腺花香茶菜地下根茎化学成分研究

采用硅胶、RP-18等柱色谱,从腺花香茶菜地下根茎70%丙酮提取物的乙酸乙酯部位分离得到16个化合物,通过理化性质和波谱数据分别鉴定为维西香茶菜甲素(1)、2α-羟基齐墩果酸(2)、2α,23-二羟基齐墩果酸(3)、2β,3β-二-O-异丙叉基-齐墩果-12-烯-28-酸(4)、乙酰熊果酸(5)、1-棕榈酸单甘油酯(6)、1-油酸单甘油酯(7)、1-亚油酸单甘油酯(8)、1,2-亚油酸甘油二酯(9)、α-亚麻酸甲酯(10)、棕榈酸(11)、硬脂酸(12)、油酸(13)、7α-羟基豆甾醇(14)、7β-羟基谷甾醇(15)、β-谷甾醇(16)。化合物4、6～10和13～15为首次从该属植物中分离得到,化合物2、3、5、11和12为首次从该植物中分离得到。     

山蓝化学成分的初步研究

分离鉴定爵床科观音草属植物山蓝的化学成分。采用硅胶柱色谱、重结晶方法对山蓝乙醇提取物进行分离纯化,利用红外、质谱、核磁共振技术进行结构鉴定,得到15个化合物,分别为二十八醇(1),硬脂酸(2),β-谷甾醇(3),豆甾醇(4),棕榈酸(5),月桂酸(6),尿囊素(7),棕榈醇(8),芝麻素(9),齐墩果酸(10),β-胡萝卜苷(11),尿嘧啶(12),腺嘌呤(13),十八烷基葡萄糖苷(14),柠檬酸(15)。除β-谷甾醇,豆甾醇和β-胡萝卜苷外,其余12个化合物均为首次从该植物中分离得到。     

大果榕茎的化学成分(英文)

运用硅胶柱色谱和Sephadex LH-20柱色谱,以及制备薄层色谱等方法从大果榕茎的95%乙醇提取物中分离得到11个化合物,通过理化性质和波谱数据鉴定为:染料木黄酮(1),wighteone(2),5,7,4’,trihydroxy-6-(2-hydroxy-3-methyl-3-butenyl)isoflavone(3),5,7,4’-trihydroxy-3’-(2-hydroxy-3-methyl-3-butenyl)isoflavone(4),alpin-umisoflavone(5),derrone(6),(3R)-5-formylmellein(7),3β-(1-Hydroxyethyl)-7-hydroxy-1-isobenzofuranone(8),反式对羟基肉桂酸乙酯(9),β-谷甾醇(10),β-胡萝卜苷(11)。化合物4,7,8,9为首次从该属植物中分离得到,化合物1-10为首次从该植物中分离得到。     

紫丁香花蕾化学成分研究

采用硅胶柱色谱和半制备高效液相色谱等从紫丁香花蕾乙酸乙酯溶液中分离得到8个单体化合物,经理化性质和波谱方法分别鉴定为:丁香苦素B(1)、齐墩果酸(2)、乌苏酸(3)、羽扇豆酸(4)、羽扇豆醇(5)、对羟基苯丙醇(6)、对羟基苯乙醇(7)和β-谷甾醇(8)。其中化合物6首次从该种植物中分离得到,其余均为首次从该植物花蕾中分离得到。     

地果根茎化学成分研究

采用柱色谱法从地果Ficus tikoua根茎的90%甲醇粗提物中分离得到7个化合物。通过理化性质和波谱数据分析分别鉴定为hydroxyalpinum isoflavone(1),佛手柑内酯(2),β-豆甾醇(3),齐墩果酸(4),β-谷甾醇(5),香草酸(6)和2,6-二甲氧基-1,4-苯醌(7)。其中,化合物1、3、6和7为首次从该植物中分离得到。     

