性腺发育不同阶段野生瓯江凤鲚肌肉营养成分的分析与评价

研究旨在针对不同性腺发育阶段(Ⅰ期、Ⅱ期、Ⅲ期、Ⅳ期、Ⅴ期)野生瓯江凤鲚(Coiliamystus)性腺发育情况和肌肉营养成分进行分析与评价。研究表明: 在雌、雄野生瓯江凤鲚性腺从Ⅰ期发育至Ⅴ期的过程中, 成熟系数呈现上升趋势, 凤鲚卵巢的GSI值是精巢GSI值的5倍。在卵巢发育Ⅰ—Ⅴ期, 粗脂肪含量显著下降, 粗蛋白和水分显著上升(P<0.05); 在精巢发育Ⅰ—Ⅴ期, 粗脂肪含量显著上升, 粗蛋白和水分显著下降(P<0.05), 灰分含量先升后降, 说明野生瓯江凤鲚在卵巢发育过程中脂肪为主要供能物质。雌凤鲚肌肉在卵巢发育Ⅰ—Ⅴ期显著上升(P<0.05), 雄凤鲚肌肉氨基酸含量在精巢发育Ⅰ—Ⅴ期显著下降(P<0.05)。但各性腺发育阶段氨基酸组成相对稳定, 雌、雄鱼肌肉总必需氨基酸/总氨基酸分别为(37.88±0.32)%—(41.66±0.44)%和(40.30±0.69)%—(40.94±0.29)%。依据氨基酸评分(AAS)和化学评分(CS)标准, 不同性腺发育阶段的野生瓯江雌、雄凤鲚肌肉中第一限制性氨基酸均为色氨酸, 第二限制性氨基酸均为甲硫氨酸(Met)和胱氨酸(Cys)。在卵巢发育Ⅰ—Ⅴ期, 性腺发育阶段含量最丰富的C16﹕0和C18﹕1呈下降趋势, 可能是作为主要的供能脂肪酸。多不饱和脂肪酸的主要脂肪酸DHA在卵巢发育中呈现先上升后下降趋势。在精巢发育Ⅰ—Ⅴ期, 多不饱和脂肪酸呈现下降趋势。因此, 在繁殖过程中, 野生瓯江凤鲚雌雄鱼的发育特征和肌肉营养组成变化规律及差异与生殖洄游产卵的繁殖习性密切相关。     

养殖美洲鲥的生长特性

通过对各周年生长阶段的养殖美洲鲥(Alosa sapidissima)体长、体重的测量与分析,研究了工厂化养殖美洲鲥的周年生长特性。养殖美洲鲥雌雄鱼的体长与体重关系均呈幂函数增长相关,其方程分别为,雌:W=0.8062×10~(-5) L~(3.1113)(n=122,R~2=0.997 5,P0.01);雄:W=1.0047×10~(-5) L~(3.0574)(n=125,R~2=0.997 5,P0.01),b均接近于3,呈等速生长;雌雄鱼生长均可分快速生长期(0~+龄)、稳定生长期(1~+龄)、生长衰老期(2~+龄)三个时期,雌鱼生长快于雄鱼。拟合出von Bertallanffy生长方程,雌:Lt=467.92(1﹣e~(-0.5748(t+0.1710))),Wt=1637.72(1﹣e~(-0.5748(t+0.1710)))~(3.1113);雄:Lt=389.21(1﹣e~(-0.7374(t+0.1975))),Wt=834.08(1﹣e~(-0.7374(t+0.7189)))~(3.0574)。雌雄鱼体重生长拐点分别位于1.517 8 a和1.224 7 a,属性成熟拐点,拐点前生长较快;拐点后,特别是性成熟后(2龄),2~+龄鱼的生长速度明显降低;同时,2龄鱼繁殖季节过后会出现大量死亡。建议商业化工厂化养殖美洲鲥以2龄前上市为宜。     

