铁死亡在常见慢性呼吸系统疾病中的研究进展

长期以来慢性呼吸系统疾病(chronic respiratory diseases)直接威胁着人类的生命健康,因此,探寻慢性呼吸系统疾病的发病机制及其治疗方法成为一个重要的研究课题。铁死亡(ferroptosis)是一种铁依赖性的新型细胞程序性死亡方式。研究发现铁死亡参与多种慢性呼吸系统疾病的发生、发展,这提示铁死亡可能是常见慢性呼吸系统疾病的治疗靶点。现就铁死亡的细胞内铁代谢(iron metabolism)生物学过程、调控机制及其在慢性阻塞性肺疾病、支气管哮喘、肺纤维化和肺癌等常见慢性呼吸系统疾病中的作用作一概述。     

肺微生物组在慢性阻塞性肺疾病中的研究进展CSCD

慢性阻塞性肺疾病（chronic obstructive pulmonary disease,COPD）是一种以持续的呼吸道症状和气流受限为主要特征的异质性疾病。新一代基因测序技术已经证明健康肺部存在庞大的微生物群落。越来越多的研究表明,肺微生物群失调与COPD的发生、急性加重次数及病死率有关。肺微生物可能通过调控炎症或免疫过程参与COPD的发病机制。全面了解肺微生物群在COPD不同阶段的动态变化和微生物与宿主的相互作用,有助于进一步揭示其在COPD发病机制中的作用。本文综述了肺微生物组在COPD中的研究进展,探讨其与COPD进展之间的关系及潜在的机制,以期开发有针对性的治疗方法。     

ABHD2 基因与慢性阻塞性肺疾病关系的研究进展

ABHD2是在人体内表达的一种水解酶蛋白(/hydrolase protein),尽管底物尚不清楚,但其与慢性阻塞性肺疾病(COPD)的发生具有密切的相关性。ABHD2基因在肺部主要表达在肺泡II型细胞和肺支气管的非管型平滑肌细胞,参与调节肺泡表面活性物质的合成和分泌。相关研究显示ABHD2基因敲除小鼠可自发形成肺气肿表型。此外,人ABHD2基因的rs12442260多态性可增加COPD的发病风险。因此,ABHD2基因在慢性阻塞性肺疾病的发生发展过程中起着重要的作用。本文主要就ABHD2基因表达与COPD、肺气肿等疾病的相关性进行综述。     

基因多态性与慢性阻塞性肺疾病易感性关系研究的新进展

慢性阻塞性肺疾病(chronic obstructive pulmonary disease,COPD)是一组气流受限为特征的肺部疾病,气流受限不完全可逆,呈进行性发展。它受遗传因素,环境因素以及遗传-环境相互作用的影响。目前,虽然其确切的病因及发病机制不甚明了,但是近年来的研究表明COPD是一种多基因调控的疾病。本文综述了几个较为重要的遗传基因多态性与COPD易感性关系的近期研究进展。     

综合护理在老年性慢性阻塞性肺疾病中的应用体会

目的:研究对老年性慢性阻塞性肺疾病患者进行内科常规治疗基础上的综合护理疗效。方法:将62例老年性慢性阻塞性肺疾病患者随机分为观察组和对照组各31例,治疗与护理1月后对比肺功能指标。结果:护理后观察组患者PEF、MMEF、FEV1、FVC、FEV1/FVC等观察指标均明显优于对照组,两组差异显著(P0.05)。结论:将综合护理应用于老年性慢性阻塞性肺疾病的康复中能够明显改善患者肺功能,缓解患者临床不适症状。     

慢性阻塞性肺疾病与代谢综合征及颈动脉内膜厚度的相关性研究

目的:研究慢性阻塞性肺疾病与代谢综合征及颈动脉内膜厚度的关系。方法:选择2014年8月至2015年4月在我院就诊的慢性阻塞性肺疾病患者60例作为研究组,另选择同期在我院接受健康体检的60名志愿者作为对照组。比较两组空腹血糖、甘油三酯及高密度脂蛋白胆固醇水平、代谢综合征的发生率、颈动脉内膜厚度以及合并与不合并代谢综合征的慢性阻塞性肺疾病患者的肺功能和颈动脉内膜厚度,并采用多元回归分析颈动脉内膜厚度与慢性阻塞性肺疾病及代谢综合征的相关性。结果:与对照组相比,研究组患者空腹血糖(FPG)明显升高,而甘油三酯(TG)水平明显降低,差异具有统计学意义(P0.05);两组高密度脂蛋白胆固醇(HDL-C)比较差异无统计学意义(P0.05)。研究组代谢综合征的发病率、颈动脉内膜厚度均明显高于对照组,差异具有统计学意义(P0.05);慢性阻塞性肺疾病合并代谢综合征患者的肺功能明显优于无代谢综合征的慢性阻塞性肺疾病患者,差异具有统计学意义(P0.05);合并代谢综合征的慢性阻塞性肺疾病患者FEV1占预计值百分比及FEV1/FVC均明显高于无代谢综合征慢性阻塞性肺疾病患者的对应值,差异具有统计学意义(P0.05)。Logistic回归分析结果显示慢性阻塞性肺疾病与颈动脉内膜厚度呈独立相关性,而代谢综合征与颈动脉内膜厚度无直接相关性。结论:慢性阻塞性肺疾病与颈动脉内膜厚度呈独立相关,且慢性阻塞性肺疾病合并代谢综合征患者发生颈动脉粥样硬化的风险更高。     