毛果巴豆根的化学成分研究

对大戟科巴豆属植物毛果巴豆的根进行化学成分研究,并利用多种色谱方法分离得到11个化合物,根据理化性质和波谱学手段鉴定了结构。它们分别是3-乙酰高根二醇(1),3-乙酰齐墩果酸(2),ilexgenin A (3),(24S)-24-ethylcholesta-3β,5α,6β-triol(4),邻苯二甲酸二丁酯(5),邻苯二甲酸二异丁酯(6),邻苯二甲酸正丁异丁酯(7),Aralia cerebroside(8),熊果酸(9),β-谷甾醇(10),胡萝卜苷(11)。所有化合物均为首次从该植物中分离得到。     

铁甲草化学成分的初步研究

采用硅胶柱色谱分离方法,研究了铁甲草(Cassia mimosoides Linn.)乙醇提取物中的化学成分.从铁甲草中分离得到8个化合物:大黄素(1)、木犀草素(2)、间苯二酚(3)、齐墩果酸(4)、(R)-鹰爪三醇(5)、α-L-鼠李糖(6)、β-谷甾醇(7)和胡萝卜苷(8).除化合物1以外,其余均是首次从铁甲草中分离得到,其中化合物5为首次在该科植物中发现.     

红背桂花化学成分研究

为了对红背桂花(Excoecaria cochinchinensis Lour.)的化学成分进行研究,采用了硅胶柱色谱、Sephadex LH-20凝胶柱色谱、反相ODS柱色谱等色谱方法,对红背桂花的80%乙醇提取物进行系统的分离,得到了10个单体化合物,通过理化性质与波谱数据分析,分别鉴定为:齐墩果酸(oleanolic acid,1)、2α,3β,23-三羟基齐墩果-12-烯-28-酸(arjunolic acid,2)、山奈酚(kaempferol,3)、槲皮素(quercetin,4)、高山黄芩(isoscutellarein,5)、6-甲氧基-7-羟基香豆素(scopoletin,6)、3,4,5-三羟基苯甲酸(3,4,5-trihydroxybenzoic acid,7)、间苯三酚(phloroglucinol,8)、β-谷甾醇(β-sitosterol,9)和胡萝卜苷(daucosterol,10)。化合物2,5和8为首次从海漆属植物中分离得到,化合物1,4和6为首次从红背桂花植物中分离得到。     

草珊瑚的化学成分研究

目的:研究草珊瑚Sarcandra glabra的化学成分。方法:采用各种现代色谱技术对草珊瑚进行分离纯化,根据化合物的理化性质和光谱数据进行结构鉴定。结果:从草珊瑚全草中分离得到12个化合物,分别鉴定为:(-)-依斯坦布林A((-)-istanbulin A,1),依斯坦布林B(istanbulin B,2),菊苣苷(cichoriin,3),异秦皮啶(isofraxidin,4),滨蒿内酯(scoparone,5),槲皮素(quercetin,6),大黄素甲醚(physcion,7),大黄素(emodin,8),β-谷甾醇(β-sitosterol,9),东莨菪内酯(scopoletin,10),蜂花酸(melissicacid,11),正二十五烷醇(pentacosanol,12)。结论:化合物3、7、8、11、12均首次从该植物中分离得到,其中化合物3、11、12首次从该属植物中分离得到,化合物7首次从该科植物中分离得到。     

广州蛇根草化学成分及其抗菌活性的研究

利用硅胶、大孔树脂等色谱分离手段从广州蛇根草中分离得到了3个化合物,利用理化性质及波谱方法对试验得到的单体化合物进行了结构鉴定,分别鉴定为β-谷甾醇(1)、β-胡萝卜苷(2)、喜果苷(3)。化合物1、2、3均为首次从该植物中得到。采用滤纸片法测定广州蛇根草乙醇提取物的不同溶剂萃取部分的抗菌活性。结果表明,广州蛇根草氯仿部分和石油醚部分均含有抑菌活性物质,而化合物1(β-谷甾醇)由石油醚萃取物中得到且量很大(3.2 g),则说明该甾醇化合物可能为广州蛇根草中主要的抑菌活性物质。     