野生和人工养殖似鲇高原鳅肌肉营养成分比较

对野生和人工养殖似鲇高原鳅的肌肉营养成分进行了比较分析。野生与人工养殖似鲇高原鳅肌肉中粗蛋白、粗脂肪、粗灰分、水分含量及氨基酸总量、非必需氨基酸总量、鲜味氨基酸总量无显著差异(P>0.05)。野生和人工养殖似鲇高原鳅的氨基酸组成基本一致,均含有17种氨基酸(色氨酸未测),必需氨基酸指数(EAAI)分别为85.17和82.48。根据氨基酸评分(AAS),似鲇高原鳅的第一限制性氨基酸为缬氨酸(Val);根据化学评分(CS),似鲇高原鳅的第一限制性氨基酸为蛋氨酸+胱氨酸(Met+Cys)。综合分析表明,野生似鲇高原鳅在常规营养品质上略高于人工养殖似鲇高原鳅,人工养殖似鲇高原鳅与野生似鲇高原鳅一样味道鲜美而且是补充人体所需赖氨酸的理想食品来源。     

菊黄东方鲀、暗纹东方鲀及其杂交F1代肌肉营养成分的比较分析

为了了解菊黄东方鲀(Takifugu flavidus)、暗纹东方鲀(T.obscurus)及其杂交F1代的肌肉营养特征,利用生物化学方法,从每类实验样本中取9尾对其肌肉中的粗蛋白、粗脂肪、水分、粗灰分和氨基酸成分进行了测定和分析。结果显示:(1)杂交F1代在生长方面具有明显的杂交优势,与亲本之间存在着显著差异(P0.05),杂交F1代的体重为其亲本的1.48~1.77倍;(2)杂交F1代肌肉水分含量与其母本含量相近,但粗脂肪含量均较亲本少(P0.05),粗蛋白含量则与亲本差异不显著(P0.05);(3)除色氨酸和胱氨酸外,16种氨基酸均在肌肉样本中被检测到,除甲硫氨酸外,其余15种氨基酸间含量均存在着显著性差异(P0.05)。菊黄东方鲀(♀)×暗纹东方鲀(♂)杂交F1代的总氨基酸含量最高,而暗纹东方鲀(♀)×菊黄东方鲀(♂)F1代总氨基酸含量则介于两亲本之间。对其必需氨基酸总量进行分析发现,菊黄东方鲀与其正反杂交F1代之间均存在显著性差异(P0.05),而暗纹东方鲀与其正反杂交F1代之间差异不显著(P0.05);(4)肌肉营养品质评价结果表明,菊黄东方鲀(♀)×暗纹东方鲀(♂)杂交F1代的鲜味氨基酸含量为26.68%,明显高于双亲样本(菊黄东方鲀22.28%、暗纹东方鲀25.20%),而暗纹东方鲀(♀)×菊黄东方鲀(♂)F1代的鲜味氨基酸总量(23.30%)较其父本偏高,但低于其母本。研究结果表明,杂交东方鲀的肌肉营养综合了双亲的优良特性,特别是是菊黄东方鲀(♀)×暗纹东方鲀(♂)杂交F1代,拥有最高的鲜味氨基酸含量,具有推广价值。     

四个不同地理鲇群体肌肉营养组成的比较分析

为了丰富黄河、松花江和大洋河鲇的肌肉营养数据, 试验采用国家标准方法对4个自然河段鲇群体(黄河白银段BY、黄河郑州段ZZ、松花江哈尔滨段HEB和大洋河东港段DG)背部肌肉的营养组成进行测定。结果表明, BY群体粗蛋白显著(P0.05)高于ZZ和DG两群体, BY群体粗脂肪显著(P0.05)高于ZZ、DG和HEB三群体。四群体脂肪酸组成以不饱和脂肪酸为主, 单不饱和脂肪酸中油酸含量最高, BY群体油酸含量显著(P0.05)高于ZZ、DG和HEB三群体, BY群体EPA+DHA含量最低, 和ZZ、DG和HEB三群体有显著(P0.05)差异。四群体氨基酸组成均以谷氨酸含量最高。除缬氨酸和异亮氨酸外, 四群体其余氨基酸评分(AAS)均接近或大于1; 四群体各氨基酸的化学评分(CS)均大于0.5。缬氨酸为第一限制性氨基酸, 异亮氨酸为第二限制性氨基酸。必需氨基酸指数(EAAI), HEB群体最高, DG群体最低。该结果说明, BY群体与ZZ、DG和HEB三群体营养价值差别大, ZZ、DG和HEB三群体间营养价值接近。四群体的营养差异可能由不同地理环境导致。     

