水稻抗稻瘿蚊品种抗生性的观察

<正> 作物品种的抗虫性,大体可分为三类:无偏嗜性,抗生性及耐害性。1978—1981年我们从国内外6,943份水稻品种和品系材料中,筛选鉴定出对稻瘿蚊0rseolia oryzae Wood-Mason有抗性的品种和品系共138份,从中找出若干代表性品种作了初步的抗性反应观察,发现这些抗性品种既不抗产卵,也不抗入侵,主要属抗生作用。过去怀疑,这些抗生性品种的受害株     

甘薯品种抗黑斑病鉴定及其遗传趋势

对2745份甘薯品种及育种材料的黑斑病抗性鉴定结果表明,高抗型占7．7％,抗病型占17．7％,中抗型占23.2％,感病型占27．2％,高感型占24．2％。对898份材料及其亲本的抗性分析表明,不同抗性组合后代中均可分离出高抗至高感类型的材料,杂交后代的抗性强弱随双亲抗性水平的增加而提高。相关分析显示,甘薯品种抗黑斑病性与其它主要经济性状间没有相关关系。采用品种阃杂交育种技术先后育成了一批高产、优质的抗病型优良品种。     

不同菊花品种抗蚜虫性鉴定

为发掘抗蚜虫种质,对32份切花菊进行了人工蚜虫接种,统计了蚜虫接种后不同品种上虫口数量和蚜量比值。结果表明:不同品种对蚜虫的抗性表现出明显差异,蚜虫接种21d时各品种上虫口数量差异甚大,为0～267头不等;根据蚜量比值可将菊花抗蚜虫性分为5级,分别为:高抗,0～0.25;中抗,0.26～0.50;抗,0.51～0.75;低抗,0.76～1.25;不抗,1.25。32份切花菊中,有14个菊花品种为不抗品种;4个品种为低抗品种;3个品种为抗虫品种;1个品种为中抗品种;10个品种为高抗品种。     

抗稻瘿蚊水稻品种的筛选鉴定研究

本研究就收集到的包括籼稻、粳稻、糯稻、陆稻、杂交稻和野生稻在内的水稻品种资源共13037份,采用先室内后田间,先苗期后分蘖期的筛选鉴定方法对稻瘿蚊的抗性进行了鉴定。选出了高抗级品种4个,抗级品种15个。同时还通过试验研究探知稻种抗稻瘿蚊害的机制是属于抗生性类型,与品种的物理性状关系不大。     

辽宁水稻品种抗灰飞虱鉴定及其抗性机制研究

为探明辽宁地区水稻品种对本地灰飞虱Laodelphax striatellus(Fallén)的抗性水平及其抗虫机制,本研究利用改进的苗期集团鉴定法,以IR36为抗虫对照品种、武育粳3号为感虫对照品种,对42份辽宁地区主栽水稻品种和研究待推广品种进行了水稻苗期对灰飞虱抗性鉴定,并从中选取20份不同抗性水平的品种进行了排趋性和抗生性的测定。结果表明:从42份水稻材料中仅筛选出1份抗虫材料辽优5218,中抗品种11份,其余均为感虫或高感品种。在不同水稻类型中,杂交稻的抗虫性普遍较常规稻强,而从水稻株型上看,抗性品种大多为披散型。抗虫机制研究发现,抗虫品种辽优5218和中抗品种港育129兼具排趋性和抗生性,是非常理想的抗性种质资源,中抗品种港源8号和粳优558具有很强的排趋性,也是较为理想的抗性资源,为抗性机制的深入研究提供了材料。但大部分省内主栽主推品种不具备对灰飞虱的抗性,应引起重视。     