32种杜鹃花属植物在迁地保育条件下的自交研究

迁地保育条件下的杜鹃花属植物自交可育性一直缺乏系统的比较研究,该文对5亚属13亚组32种杜鹃花属植物的自交进行了数据采集与分析,初步揭示了迁地保育条件下杜鹃花属植物自交育性特征。结果表明:(1)自交可育与不育是杜鹃花属植物有性生殖中的两个并存现象,自交能育型种类或多于不育型。在受试的32种杜鹃花中,自交不育型10种、弱可育型5种、可育型7种、高可育型10种,其中27种的自交育性为首次报道,涵盖包括杜鹃亚属杜鹃组(sect.Rhododendron)和马银花亚属(subgen.Azaleastrum)及常绿杜鹃亚属(subgen.Hymenanthes)中银叶杜鹃亚组(subsect.Argyrophylla)等5个亚组在内的未被研究的类群。(2)通过与自然授粉有关育性指标的比较,发现不同种类的自交可育性指标有大幅度降低及增高这两类截然不同的现象,从而提出了自交可能是部分杜鹃花属植物的适应策略,或者对不利环境及其媒介条件的主动响应。(3)在云锦杜鹃亚组(subsect.Fortunea)这个被认为最原始的杜鹃花类群中,具备从自交不育到高可育的所有类型,并可能由此奠定整个杜鹃花属的遗传基础,而类群与种类分布的不同区域气候环境长期直接的或通过影响传粉媒介间接的作用,则可能是最终塑造该属植物自交育性多样化的外部动力。(4)该文还依据有关自交的研究结果,对杜鹃花属植物的迁地保育、育种、相关学科发展进行了讨论,并认为后合子期败育的理论不能完美地解释自交不能坐果的现象,而多倍体似不会导致自交不育。     

Paleosols and paleoenvironments of the middle Miocene,Maboko Formation,Kenya

The middle Miocene (15 Ma) Maboko Formation of Maboko Island and Majiwa Bluffs, southwestern Kenya, has yielded abundant fossils of the earliest known cercopithecoid monkey (Victoriapithecus macinnesi), and of a kenyapithecine hominoid (Kenyapithecus africanus), as well as rare proconsuline (Simiolus leakeyorum, cf. Limnopithecus evansi) and oreopithecine apes (Mabokopithecus clarki, M. pickfordi), and galagids (Komba winamensis). Specific habitat preferences can be interpreted from large collections of primate fossils in different kinds of paleosols (pedotypes). Fossiliferous drab-colored paleosols with iron-manganese nodules (Yom pedotype) are like modern soils of seasonally waterlogged depressions (dambo). Their crumb structure and abundant fine root-traces, as well as scattered large calcareous rhizoconcretions indicate former vegetation of seasonally wet, wooded grassland. Other fossiliferous paleosols are evidence of nyika bushland (Ratong), and early-successional riparian woodland (Dhero). No fossils were found in Mogo paleosols interpreted as saline scrub soils. Very shallow calcic horizons (in Yom, Ratong, and Mogo paleosols) and Na-montmorillonite (in Mogo) are evidence of dry paleoclimate (300-500 mm MAP=mean annual precipitation). This is the driest paleoclimate and most open vegetation yet inferred as a habitat for any Kenyan Miocene apes or monkeys. Victoriapithecus was abundant in dambo wooded grassland (Yom) and riparian woodland (Dhero), a distribution like that of modern vervet monkeys. Kenyapithecus ranged through all these paleosols, but was the most common primate in nyika bushland paleosols (Ratong), comparable to baboons and macaques today. Mabokopithecus was virtually restricted to riparian woodland paleosols (Dhero), and Simiolus had a similar, but marginally wider, distribution. Habitat preferences of Mabokopithecus and Simiolus were like those of modern colobus monkeys and mangabeys. A single specimen of Komba was found in dambo wooded grassland paleosol (Yom), a habitat more like that of the living Senegal bushbaby than of rainforest galagids. A shift to non-forest habitats may explain the terrestrial adaptations of Victoriapithecus, basal to the cercopithecid radiation, and of Kenyapithecus, basal to the hominoid radiation. Both taxa are distinct from earlier Miocene arboreal proconsulines, oreopithecines and galagids.     

