濒危植物明党参种群生存过程研究

对中国特有单种属濒危植物明党参杭州种群的生存过程进行了数量分析。针对难以测量明党参个体年龄的问题 ,基于实验数据利用 L ogistic生长模型估算其年龄并得到可估测年龄最高界限为 5 0 a。数量分析表明 ,目前明党参种群表现出衰退趋势 ,种群年龄结构类似于老年型 ,种群的净增殖率、瞬时增长率和周限增长率均较低 ,世代周期较长。运用 L eslie矩阵模型分析预测未来 30 a中种群个体数量将呈现出下降趋势。在所研究的样地中 ,明党参种群种子萌发和幼苗期 (0～ 5 a) ,成熟期 (15～2 5 a)和老年期 (4 5～ 5 0 a)受到了环境筛的强烈作用     

濒危植物明党参种子散布和种子库动态研究

对伞形科濒危植物明党参（Changium smyrnioides)的种子生产、散布和种子库动态进行了研究。明党参平均每株产生完好种子132粒,86.36%来自顶生花序,不同生境中个体产生的种子千粒重有差异;其平均1.06m高的花葶在种子散布过程中易倒伏,使种子远离母株;种子散布格局为聚集型;种子库密度随时间逐渐下降。明党参种子产量和不同时期种子库密度均低于同科非濒危植物峨参（Anthriscus sylvestris),2个种的种子库均为非持续型;明党参具有低种子数、大粒种子、种子散布远离母株以减少种内竞争的K对策,在受到人类大量采挖和生境干扰后种群不容易迅速恢复;而峨参采取高种子数、小粒种子、种子近母株密集分布和产生无性系的r对策,种群受干扰后易恢复。     

十种濒危植物的种群生态学特征及致危因素分析

从保护生态学的观点出发,对10个濒危植物的地理分布、生境条件、种群数量动态、空间分布格局、种间关系、种群的生命表、生殖力表、有性生殖、无性繁殖等种群生态学特征进行了综合分析。论述了濒危植物以光合、蒸腾、呼吸为主的生理生态学规律;预测种群数量动态的Leslie矩阵、刻画种群空间分布格局的模型、刻画种群生长和数量增长的Logistic方程和多元回归模型所反映出的生态学特征。分析了濒危植物种群动态、发展趋势以及在内外因素作用下的生态学特征和过程。针对濒危植物保护研究存在的问题,从生态学角度对我国未来濒危植物保护研究应注意的问题提出了建议。     

濒危植物明党参与非濒危种峨参种子休眠和萌发比较

研究了濒危植物明党参（Changium smyrnioides)与非濒危种峨参（Anthriscus sylvestris)种子贮存,打破休眠和萌发对水分和温度条件的要求。结果表明,在自然条件下,明党参种子有5个月的休眠期,人工低温（10℃左右）处理40天即可打破休眠;两种植物种子自然温度干燥处理不能打破休眠;两种植物的种子在自然温度变湿层积处理后萌发率最高,萌发持续时间也最长,其中明党参的萌发率地峨参,持续时间短于峨参;自然温度淹水处理大大降低了两种植物种子的萌发率,但明党参仍有7％的萌发率。明党参种子质量和发芽率不应是明党参濒危的直接原因,但因其具有种子产量低,幼苗数量少,存活率高的K－对策,当受到强烈干扰时,种群难以在短期内恢复,容易濒危。     

环境因素对伞形科两种植物种子萌发的影响

种子萌发模式是植物生活史策略中的一个主要特征。研究了环境因素对伞形科濒危植物明党参 (Changium smyrnioidesWolff)和非濒危植物峨参 (Anthriscussylvestris Hoffm.)种子萌发特性的影响。结果表明 ,温度是影响明党参和峨参这类冬性植物种子萌发的主要因素。两物种的种子萌发温度范围是 5～ 15℃ ,明党参种子的最适萌发温度是 10℃ ,峨参是 5℃ ,两物种在15℃时萌发率均已受抑制 ,到 18℃时几乎不萌发。两种植物种子的萌发率与温度显著负相关。两种植物种子在光照和黑暗条件下萌发率差异很小 ,均是中性种子。明党参种子在干燥条件下比峨参种子更容易失去活力 ,其种子的适宜含水量 (5 .9%～6 .4 % )比峨参 (<3.7% )高。种子质量好、萌发率高但种子产量低也是濒危植物种群更新的一个薄弱环节。     