非洲新稻(NERICA)品种在武汉生态条件下的生育期、白叶枯病抗性和稻米品质的初步评价

从非洲水稻研究中心引进了78份非洲新稻品种资源,2009年在武汉大田条件下种植,对生育期、水稻白叶枯抗性和稻米品质进行了初步评价。观察表明,生育期可以分为4个类型:短生育期品种13份,中生育期品种37份,长生育期11份,生育期特长在武汉不能安全抽穗的品种17份。白叶枯抗性鉴定表明,57.7%的品种高抗或抗长江中下游籼稻区的优势白叶枯病菌株ZHE173,76.9%的品种高抗或抗来自云南稻区的菌株YN18,对中国新发现的强致病力菌株FuJ能达到抗级水平的仅有3个品种,而达到中抗水平的有5个品种,凡是对FuJ达到中抗以上的品种,均高抗或抗ZHE173和YN18。对50个品种的米质分析表明,非洲新稻品种的稻米加工品质和粒型品质特别优良。非洲新稻品种资源可以用于改良国内新品种的白叶枯病抗性和稻米加工品质。     

玉米种质和新品种对腐霉茎腐病和镰孢穗腐病的抗性分析

玉米是我国最重要的农作物之一,腐霉茎腐病和镰孢穗腐病是玉米生产上的重要病害。2006-2012年期间,对1647份玉米种质进行了抗肿囊腐霉茎腐病和拟轮枝镰孢穗腐病鉴定,筛选出高抗茎腐病和穗腐病的种质分别为564份和27份,占鉴定总材料的34.2%和1.6%,抗性材料分别为209份和352份,占比为12.7%和21.4%,表明高抗肿囊腐霉茎腐病的资源较为丰富,高抗镰孢穗腐病的种质相对匮乏。其中,13份种质对2种病害均表现高抗,207份种质对2种病害均表现抗性或对其中一种表现高抗而另一种表现抗性。自交系中对肿囊腐霉茎腐病和拟轮枝镰孢穗腐病表现抗性以上(含HR和R)的种质分别占总鉴定种质的56.5%和23.6%,在农家种中分别为21.2%和21.4%,表明玉米自交系中的抗性资源较农家种丰富。2009-2013年期间参加国家玉米区试的品种中,对腐霉茎腐病表现高抗、抗性、中抗、感病和高感的品种分别占11.5%、11.9%、40.1%、17.6%和18.9%。2009-2011年间,中抗以上的育成品种所占比例呈现明显上升趋势,但2012-2013年间,中抗以上的品种所占比例呈下降趋势。     

蚜虫(Aphis medicaginis Koch)危害胁迫对不同苜蓿品种体内丙二醛含量及防御性酶活性的影响

研究了蚜虫危害胁迫后不同抗蚜性苜蓿品种叶片内丙二醛含量及防御性酶活性的动态变化。结果表明：在蚜虫刺吸诱导的过程中，高感品种的MDA含量始终高于高抗品种，并且高感和高抗品种均保持上升的趋势;高感品种的SOD、POD和PAL活性始终低于高抗品种，其中高感和高抗品种的SOD和POD活性均表现先上升后下降的趋势，而PAL活性上升到高峰后均趋于稳定;CAT活性在高感和高抗品种间表现为交替的上升下降;高抗品种的PPO活性前期低于高感品种，而后期高于高感品种。由此可见，在蚜虫危害胁迫下，高感和高抗品种间MDA、SOD、POD、PAL和PPO活性的变化与苜蓿的抗蚜性密切相关，均可作为苜蓿抗蚜性鉴定的生理指标，而CAT活性变化与苜蓿抗蚜性的联系有待进一步研究。     

高粱蚜在不同品种高粱上的发育

抗性埴物对昆虫具有抗生性,对昆虫生长、发育和繁殖可产生有害影响,前人已有报道(Painter1951;Teetes 等,1974;Bārbulescu, 1969;Schuster和Starks,1973)抗性高粱能使麦二岔蚜Schizaphis graminum各龄历期和生殖前期延长,发育速度减慢,体形变小,从而限制了蚜虫的正常发育,抗生性在对蚜虫的抗性中起着重要作用。至今不同高粱品种对高梁蚜Melanaphis Sacchari(Zehntner)抗生性的研究尚未见过报道。为此进行本试验。     