Astragalar morphology of late Eocene anthropoids from the Fayum Depression (Egypt) and the origin of catarrhine primates

The phylogenetic relationships of the late Eocene anthropoids Catopithecus browni and Proteopithecus sylviae are currently a matter of debate, with opinion divided as to whether these taxa are stem or crown anthropoids. The phylogenetic position of Catopithecus is of particular interest, for, unlike the highly generalized genus Proteopithecus, this taxon shares apomorphic dental and postcranial features with more derived undoubted catarrhines that appear in the same region 1-2 Ma later. If these apomorphies are homologous and Catopithecus is a stem catarrhine, the unique combination of plesiomorphic and apomorphic features preserved in this anthropoid would have important implications for our understanding of the crown anthropoid morphotype and the pattern of morphological character transformations that occurred during the early phases of stem catarrhine evolution.Well-preserved astragali referrable to Proteopithecus, Catopithecus, and the undoubted early Oligocene stem catarrhine Aegyptopithecus have provided additional morphological evidence that allows us to further evaluate competing hypotheses of interrelationships among Eocene-Oligocene Afro-Arabian anthropoids. Qualitative observations and multivariate morphometric analyses reveal that the astragalar morphology of Proteopithecus is very similar to that of early Oligocene parapithecids and living and extinct small-bodied platyrrhines, and strengthens the hypothesis that the morphological pattern shared by these taxa is primitive within crown Anthropoidea. In contrast, Catopithecus departs markedly from the predicted crown anthropoid astragalar morphotype and shares a number of apomorphic features (e.g., deep cotylar fossa, laterally projecting fibular facet, trochlear asymmetry, mediolaterally wide astragalar head) with Aegyptopithecus and Miocene-Recent catarrhines. The evidence from the astragalus complements other independent data from the dentition, humerus and femur of Catopithecus that support this taxon's stem catarrhine status, and we continue to maintain that oligopithecines are stem catarrhines that constitute the sister group of a clade containing propliopithecines and Miocene-Recent catarrhines.     

Stratigraphy, artefact industries and hominid associations for Sterkfontein, member 5

A revised stratigraphy for the early hominid site of Sterkfontein (Gauteng Province, South Africa) reveals a complex distribution of infills in the main excavation area between 2.8 and 1.4 m.y.a, as well as deposits dating to the mid to late Pleistocene. New research now shows that the Member 4 australopithecine breccia (2.8-2.6 Ma) extends further west than was previously thought, while a late phase of Member 4 is recognized in a southern area. The artefact-bearing breccias were defined sedimentologically as Member 5, but one supposed part of these younger breccias, the StW 53 infill, lacks in situ stone tools, although it does appear to post-date 2.6 Ma when artefacts first appear in the archaeological record. The StW 53 hominid, previously referred to Homo habilis, is here argued to be Australopithecus. The first artefact-bearing breccia of Member 5 is the Oldowan Infill, estimated at 2-1.7 Ma. It occupies a restricted distribution in Member 5 east and contains an expedient, flake-based tool industry associated with a few fossils of Paranthropos robustus. An enlarged cave opening subsequently admitted one or more Early Acheulean infills associated in Member 5 west with Homo ergaster. The artefacts attest to a larger site accumulation between ca. 1.7 and 1.4 Ma, with more intensive use of quartzite over quartz and a subtle but important shift to large flakes and heavier-duty tools. The available information on palaeoenvironments is summarized, showing an overall change from tropical to sub-tropical gallery forest, forest fringe and woodland conditions in Member 4 to more open woodland and grassland habitats in the later units, but with suggestions of a wet localized topography in the Paranthropus -bearing Oldowan Infill.     