元宝山冷杉群落主要树木种群间联结关系的研究

元宝山冷杉 (Ａｂｉｅｓｙｕａｎｂａｏｓｈａｎｅｎｓｉｓ)是广西特有的珍稀濒危植物 ,为古老的残遗物种 ,它对研究我国古代植物区系的发生和演变 ,以及古气候、古地理 ,特别是对第四纪冰期气候的探讨有学术价值[6] 。元宝山冷杉仅分布于广西北部融水县的元宝山蓝坪峰一带 ,种群个体数量不足 90 0株 ,天然更新不良 ,多为老树及幼树、幼苗 ,罕见青壮年个体。研究元宝山冷杉群落主要树木种群间的联结关系 ,对于研究种群间的相互作用 ,群落的组成和动态 ,阐明种群生态学以及进一步保护好元宝山冷杉 ,保存物种多样性 ,具有重要的现实意义。1　…     

西藏极小种群野生植物密叶红豆杉种群的性比及雌雄空间格局

雌雄异株植物种群具有性比和雌雄个体空间分布格局, 这对个体成功繁殖、种群生存潜力、天然更新能力和遗传多样性的维持都是重要的, 对于珍稀濒危雌雄异株植物种群尤其如此。密叶红豆杉(Taxus fuana)为国家I级重点保护植物, 是首批列入《全国极小种群野生植物拯救保护工程规划》的120种极小种群野生植物之一, 具有重要的生态和经济价值。但目前关于密叶红豆杉种群生态学方面的研究, 尤其是性比结构与空间分布格局在国内外鲜有报道。本文对西藏吉隆地区的6个天然密叶红豆杉种群(吉普、多甫、朗久、吉隆、开热和唐蕃)进行了实地调查, 研究其性比结构及其空间分布格局。结果表明, 调查的6个种群中总计雄株1,651株, 雌株1,231株, 仅吉普(雄/雌 = 1.89)与吉隆(雄/雌 = 1.39)两个种群有显著的性别偏倚现象且显著偏雄性(P < 0.001)。6个种群雌雄植株间的空间相关性不强, 整体趋于相互独立。不同径级间, 吉隆和开热种群的性比格局相似, 均在小径级上性比显著偏雄性, 而吉普种群则在中等径级上显著偏雄性。综上, 不同密叶红豆杉种群的大小、性比、雌雄个体的大小级结构以及空间分布格局等均表现出不同。因此, 需要结合各个种群本身的发展动态、受干扰的类型以及各区域环境因子的差异进行有针对性的保护。     

典型极小种群野生植物保护与恢复技术研究

极小种群野生植物是急需优先抢救的国家重点保护濒危植物。目前,有关极小种群野生植物濒危原因及相应解濒技术的研究还非常缺乏,已有的植物种群生态学和保护生物学理论对极小种群植物并不完全适用,迫切需要研发有针对性的科学理论和保育技术。介绍了国家重点研发计划项目"典型极小种群野生植物保护与恢复技术研究(2016YFC0503100)"的研究意义、内容、目标及展望。项目拟针对典型极小种群野生植物开展保护与恢复技术的研究,拟构建极小种群野生植物的种群生态学和保护生物学理论体系,研发极小种群野生植物保护和更新复壮的技术体系,并建立相应的应用技术标准和示范基地,为极小种群野生植物的保护与可持续利用奠定坚实的理论基础和技术支撑。     

南京市珍稀濒危植物的分布与保护

对南京市珍稀濒危植物的种类、分布、生境及濒危原因进行了调查和分析,并对主要种类进行了就地保存、迁地保存或就地-迁地保存实验。调查发现,南京市共有珍稀濒危植物17种1变种,隶属9科17属,主要分布在丘陵山地;人为因素是其濒危的主要原因。对明党参(Changium smyrnioides H.Wolff.)、短穗竹〔Brachystachyumdensiflorum(Rendle)Keng〕及秤锤树(Sinojackia xylocarpa Hu)等种类的保护研究结果表明,采取一定的人为干预措施,可使南京市珍稀濒危植物的种群数量得到有效的保存和恢复。     