梨品种资源果实轮纹病抗性的评价

采用田间人工接种的方法,2009-2010年连续两年对保存于国家梨种质资源更新圃的182个品种进行果实轮纹病抗性评价。结果表明：砂梨、白梨、秋子梨、种间杂交梨、西洋梨和新疆梨的两年平均发病率分别为6.15%、7.20%、7.43%、12.66%、17.00%、18.93%,梨品种间对轮纹病抗性存在差异,不同条件下多数品种轮纹病发病率有差异。依据两年平均发病率进行抗性评价分级,72个品种为高抗、63个品种为抗、25个品种为中抗、14个品种为低抗、8个品种为不抗。     

Identification of antibiosis and tolerance in rice varieties carrying brown planthopper resistance genes

Brown planthopper (BPH) [Nilaparvata lugens (Stål) (Hemiptera: Delphacidae)] is a major pest in rice [Oryza sativa L. (Poaceae)] production. Identification of resistance genes and development of BPH‐resistant varieties is an economical and effective way to control this pest. In this study, BPH honeydew excretion, survival rate, and emergence rate were used as indicators to detect the antibiotic level, whereas the relative growth rates of plant height (R_H) and fresh weight (R_W), and the number of days until yellowing were used to identify the level of tolerance to BPH in rice varieties. Rice varieties Swarnalata and B5, which showed high levels of antibiosis and tolerance to BPH, thus were highly resistant in the seedling bulk test; Mudgo and T12, which showed moderate resistance to the insects, had a high level of tolerance and moderate antibiosis to BPH. Varieties Rathu Heenati, ARC 10550, and Chin Saba were identified to be susceptible to BPH, showing a moderate level of tolerance and no antibiosis. In comparison to the evaluation methods of BPH resistance, the honeydew excretion and survival rate could be used to detect the antibiotic level, and the R_H, R_W, or leaf yellowing days could be employed as indicators to evaluate the rice varieties’ tolerance. Overall, a combined application of these indicators can effectively identify the levels of antibiosis and tolerance to BPH in rice varieties, and BPH‐resistance levels of the varieties were mainly determined by the antibiosis level. The results should help in understanding BPH‐resistance categories of rice varieties and for resistance breeding.     

Deficiency of mitochondrial outer membrane protein 64 confers rice resistance to both piercing‐sucking and chewing insects in rice

The brown planthopper (BPH) and striped stem borer (SSB) are the most devastating insect pests in rice (Oryza sativa ) producing areas. Screening for endogenous resistant genes is the most practical strategy for rice insect‐resistance breeding. Forty‐five mutants showing high resistance against BPH were identified in a rice T‐DNA insertion population (11,000 putative homozygous lines) after 4 years of large‐scale field BPH‐resistance phenotype screening. Detailed analysis showed that deficiency of rice mitochondrial outer membrane protein 64 (OM64 ) gene resulted in increased resistance to BPH. Mitochondrial outer membrane protein 64 protein is located in the outer mitochondrial membrane by subcellular localization and its deficiency constitutively activated hydrogen peroxide (H₂O₂) signaling, which stimulated antibiosis and tolerance to BPH. The om64 mutant also showed enhanced resistance to SSB, a chewing insect, which was due to promotion of Jasmonic acid biosynthesis and related responses. Importantly, om64 plants presented no significant changes in rice yield‐related characters. This study confirmed OM64 as a negative regulator of rice herbivore resistance through regulating H₂O₂ production. Mitochondrial outer membrane protein 64 is a potentially efficient candidate to improve BPH and SSB resistance through gene deletion. Why the om64 mutant was resistant to both piercing‐sucking and chewing insects via a gene deficiency in mitochondria is discussed.     

Antixenosis,tolerance and genetic analysis of some rice landraces for resistance to Nilaparvata lugens (Stål.)