基于分子证据确认秦岭藤属与驼峰藤属(夹竹桃科)的系统位置

秦岭藤属(Biondia Schltr.)是中国特有属,约13种,驼峰藤属(Merrillanthus Chun & Tsiang)是仅在我国与柬埔寨分布的单种属,目前两个属均被归并到白前属(Vincetoxicum Wolf),由于取样和系统发育分析尚存一些欠缺,因此其系统位置和归属尚需进一步确认。该文使用2个核糖体基因序列片段(ITS、ETS)、5个叶绿体基因序列片段(psbA-trnH、trnG、trnL、trnL-F、trnT-L),以及二者的合并数据,重建娃儿藤亚族(Tylophorinae)(包含属的模式秦岭藤 [B. chinensis Schltr.=V. shaanxiense(Schltr.)Meve & Liede]与驼峰藤 [M. hainanensis Chun & Tsiang=V. hainanense(Chun & Tsiang)Meve, H. H. Kong & Liede])的系统发育树。结果表明:秦岭藤属与驼峰藤属均包含在白前属中,秦岭藤与青龙藤 [B. henryi(Warb.)Tsiang & Li=V. henryi(Warb.)Meve & Liede]互为姐妹类群,并与V. kawaroense Meve & Liede聚为一支,而黑水藤 [B. insignis Tsiang=V. insigne(Tsiang)Meve, H. H. Kong & Liede]在另一分支中(亚热带分支Subtropical Clade); 驼峰藤属与V. cissoides(Blume)Kuntze和V. philippicum Meve, Omlor & Liede聚为一支。核糖体和叶绿体基因数据均支持秦岭藤属与驼峰藤属归并入白前属,但秦岭藤属为多系,尚需收集更多种类和数据合并分析,深入探讨归并后白前属的种间系统关系和位置。     

荨麻科三新种

该文描述了荨麻科三新种:(1)自中国重庆市发现的荨麻科荨麻属一新种,城口荨麻。此种与异株荨麻有亲缘关系,区别特征为此种的茎被少数刺毛,叶片多为心形,雄、雌花序均不分枝,瘦果在中央稍凹陷。(2)自中国广西发现的荨麻科赤车属一新种,来宾赤车。此种与特产云南东南部的富宁赤车相近缘,与后者的区别在于本种茎的毛开展或向上弯曲,叶片长椭圆形,基部斜楔形,雌花具3~4枚花被片,其中1~2枚较大花被片在背面顶端具一长筒状突起。(3)自缅甸北部发现的荨麻科楼梯草属一新种,克钦楼梯草。此种在体态上与骤尖楼梯草甚为相似,与后者的区别在于本种的每一茎节具正常叶和一退化叶,托叶狭披针状条形和无脉,雌总苞苞片无角状突起,雌小苞片较大,呈楔状长圆形,雌花具一小花被片,以及雌蕊具一宽倒卵球形柱头。     

Reconstructing the history of Campanulaceae with a Bayesian approach to molecular dating and dispersal–vicariance analyses

We reconstruct here the spatial and temporal evolution of the Campanula alliance in order to better understand its evolutionary history. To increase phylogenetic resolution among major groups (Wahlenbergieae–Campanuleae), new sequences from the rbcL region were added to the trnL-F dataset obtained in a previous study. These phylogenies were used to infer ancestral areas and divergence times in Campanula and related genera using a Bayesian approach to molecular dating and dispersal–vicariance analyses that takes into account phylogenetic uncertainty. The new phylogenetic analysis confirms Platycodoneae as the sister group of Wahlenbergieae–Campanuleae, the two last ones inter-graded into a well-supported clade. Biogeographic and dating analyses suggest that Western Asia and the Eastern Mediterranean have played a major role as centers of migration and diversification within the Campanula alliance, probably in relation to the intense orogenic activity that took place in this region during the Late Neogene, and that could have promoted isolation and allopatric speciation within lineages. Diversification rates within several Campanula lineages would have increased at the end of the Miocene, coinciding with the Messinian Stage. Strong selective pressures from climate changes and the expansion of mountainous regions during this period are suggested to explain the adaptation to drought, cold or disturbed environments observed in many Campanula species. Several independent long-distance dispersal events to North America are inferred within the Rapunculus clade, which seem to be related to high ploidy levels.     