克隆种群的有关概念在水生植物中应用和研究进展

自20世纪80年代以来,克隆植物(C lonal p lants)种群生态学的研究逐渐成为国外生态学研究的热点之一,其研究成果不断发表在各种重要的国际学术刊物上[1—3],从而引起国内学者的关注。现已在陆生植物的多个类群中展开,但是水生植物的克隆种群研究仍然相对较少。随着我国淡水生态系统环境的恶化,水生植物在一些水域逐渐退化甚至完全消失,淡水生态系统的功能受到了严重的破坏[4],与此同时很多入侵性水生植物却疯狂生长,严重影响了水生生态系统的安全与利用。克隆生长和无性繁殖在水生植物中是十分普遍的现象[5—8],因此深入开展水生植物的克隆生态学研究对水生植被的恢复及外来种的管理具有重要的意义。1克隆种群的一些概念对植物克隆现象的重视首先源自于对植物构件性的研究。20世纪70年代Harper,et a&#183;l提出了植物种群统计的构件理论(Modu le theory)[9]。构件理论把种群划分为由遗传单位形成的个体种群和由无性繁殖形成的构件种群两种结构水平,较好地解释种群内部个体的大小和数量在同龄或异龄植株之间的差异,因此被迅速接受并广泛地运用于植物种群生态学研究的多个方面。此后,对构件植物种群,特别是对克隆植物种群的...     

长苞铁杉种群个体年龄与胸径的多维时间序列模型研究

 利用多维时间序列分析方法,建立长苞铁杉(Tsuga longibracteata)种群胸径生长的多维时间序列模型,即Yt=1.7870785Yt-1-0.8950167Yt-2+0.4509997Ut-0.8036035Ut-1+0.3950577Ut-2,其中Yt、Yt-1、Yt-2分别为t年、t-5年、t-10年长苞铁杉胸径值(cm),Ut、Ut-1、Ut-2分别为t年、t-5年、t-10年长苞铁杉种群个体年龄（a）,模型相关系数为0.9998。以年轮确定种群个体年龄法与多维时间序列模型相结合,建立能     

Space use by Great Lakes Piping Plovers during the breeding season

ABSTRACT.   Identifying and protecting breeding habitat for imperiled species requires an understanding of the spatial and temporal movements of breeding individuals. During the 2003 and 2004 breeding seasons, we examined space use by Piping Plovers ( Charadrius melodus ) in the federally endangered Great Lakes population. We used coordinate geometry to estimate home range sizes of individual birds and examined relationships between home range size and breeding stage (incubation versus chick rearing), year, sex, number of locations, minimum plover age, distance to the nearest nest, and human beach use (high, medium, or low). The mean size of home ranges of Piping Plovers that fledged at least one chick was 2.9 ± 0.5 (SE) ha (range = 0.4–11.2 ha), and the mean linear beach distance traversed was 475 ± 53 m (range = 130–1435 m). Individuals used 3 times more beach area and 1.5 times more shoreline distance in 2003 than in 2004. Females used smaller areas than males overall and during chick rearing. Home ranges were smallest on beaches with low public use, suggesting that human disturbance may cause greater movement by individual plovers and that larger protected areas may be warranted on beaches frequented by the public to minimize disturbance to breeding birds. Our results demonstrate that nesting Great Lakes Piping Plovers occupy relatively small ranges and, therefore, that even relatively small areas of suitable habitat can have a high conservation value for this endangered population. However, the total area of habitat used varied substantially among individuals, and this should be considered when protecting habitat for the species.     

Predicting individual plant performance in grasslands

Plant functional traits are widely used to predict community productivity. However, they are rarely used to predict individual plant performance in grasslands. To assess the relative importance of traits compared to environment, we planted seedlings of 20 common grassland species as phytometers into existing grassland communities varying in land‐use intensity. After 1 year, we dug out the plants and assessed root, leaf, and aboveground biomass, to measure plant performance. Furthermore, we determined the functional traits of the phytometers and of all plants growing in their local neighborhood. Neighborhood impacts were analyzed by calculating community‐weighted means (CWM) and functional diversity (FD) of every measured trait. We used model selection to identify the most important predictors of individual plant performance, which included phytometer traits, environmental conditions (climate, soil conditions, and land‐use intensity), as well as CWM and FD of the local neighborhood. Using variance partitioning, we found that most variation in individual plant performance was explained by the traits of the individual phytometer plant, ranging between 19.30% and 44.73% for leaf and aboveground dry mass, respectively. Similarly, in a linear mixed effects model across all species, performance was best predicted by phytometer traits. Among all environmental variables, only including land‐use intensity improved model quality. The models were also improved by functional characteristics of the local neighborhood, such as CWM of leaf dry matter content, root calcium concentration, and root mass per volume as well as FD of leaf potassium and root magnesium concentration and shoot dry matter content. However, their relative effect sizes were much lower than those of the phytometer traits. Our study clearly showed that under realistic field conditions, the performance of an individual plant can be predicted satisfyingly by its functional traits, presumably because traits also capture most of environmental and neighborhood conditions.     