Twenty-six rice landraces from West Bengal, India were evaluated for antixenosis and tolerance against brown planthopper (BPH) biotype 4 at the Bidhan Chandra Krishi Viswavidyalaya (BCKV), West Bengal. High levels of resistance were observed in six landraces, namely Badshabhog, Gamra, Haldichuri, Janglijata, Kalabhat and Khara. These phenotypically resistant rice landraces including Ptb33 exhibited lowest feeding rate, fecundity, nymphal and adult preference, survival, plant dry weight loss per mg of BPH dry weight produced (PDWL), and higher functional plant loss index (FPLI), more days to wilt and unhatched eggs compared with the susceptible check Swarna. All the landraces were classified into four major clusters at 10 unit distance by the scale of similarity during genetic diversity analysis through 21 gene-linked SSR markers of BPH resistance. Some phenotypically resistant landraces were gathered under the major cluster I indicating their analogous genetic history, while some were grouped with susceptible landraces exhibiting their genetic variation. The resistant landraces can be used as potential donors in the breeding programme for the development of rice varieties with resistance to BPH.     

High-resolution mapping of a gene conferring strong antibiosis to brown planthopper and developing resistant near-isogenic lines in 9311 background

The brown planthopper (BPH), Nilaparvata lugens Stål, is one of the most destructive pests to the rice production in the world. Thus, there is an urgency to identify new resistant genes for breeding. AC-1613 is an indica variety that has been reported to confer broad-spectrum resistance to BPH. In the present study, we found that AC-1613 exhibited strong antibiosis towards BPH insects. The body weight was significantly decreased when the insects fed on AC-1613 plants. By using BPH weight gain as an index of phenotyping, a novel dominant locus for resistance to BPH, designed as Bph30, was identified and its near-isogenic line (NIL) in 9311 background was developed. The F₂ population derived from a cross between AC-1613 and 9311 was used for mapping the gene. Through QTL scan, we located the gene on the short arm of chromosome 4 between RM16278 and RM16425, which explained 42.7% of the phenotypic variance (PEV) of BPH resistance in the F₂ population. The gene was finally located in a region flanking by simple sequence repeat (SSR) markers SSR-28 and SSR-69 through high-resolution mapping, the distance between the two markers in Nipponbare genome is 37.5 kb. In addition, SSR markers RM16294 and RM16299 tightly linked to Bph30 were applied effectively in introgressing Bph30 into elite rice cultivars. The developed NILs showed a strong antibiosis and high resistance to BPH.     

水稻品种对褐飞虱的田间抗性及其生态学机制

评价了7个水稻品种(浙粳22、宜香845、中组14、秀水123、二优倍九、感虫对照品种TN1和抗虫对照品种IR36)在田间成株期对褐飞虱Nilaparvata lugens(Stl)的抗性表现,并初步分析了它们的抗性机制。结果表明,在田间网室人工诱发条件下,浙粳22、宜香845、秀水123和中组14等4个品种的抗性水平与抗虫品种IR36相同,均小于3级,表现为抗虫,而二优培九则与感虫品种TN1相同,表现为感虫。在自然发生条件下的水稻分蘖期至乳熟期,宜香845和中组14上褐飞虱数量仅为TN1上的7.84%～24.44%,秀水123和浙粳22则为TN1上的30.19%～60.27%。在4个抗性品种上褐飞虱的产卵量和卵孵化率明显减少,而若虫存活率仅为TN1上的20%～30%。与IR36相同,4个抗性品种上褐飞虱的若虫存活率和种群增长倍数均显著低于TN1上,说明他们对褐飞虱的抗性主要表现为抗生性。     

Mechanisms of Oryza sativa (Poaceae) resistance to Tagosodes orizicolus (Homoptera: Delphacidae) under greenhouse condition in Venezuela