宁夏贺兰山岩羊肌肉营养成分分析

为研究贺兰山岩羊肌肉组织的营养价值,对其组成成分进行分析。结果表明:雌性岩羊与雄性岩羊肌肉组织在磷、锌、氨基酸和脂肪酸的含量方面有所不同。岩羊肌肉是蛋白质和矿物质的良好来源,尤其是钙、磷和铜。与联合国粮食农业组织(FAO)和世界卫生组织(WHO)推荐的理想蛋白质模型(EAA /TAA 比约40% )相比较,岩羊肌肉蛋白质营养价值很高(其中,雄性EAA /TAA 比为39.3% ,雌雄EAA/ TAA 比为39.2%)。通过计算氨基酸评分和氨基酸化学评分,岩羊肌肉蛋白中缬氨酸为限制性氨基酸,赖氨酸含量很高。此外,岩羊肌肉也是亚油酸和亚麻酸的良好来源。     

兰州鲇肌肉生化成分分析及营养学评价

测定了黄河中上游特有鱼类兰州鲇的肌肉生化成分并对其进行了营养学评价。结果表明,兰州鲇肌肉（鲜样）中粗蛋白质量分数(17.4±0.7)%,粗脂肪(2.22±1.09)%,粗灰分(1.12±0.09)%,水分(80.4±0.8)%。肌肉中含有18种氨基酸,总量为(71.29±3.71)%（质量分数,干样）,其中含量最高的为谷氨酸(10.43±0.47)%,含量最低的为胱氨酸(0.663±0.040)%,8种人体必需氨基酸总量为(30.24±2.18)%,占氨基酸总量的42.38%,其构成比例符合FAO/WHO标准。兰州鲇肌肉中限制性氨基酸为缬氨酸、亮氨酸和异亮氨酸,必需氨基酸指数（EAAI）为69.3,4种呈味氨基酸总质量分数为24.62%（干样）。不饱和脂肪酸占脂肪酸总量的65.21%,并以油酸（C18:1）和亚油酸（C18:2）为主。磷含量显著高于其余12种矿物元素 (p＜0.05),锌在8种微量元素中含量（10.18 mg/kg,鲜样）最高,铁（8.31 mg/kg,鲜样）次之,硒含量（0.31 mg/kg,鲜样）丰富。从营养学角度,兰州鲇是一种营养价值较高的优质鱼类。     

“太湖鲂鲌”及其亲本肌肉营养成分的分析与评价

为评价新型杂交鱼“太湖鲂鲌”(翘嘴鲌Culter alburnus♀×三角鲂Megalobrama terminalis♂)的肌肉营养价值, 采用生化测定法比较分析了“太湖鲂鲌”、翘嘴鲌和三角鲂的肌肉营养成分, 结果表明: (1)“太湖鲂鲌”肌肉水分含量显著低于翘嘴鲌和三角鲂(P<0.05), 而肌肉粗蛋白质含量较高(P<0.05)。(2)“太湖鲂鲌”的必需氨基酸(EAA)含量显著高于三角鲂(P<0.05); 3种鱼的第一限制性氨基酸均为含硫氨基酸(蛋氨酸+胱氨酸)。(3)“太湖鲂鲌”肌肉脂肪酸中的不饱和脂肪酸(UFA)含量显著高于翘嘴鲌和三角鲂(P<0.05)。(4)3种鱼肌肉矿物质元素铁、铜、锰、锌含量均无显著差异(P>0.05)。综上所述, “太湖鲂鲌”肌肉营养继承并综合了双亲的优良性状, 是一种富含蛋白质、EAA和UFA的优良养殖品种, 具有推广价值。     

