live and develop.