利用DNA片段测序方法探究枳属和富民枳的分类地位

富民枳(Poncirus polyandra)属于芸香科(Rutaceae)枳属(Poncirus Raf.)。自发表以来,分类地位一直备受争议,其中在Flora of China中认为富民枳为柑橘杂交种(Poncirus polyandra),把枳属归并于柑橘属(Citrus)。该研究选取枳属的富民枳、枳(Poncirus trifoliata)及柑橘属下8个种共10个种47个个体作为研究材料,以九里香(Murraya exotica)为外类群,利用3个叶绿体片段(trn L-trn F、trn S-trn G、rbc L)、ITS片段和1个单拷贝核基因(Chr 5)数据构建系统发育树,探究枳属和富民枳的分类地位。结果表明:基于3个叶绿体片段数据构建的最大似然树(ML)和贝叶斯树(BI)的拓扑结构基本一致,10个物种聚为两大分支,即柑橘属的8个物种聚为一大分支,富民枳和枳聚为另一大分支。其中,富民枳所有个体聚为一小单系分支,枳的所有个体聚为一小单系分支,支持枳属和富民枳独立存在。2个核DNA片段数据结果显示,枳属的两个种与柑橘属的8个物种聚在一个大分支里,无法确立枳属的单系地位,但富民枳的9个个体聚在一起,暗示富民枳在遗传上是一个独立的类群。综上研究认为,无论是叶绿体DNA数据还是核DNA数据均支持富民枳是一个独立的物种,但核DNA数据不支持枳属成立。     

中国西藏兰科植物新资料

中国西藏东南地区位于东喜马拉雅和印缅的交接处,是全球生物多样性的热点地区,尤其是位于该地区的墨脱,由于巨大的海拔高差,使该地区的植被类型呈显著的垂直地带性,且植物种类繁多、植被结构复杂。该文报道了西藏野生兰科植物新记录属3个,即线柱兰属(Zeuxine)、爬兰属(Herpysma)和槽舌兰属(Holcoglossum);新记录种27个,即白肋线柱兰(Zeuxine goodyeroides)、爬兰(Herpysma longicaulis)、小花槽舌兰(Holcoglossum himalaicum)、西南齿唇兰(Anoectochilus elwesii)、窄唇蜘蛛兰(Arachnis labrosa)、短足石豆兰(Bulbophyllum stenobulbon)、尖角卷瓣兰(B. forrestii)、南方虾脊兰(Calanthe lyroglossa)、泰国牛角兰(Ceratostylis siamensis)、金唇兰(Chrysoglossum ornatum)、格力贝母兰(Coelogyne griffithii)、云南贝母兰(C. assamica)、斑舌兰(Cymbidium tigrinum)、梳唇石斛(Dendrobium strongylanthum)、狭叶金石斛((D. angustifolium)、厚唇兰(D. mariae)、粗茎苹兰(Pinalia amica)、垂叶斑叶兰(Goodyera pendula)、绿花斑叶兰(G. viridiflora)、狭叶羊耳蒜(Liparis perpusilla)、小花羊耳蒜(L. platyrachis)、三裂羊耳蒜(L. mannii)、镰叶鸢尾兰(Oberonia falcata)、阔瓣鸢尾兰(O. latipetala)、凹唇石仙桃(Pholidota convallariae)、大苞兰(Sunipia scariosa)、滇南矮柱兰(Thelasis khasiana)。这些植物新资料的发现,对于丰富西藏植物种类以及对该地区物种多样性的保护和研究具有重要意义。     

毛茛科五新种

描述了毛茛科五新种:(1)托里乌头,与阿尔泰乌头近缘,区别为其茎和叶无毛,总状花序极密集,雄蕊花丝多有1或2小齿。(2)门源翠雀花,与大通翠雀花近缘,区别为其茎极短,花序总状,退化雄蕊瓣片不分裂。(3)云台山铁线莲,与裂叶铁线莲近缘,区别为其叶为二回羽状复叶,花较小,雄蕊花丝呈黑色,无脉。(4)黑丝铁线莲,与前种云台铁线莲在亲缘关系上极为相近,区别为其小叶较小,多呈狭卵形或披针形,聚伞花序也较小,通常只具3花。(5)五台山毛茛,与砾地毛茛相似,区别为其基生叶被柔毛,花瓣蜜槽具鳞片,心皮具短而粗的花柱和小柱头。