洞庭湖克氏原螯虾肌肉成分分析及品质特性分析

通过对洞庭湖克氏原螯虾肌肉成分进行分析, 并与其他产地克氏原螯虾进行比较, 进而较为科学的评定其品质特性。结果表明: 克氏原螯虾含肉率为20.21%, 水分和灰分含量分别为79.46%和1.17%, 粗蛋白和粗脂肪含量分别16.67%和0.77%; 对肌肉的质构特性分析表明克氏原螯虾肌肉硬度小, 易咀嚼; 肌肉中含18种氨基酸, 其中包括8种必需氨基酸, 必需氨基酸指数为80.02%, 氨基酸总含量为16.06%, 鲜味氨基酸含量为5.98%; 依据氨基酸化学评分, 克氏原螯虾的第一限制性氨基酸是含硫氨基酸(甲硫氨基酸和胱氨酸), 第二限制性氨基酸是缬氨酸。测定了克氏原螯虾肌肉中15种脂肪酸占肌肉鲜质量的含量, 其总脂肪酸含量为6.66‰, 其中不饱和脂肪酸含量为4.94‰, n-3与n-6多不饱和脂肪酸比值为1.73。综上所述, 洞庭湖克氏原螯虾具有较高的食用价值和养殖价值。     

五种鳗鲡的含肉率及肌肉营养成分分析

研究利用营养测试方法对日本鳗鲡、欧洲鳗鲡、美洲鳗鲡、花鳗鲡和太平洋双色鳗鲡共5种养殖鳗鲡的含肉率及肌肉营养成分进行了分析比较。结果表明: 5种鳗鲡含肉率61.77%69.22%, 日本鳗鲡和太平洋双色鳗鲡显著高于欧洲鳗鲡和花鳗鲡 (P0.05); 水分含量为62.34%71.80%, 粗蛋白含量为11.31% 18.47%, 脂肪含量为8.62% 24.48%, 灰分含量为0.92%1.06%; 均含有18种氨基酸, 其中包括8种人体必须氨基酸, 总氨基酸含量存在差异, 鲜味氨基酸含量占37.43%38.77%, 必需氨基酸指数(EAAI)为65.2574.77, 其构成比例符合FAO/ WHO的标准, 色氨酸、异亮氨基酸和缬氨酸等氨基酸为限制性氨基酸; 富含磷、钾、铁和锌等多种矿物元素, 日本鳗鲡和花鳗鲡含量最高; 均含有16种脂肪酸, 其中饱和脂肪酸(SFA) 7种, 不饱和脂肪酸(UFA)9种; 脂肪酸中多不饱和脂肪酸(PUFA)和二十二碳六烯酸(DHA)含量较高, 分别占总量的41.92%48.27%和6.63%16.87%。研究结果表明: 5种鳗鲡的肌肉为高蛋白、鲜味氨基酸与必需氨基酸含量高的优质蛋白源; 富含磷、钾、铁、锌等矿物元素, 可作为补充人体矿物质营养的膳食来源; 脂肪酸以不饱和脂肪酸为主, 多不饱和脂肪酸和DHA比值高。因此, 5种鳗鲡具有较高的营养价值且有益人体健康, 均是优良的水产养殖种类。       

Simple approach for analysis of plasma oxo-, hydroxy- and dicarboxylic acids

Following deproteinization of plasma with organic solvents the supernatant was shaken with hexane and cation-exchange resin in an Eppendorf tube to remove fatty and amino acids and the medium was subjected to direct treatment with ethyl chloroformate under catalytic influence of pyridine. A subsequent extraction of the immediately formed ethyl esters with a drop of chloroform enabled us to subject the sample to gas chromatographic (GC) analysis. Since ketocarboxylic acids do not require a preliminary oximation the total time of sample workup and analysis takes only several minutes.     