Tagosodes orizicolus is one of the main plagues of rice in tropical America causing two types of damages, the direct one, feeding and oviposition effect, and an indirect one, by the transmission of the "Rice hoja blanca virus". During 2006-2007 we carried out research under greenhouse conditions at Fundaci6n Danac, Venezuela, in order to determine the mechanisms of antixenosis, antibiosis and tolerance to T. orizicolus, which could be acting in commercial varieties and advanced lines of the rice genetic breeding programs of INIA and Fundaci6n Danac. The method of free feeding was used for the antixenosis evaluation, whereas the method of forced feeding was used for antibiosis evaluation (effect on survival and oviposition). Additionally, we used the indirect method based on biomass depression to estimate the tolerance. Some of the evaluated traits included: grade of damage, number of insects settling on rice plants, percentage of sogata mortality at the mature state, number of eggs in the leaf midrib and an index of tolerance. The results showed that rice genotypes possess different combinations of resistance mechanisms, as well as different grades of reactions. The susceptible control 'Bluebonnet 50' was consistently susceptible across experiments and the resistant control 'Makalioka' had high antixenosis and high antibiosis based on survival and oviposition. The rest of the genotypes presented lower or higher degrees of antixenosis and antibiosis for survival and oviposition. The genotype 'FD0241-M-17-6-1-1-1-1' was identified with possible tolerance to the direct damage of sogata.     

Maize and oat antixenosis and antibiosis against Delphacodes kuscheli (Homoptera: Delphacidae), vector of "Mal de Rio Cuarto" of maize in Argentina

"Mal de Rio Cuarto" (MRC) is the most important virus disease of maize, Zea mays L., in Argentina. Several maize lines show different levels of resistance to MRC in the field; however, no studies have been conducted to investigate resistance mechanisms against its insect vector, Delphacodes kuscheli Fennah (Homoptera: Delphacidae). Oat, Avena spp., is the main overwintering host of D. kuscheli and main source of populations that infest maize. Although oat varieties resistant to the greenbug, Schizaphis graminum (Rondani) (Homoptera: Aphididae) are commercially available, their effect on D. kuscheli is unknown. We conducted laboratory experiments to test for the presence of antixenosis and antibiosis resistance mechanisms on six maize lines with different levels of field resistance to MRC, and seven commercial oat cultivars that include two S. graminum-resistant varieties. We did not find antibiotic effects of maize lines on D. kuscheli longevity and survivorship patterns, but we obtained antixenotic effects from the LP2 line (field moderate) due to reduced settling preference and feeding. Oat 'Bonaerense Payé and 'Suregrain INTA' showed both antixenosis and antibiosis, with significantly less settling preference, oviposition in the no-choice test, and reduced total fecundity in comparison with the other varieties studied. The S. graminum-resistant 'Boyera F. A.' and 'Tambera F. A.' did not showed a consistent pattern of resistance versus D. kuscheli across all experiments. Our results indicate the presence of potential sources of insect resistance in the maize lines and oat cultivars tested that may be used in MRC integrated pest management programs.     

Antibiosis component of resistance in sorghum to sorghum midge, Contarinia sorghicola