Edaphic and host plant factors are linked to the composition of arbuscular mycorrhizal fungal communities in the root zone of endangered Ulmus chenmoui Cheng in China

Despite the importance of arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF) within deciduous forest ecosystems, we know little about how natural AMF communities are structured in the root zone of the endangered elm species Ulmus chenmoui. In this study, three U. chenmoui sampling sites, differing with respect to plant health, age, and growth status, were selected in Anhui Province, China. AMF biodiversity in the root zones of individual U. chenmoui trees was investigated using high‐throughput sequencing. In total, 61 AMF operational taxonomic units were detected. Five genera, namely Glomus (62.82%), Paraglomus (17.82%), Rhizophagus (4.29%), Septoglomus (4.06%) and Funneliformis (2.35%), and 29 species of AMF were identified. Correlation analysis indicated that available soil phosphorus and potassium concentrations were the main edaphic factors influencing AMF community structure. There was a difference in AMF species richness among the three U. chenmoui stands. Our study showed that soil nutrient concentrations and plant health, age, and growth status can exert a selective effect on the composition of the AMF population in the soil in the root zones of U. chenmoui trees.     

Effect of the rebreathing pattern on pulmonary tissue volume and capillary blood flow

Noninvasive rebreathing measurements of pulmonary tissue volume (Vt) and pulmonary capillary blood flow (Qc) theoretically and experimentally vary with the rebreathing maneuver. To determine the cause of these variations and identify ways to minimize them, we examined the consequences of varying the volume inspired (VI), rebreathing rate (f), volume rebreathed (Vreb), and alveolar volume (VA) on the observed Vt and Qc in six normal sitting subjects. When VA was increased by progressively larger VI and Vreb, Vt increased 50 ml/l of VA. Increasing VA while keeping VI and Vreb constant did not significantly alter Vt. Diminishing Vreb while VA and VI constant caused Vt to fall 108 ml/l decrease in Vreb. Therefore the observed Vt is not simply a function of VA but increased with greater penetration of the inspired gas into the lungs. Diminishing f from 40 to 12 breaths/min caused the observed Vt to rise 27%, indicating time allowed for alveolar mixing is an important determinant of Vt. The observed Qc, in contrast, was essentially independent of the same variations in rebreathing. The above findings were similar regardless of solubility of the tracer gas (dimethyl ether instead of acetylene) or changing to the supine position. A two-compartment series lung model derived from the anatomy and rates of gas mixing in normal human pulmonary lobules produced similar changes in Vt. Thus the degree of uneven distribution between ventilation, VA, Vt, and Qc within the normal lung lobule can account for variations in the observed Vt with different ventilatory maneuvers. Slow deep breathing maneuvers tended to reduce variations in Vt. Unlike Qc, the observed value of Vt can be expected to vary substantially with pathological processes that alter pulmonary gas distribution.     

西双版纳不同斑块望天树种群的密度、结构和生物量

 根据5个不同斑块的野外调查数据,分析了残存分布在西双版纳的国家一级保护稀有树种望天树（Parashorea chinensis）的种群密度与数量、 年龄结构与生物量动态, 组建了不同生长发育阶段的望天树个体生长与年龄的回归模型、个体生物量模型及种群年龄结构模型, 编制了不同 斑块的望天树种群及整个种群的静态生命表、存活曲线和年龄结构图。结果表明,不同斑块的望天树种群因种群年龄及所受到的干扰方式的不 同,其种群密度和年龄结构差异很大,不同年龄阶段的死亡率也不同。面积最小的斑块缺乏成熟个体,并出现龄级结构缺省的现象。不同斑块 局部种群的生物量随林龄的变化近似于Logistic增长,但各斑块局部种群的最大生物量以及生物量随时间的动态变化有所不同。整个种群的年 龄结构为稳定增长型种群,1～60龄的种群个体的死亡率随林龄的增加而下降,60～150龄的个体死亡率随林龄的增加而上升,180 龄后种群呈 现生理衰退,个体出现死亡高峰。种群的生物量在180 龄前呈Logistic 增长,此后,生物量下降。部分斑块受到严重的人为干扰,已严重威胁 其局部种群的生存。     