Volatile acids of sun-cured greek Nicotiana tabacum

The volatile acids of sun-cured Greek tobacco have been studied. Examination of this material by GC-MS supplemented by other spectroscopic methods and in some instances by synthesis, has permitted the identification of nearly a hundred compounds. About half of them have not been encountered previously in tobacco or tobacco smoke, and the majority of the new compounds are straight and branched-chain unsaturated acids and aromatic acids. Five of the oxygenated acids are evidently seco- or nor-terpenoids.     

Nucleic Acids with a Six‐Membered ‘Carbohydrate’ Mimic in the Backbone

Starting from pyranose nucleic acids, several series of modified nucleic acids with a six‐membered carbohydrate moiety (mimic) have been synthesized and analyzed over a period of 20 years, and this work is summarized here. The process starts with structural and conformational considerations, followed by synthetic efforts and a structural analysis, and ends up with a biological confirmation of the concept, demonstrating that these modified nucleic acids represent very valuable tools in chemistry and biology.     

Profiling the chlorogenic acids of aster by HPLC-MS(n)

Using HPLC-MS(n), 33 chlorogenic acids were identified in an aqueous-alcoholic extract of Aster ageratoides Turcz. flower buds. These were three isomers each of p-coumaroylquinic acid, caffeoylquinic acid, feruloylquinic acid, dicaffeoylquinic acid and diferuloylquinic acid, and six isomers each of p-coumaroyl-caffeoylquinic acid, p-coumaroyl-feruloylquinic acid and caffeoyl-feruloylquinic acid. Only the caffeoylquinic acids and dicaffeoylquinic acids have been reported previously in Asteraceae. Three of the six p-coumaroyl-feruloylquinic acids (3-feruloyl-4-p-coumaroylquinic acid, '3-feruloyl-5-p-coumaroylquinic acid and 4-feruloyl-5-p-coumaroylquinic acid) have not been observed previously in nature. Cis-5-p-coumaroylquinic acid was identified at a concentration ca 25% that of the more common trans isomer. The feruloylquinic acids and diferuloylquinic acids dominated the mono- and di-acyl chlorogenic acid fractions, respectively, making this plant material a useful source of these commercially non-available substances. These 33 chlorogenic acids were not detected in the leaves or stem of A. ageratoides Turcz., or in the flower buds of A. ageratoides Turcz. var. Gerla or A. kalimeris indica (L) Sch. Bip. Only the feruloylquinic acids were detected in the root of A. ageratoides Turcz. It was not possible to detect any 1-acyl chlorogenic acids, any chlorogenic acids with a succinic acid substituent, or any chlorogenic acids based on muco-quinic acid.     

Heterogeneous distribution of functionally important amino acids in brain areas of adult and aging humans

The regional distribution of seven amino acids thought to have inhibitory neurotransmitter or neurotransmitter precursor function—GABA, glycine, taurine, serine, threonine, phenylalanine, and tyrosine—was determined in 52 discrete areas from brain of adult and old humans. Significant heterogeneity was found, with 3- to 16-fold differences in levels in the various regions analyzed. The patterns of distribution were somewhat different from those in the adult or old rat brain. Relatively few changes were seen in old brain. Heterogeneity in distribution has to be taken into account in assessing physiological changes in amino acid levels and metabolism.Special issue dedicated to Dr. Claude Baxter.     

Simultaneous determination of all-trans-, 13-cis-, 9-cis-retinoic acid and their 4-oxo-metabolites in plasma by high-performance liquid chromatography

A gradient reversed-phase high-performance liquid chromatographic technique is described for the easy separation and quantification of some retinoids; all-trans-retinoic acid, 13-cis-retinoic acid, 9-cis-retinoic acid and their corresponding 4-oxometabolites, in plasma. The method involved a diethyl ether-ethyl acetate (50:50, v/v) mixture extraction at pH 7 with acitretin and 13-cis-acitretin as internal standards. A Nova-Pak C₁₈ steel cartridge column was used. The mobile phase was methanol-acetonitrile (65:35, v/v) and 5% tetrahydrofuran (solvent A) and 2% aqueous acetic acid (solvent B) at 1 ml/min. The gradient composition was (only the percentages of solvent B are mentioned): I, 25% solvent B at the time of injection; II, 12% solvent B at 11 min until 30 min; III, 25% solvent B and maintenance of 25% solvent B for 10 min until a new injection. Total time between injections was 40 min. Detection was by absorbance at 350 nm. The precision calculated for plasma concentrations ranging from 2 to 250 ng/ml was better than 15% and the accuracy was less than 12%. The linearity of the method was in the range of 2 to 400 ng/ml of plasma. The limit of quantification was 2 ng/ml for each of the compounds. The HPLC method was applied to plasma specimens collected from animals receiving single dose administrations of all-trans-retinoic acid, 13-cis-retinoic acid and 9-cis-retinoic acid.     