Sorghum midge, Contarinia sorghicola Coq. (Diptera: Cecidomyiidae) is an important pest of grain sorghum, and host-plant resistance is one of the most effective means of controlling this pest. We studied the antibiosis mechanism of resistance in sorghum to C. sorghicola in a diverse array of midge-resistant and midge-susceptible genotypes. Data were recorded on adult emergence, postembryonic developmental period, number of mature eggs in the ovary, fecundity, larval survival from artificially implanted eggs; and the tannins, soluble sugars, and protein content of 10-day old and mature grains during the 1982-91 rainy and post-rainy seasons. Adult emergence was significantly lower in the midge-resistant genotypes compared with the susceptible controls. Initiation of adult emergence was delayed by 4–8 days on DJ 6514, IS 8571, IS 9807, IS 10712, IS 19474, IS 19512, ICSV 830 and ICSV 197. Postembryonic developmental period was prolonged on DJ 6514, IS 15107, IS 3461, IS 7005, IS 19474, ICSV 831 and ICSV 197. However, the delay in adult emergence or the extended developmental period was not observed during the post-rainy season in some genotypes. These differences in the expression of antibiosis to midge in resistant genotypes over seasons may be attributed to the effect of environmental conditions on the insect development and chemical composition of sorghum grain. Amounts of tannins and proteins were generally greater in the midge-resistant lines compared with the susceptible ones (except tannins in DJ 6514) while the soluble sugars were low in the midge-resistant lines (except TAM 2566). These differences in chemical composition of the grain between genotypes and variations over seasons have been discussed in relation to the expression of antibiosis mechanism of resistance to the sorghum midge. Antibiosis to sorghum midge was also evident in terms of smaller size of larvae, lower number of eggs in the ovary, reduced fecundity, and larval survival. Midge-resistant lines have diverse effects on the biology of this insect. Antibiosis along with other components of resistance can be used to develop cultivars with stable resistance to C. sorghicola.     

Seedling and adult plant resistance to Sitobion avenae (Hemiptera: Aphididae) in Triticum monococcum (Poaceae), an ancestor of wheat

Cereal aphids are important pests of wheat, Triticum aestivum L. and Triticum durum Desf. Crop resistance is a desirable method for managing cereal aphids in central North America, where the dominant crop, spring-sown wheat, has a low value per unit area. A diploid ancestor of wheat, Triticum monococcum L., is reported to be partially resistant to Sitobion avenae (Fabricius), the most damaging cereal aphid in the region. To identify potential sources of resistance, 42 accessions of T. monococcum and three cultivated wheats were infested with aphids, seedlings for six days and adult plants for 21 days. Overall resistance was estimated by the biomass loss of foliage and spikes in relation to uninfested control plants. Antibiosis was estimated by the gain in biomass of aphids during infestation, and tolerance was estimated as a biomass conversion ratio, overall resistance divided by antibiosis. A few T. monococcum accessions exhibited partial resistance. No relationship was found between seedling and adult plant resistance: the former exhibited primarily antibiosis and the latter primarily tolerance. Two accessions with antibiosis reduced aphid biomass by 60% compared with commercial wheats. Tolerance was correlated with growth potential, and was useful only in accessions with high growth potential. Four accessions exhibited tolerance levels at least 30% greater than commercial wheats. Highly susceptible accessions also were identified, which would be useful for investigating the inheritance of antibiosis and tolerance.     

褐飞虱与灰飞虱间接种内和种间效应的比较研究

为了明确褐飞虱Nilaparva talugens(Stl)与灰飞虱Laodelphgax striatellus(Fallén)经寄主植物而诱导引起的间接种间效应,在人工气候室内以健康植株为对照,研究了2种飞虱在事先分别经一种稻飞虱危害的汕优63和秀水11上的表现,比较由同种或异种诱导的间接种内和种间效应对该2种稻飞虱主要生物学参数的影响,结果表明在每2株稻苗接20头高龄单一种飞虱若虫危害2d的条件下,褐飞虱存在一定的间接种内竞争,主要表现为在事先由同种危害的寄主上若虫存活率显著下降,但未发现灰飞虱对褐飞虱的正面或负面的间接种间效应。但是,在试验条件下灰飞虱并不存在间接种内竞争,而存在着显著的褐飞虱对灰飞虱诱导的间接种间促进作用,主要表现为在事先经褐飞虱取食危害的寄主植物上灰飞虱若虫的历期缩短、存活率提高、雌成虫寿命延长、每雌产卵量增加。同时,褐飞虱对灰飞虱所表现的间接诱导种间促进效应与寄主品种有显著互作关系,在中抗灰飞虱的汕优63品种上,间接诱导种间促进效应较在感灰飞虱品种秀水10上更为明显。本文对稻飞虱间接诱导种内和种间效应的机制和进化意义进行了讨论。