Demographic analysis from summaries of an age-structured population

Demographic analyses of age-structured populations typically rely on life history data for individuals, or when individual animals are not identified, on information about the numbers of individuals in each age class through time. While it is usually difficult to determine the age class of a randomly encountered individual, it is often the case that the individual can be readily and reliably assigned to one of a set of age classes. For example, it is often possible to distinguish first-year from older birds. In such cases, the population age structure can be regarded as a latent variable governed by a process prior, and the data as summaries of this latent structure. In this article, we consider the problem of uncovering the latent structure and estimating process parameters from summaries of age class information. We present a demographic analysis for the critically endangered migratory population of whooping cranes (Grus americana), based only on counts of first-year birds and of older birds. We estimate age and year-specific survival rates. We address the controversial issue of whether management action on the breeding grounds has influenced recruitment, relating recruitment rates to the number of seventh-year and older birds, and examining the pattern of variation through time in this rate.     

生境破碎化后濒危植物缙云卫矛种群的数量动态

运用种群静态生命表、生殖力表和Leslie矩阵模型,研究了重庆特有濒危植物缙云卫矛在北温泉、鸡公山和东温泉3个片断生境中种群的数量动态。静态生命表结果显示3个种群的最大龄级分别为14、13、9龄;相对于其它两个种群,北温泉种群表现出数量较多的幼苗,但同时该样地幼苗种群表现出较高的种群消失率（K_x）。种群生殖力表显示3个种群的净增殖率（R₀）均大于1,内禀增长率（r_m）均大于0,表明缙云卫矛种群可以完成自我更新,种群表现出正增长。Leslie矩阵模型对缙云卫矛种群进行的数量预测结果显示缙云卫矛3个种群20年后均表现出数量的增长,这与生殖力表显示的结果一致。缙云卫矛的濒危可能是其生境破碎化引起的。     

Quantifying patch‐specific seed dispersal and local population dynamics to estimate population spread of an endangered plant species

AimHabitat loss and fragmentation impose high extinction risk upon endangered plant species globally. For many endangered plant species, as the remnant habitats become smaller and more fragmented, it is vital to estimate the population spread rate of small patches in order to effectively manage and preserve them for potential future range expansion. However, population spread rate has rarely been quantified at the patch level to inform conservation strategies and management decisions. To close this gap, we quantify the patch‐specific seed dispersal and local population dynamics of Minuartia smejkalii, which is a critically endangered plant species endemic in the Czech Republic and is of urgent conservation concern.LocationŽelivka and Hrnčíře, Czechia.MethodsWe conducted demographic analyses using population projection matrices with long‐term demographic data and used an analytic mechanistic dispersal model to simulate seed dispersal. We then used information on local population dynamics and seed dispersal to estimate the population spread rate and compared the relative contributions of seed dispersal and population growth rate to the population spread rate.ResultsWe found that although both seed dispersal and population growth rate in M. smejkalii were critically limited, the population spread rate depended more strongly on the maximal dispersal distance than on the population growth rate.Main conclusionsWe recommend conservationists to largely increase the dispersal distance of M. smejkalii. Generally, efforts made to increase seed dispersal ability could largely raise efficiency and effectiveness of conservation actions for critically endangered plant species.     

Population dynamics of the cactus Mammillaria gaumeri: an integral projection model approach

The Cactaceae family in Mexico is particularly important because members of this family exhibit a high degree of endemism. Unfortunately, many species of the Cactaceae are threatened or endangered. We employed an integral projection model for studies of the population dynamics of Mammillaria gaumeri, an endemic cactus of the Yucatán characterized by a small population size. The integral projection model provides estimates of the asymptotic growth rate, stable size distribution, reproductive values, and sensitivities and elasticities of the growth rate to changes in vital rates. Nine locations of this species were studied along the Yucatan coast over a 9-year period. Individuals were classified by plant volume. Most population growth rate (λ) values were below unity. The highest elasticity values corresponded to the survival of intermediate size individuals. The percentage of germination in the field was low, and consequently, fecundity values were also low. Reproductive values were observed to increase with plant volume. The stable size distribution of M. gaumeri was skewed toward small individuals. For all years, the kernel showed that individual survival determined the population growth rate.