皱肋文蛤氨基酸含量及脂肪酸组成分析

测定了皱肋文蛤(Meretrix lyrata)软体部分的氨基酸含量与脂肪酸组成.共检出17种氨基酸,总含量为软体部干重的52.26%;4种呈味氨基酸(天门冬氨酸、谷氨酸、甘氨酸和丙氨酸)的含量为22.07%,占氨基酸总量的42.23%;必需氨基酸(EAA)总含量为20.72%,其必需氨基酸的构成比例基本符合FAO/W...     

Derivatives of Aminoquinones with N-protected Amino Acids

Summary The synthesis of derivatives of aminoquinones with N-protected amino acids is reported here. 2-Amino-1,4-benzoquinone and 2-amino-1,4-naphthoquinone, prepared by the azide method in yields of 60 and 95% respectively, were coupled with N-Boc-protected amino acids including glycine, serine, proline and tyrosine, to give the correspondening derivatives.N, N′-Diisopropylcarbodiimide/1-hydroxybenzotriazole orN, N′-dicyclohexylcarbodiimide/HOBt used as coupling reagents provided the expected products in satisfactory yields and purities as supported by TLC, HPLC and spectral analysis.     

Derivatives of Aminoquinones with N-protected Amino Acids

The synthesis of derivatives of aminoquinones with N-protected amino acids is reported here. 2-Amino-1,4-benzoquinone and 2-amino-1,4-naphthoquinone, prepared by the azide method in yields of 60 and 95% respectively, were coupled with N-Boc-protected amino acids including glycine, serine, proline and tyrosine, to give the correspondening derivatives. N,N'-Diisopropylcarbodiimide/1-hydroxybenzotriazole or N,N'-dicyclohexylcarbodiimide/HOBt used as coupling reagents provided the expected products in satisfactory yields and purities as supported by TLC, HPLC and spectral analysis.     

Biochemical composition of algivorous freshwater ciliates: you are not what you eat

The focus of our study was to determine whether the biochemical composition of two algivorous ciliates, both fed the same alga, resembles that of their diet. By comparing both ciliated protozoa we intended to identify species-specific differences in the metabolic features of these ciliates. Carbon- and cell-specific concentrations of fatty acids and essential amino acids were investigated for the ciliates Balanion planctonicum and Urotricha farcta grown on the cryptomonad Cryptomonas phaseolus. Stepwise discriminant analyses (SDA) indicated differences in the biochemical composition between ciliates and their diet and between the two ciliated protozoa. Carbon-specific fatty acid concentrations were usually higher in the ciliates than in their diet, especially concentrations of monounsaturated and some polyunsaturated fatty acids. Except for tryptophan, valine, and lysine, amino acid concentrations were higher in the ciliates than in C. phaseolus. Furthermore, differences in the polyunsaturated fatty acids accounted for the largest discrepancies between the two ciliated protozoa. The higher concentrations in the ciliates compared to their diet suggest that these species are capable of efficiently ingesting, assimilating or possibly synthesizing some fatty acids and amino acids. We conclude that dietary fatty acid and amino acid composition influences the composition of the two ciliated protozoa to a minor extent, and that species-specific differences in fatty acid and amino acid metabolism may be more important determinants of the biochemical composition of the studied ciliates. Moreover, the metabolism of polyunsaturated fatty acids seems to differ more profoundly between the two ciliated protozoa than the metabolism of other fatty acid classes or amino acids.