低氧诱导因子家族研究进展

低氧能诱导编码促红细胞生成素基因的转录,过程的具体分子机理一直不清。低氧诱导因子家族的克隆及其调控许多目的基因表达的发现,丰富了我们对机体氧感受的分子机理的认识。同时低氧诱导因子家族中各因子的表达差异,及其之间的相互调控,低氧诱导因子在低氧条件下的作用机理,对目的基因的调控及相互之间差异的阐明,对理解许多与组织缺氧有关的重要疾病如心血管疾病、中风、慢性阻塞性肺疾病,特别是肿瘤的病理生理过程有重要意义。     

LIM蛋白家族的研究进展

LIM蛋白是分子结构中含有一个或多个LIM结构域的蛋白质家族,该家族中的蛋白质通过其LIM结构域与某些结构蛋白,激酶,转录调控因子等多种蛋白质相互作用,对某些基因的表达,细胞分化与发育,细胞骨架形成等发挥重要调控作用。本文介绍LIM蛋白家族的分类与功能,LIM蛋白及其与其他蛋白之间的相互作用,以及LIM蛋白在心血管系统中的作用。     

布地奈德联合沙丁胺醇治疗慢性阻塞性肺疾病急性加重期疗效观察

目的观察布地奈德联合沙丁胺醇雾化吸入治疗慢性阻塞性肺疾病急性加重期的临床疗效。方法将我院收治的60例慢性阻塞性肺疾病急性加重期患者随机分为治疗组30例,应用布地奈德混悬液和沙丁胺醇溶液雾化吸入,疗程7天;对照组30例给予沙丁胺醇溶液雾化吸入,疗程7天。疗程结束观察患者第1s用力呼气容积(FEV1)占预计值百分比(FEV1%)和第1s用力呼气容积与用力肺活量比值(FEV1/FVC)。结果治疗组治疗后FEV1%、FEV1/FVC明显升高,与治疗前比较,差异有统计学意义(P<0.05);对照组治疗后,FEV1占预计值百分比及FEV1/FVC均有明显升高(P<0.05),但改善情况不如治疗组。两组治疗前后空腹血糖、电解质均无明显变化。结论沙丁胺醇、布地奈德联合雾化吸入治疗慢性阻塞性肺疾病急性加重期的疗效显著,且副作用小,给药方便,值得推广。     

肺干/祖细胞代谢与呼吸系统疾病研究进展

呼吸系统疾病的全球死亡率居高不下,多种疾病至今仍缺乏根治手段。其中,肺癌、哮喘、特发性肺纤维化和慢性阻塞性肺疾病等难治性疾病都与肺干/祖细胞的调节和功能异常密切相关。在呼吸系统中,不同区域分布着不同类型的肺干/祖细胞。肺干/祖细胞具有自我更新、增殖与分化功能,肺部的损伤修复离不开肺干/祖细胞的这些功能。因此,负责肺脏再生的肺干/祖细胞受到越来越多的关注。研究表明,肺干/祖细胞的功能与糖酵解、脂质合成、磷酸戊糖途径、氨基酸代谢和氧化磷酸化等主要代谢途径密切相关,其代谢发生改变可能与肺脏衰老和多种呼吸系统疾病有关。该文对正常、衰老和疾病状态下的肺干/祖细胞的代谢调控进行了综述。     

Gene expression analysis uncovers novel hedgehog interacting protein (HHIP) effects in human bronchial epithelial cells

Hedgehog interacting protein (HHIP) was implicated in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) by genome-wide association studies (GWAS). However, it remains unclear how HHIP contributes to COPD pathogenesis. To identify genes regulated by HHIP, we performed gene expression microarray analysis in a human bronchial epithelial cell line (Beas-2B) stably infected with HHIP shRNAs. HHIP silencing led to differential expression of 296 genes; enrichment for variants nominally associated with COPD was found. Eighteen of the differentially expressed genes were validated by real-time PCR in Beas-2B cells. Seven of 11 validated genes tested in human COPD and control lung tissues demonstrated significant gene expression differences. Functional annotation indicated enrichment for extracellular matrix and cell growth genes. Network modeling demonstrated that the extracellular matrix and cell proliferation genes influenced by HHIP tended to be interconnected. Thus, we identified potential HHIP targets in human bronchial epithelial cells that may contribute to COPD pathogenesis.     

Gene susceptibility identification in a longitudinal study confirms new loci in the development of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease and influences lung function decline

Background

To identify COPD associated gene susceptibility and lung function in a longitudinal cohort including COPD and subjects who were at risk for developing COPD, and to replicate this in two cross-sectional and longitudinal populations in Chinese Han population.

Methods

Three cohorts were recruited in this study, including an 18-year follow-up population (306 COPD and 743 control subjects) in one village in 1992 and it changed to 409 COPD and 611 controls in 2010, a 2 year follow-up study in another village (374 COPD and 377 controls) and another 2 year follow-up one in a city (541 COPD and 560 controls) in 2010. Sixteen candidate single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) were selected for genotyping. Among them, 5SNPs in or near HHIP, 1SNP in IREB2 and 1SNP in FAM13A were previously reported to be associated with COPD susceptibility or lung function decline. And another 9SNPs were selected from HapMap website as HHIP tags. In 2010, totaling 1,324 COPD patients and 1,548 healthy controls were finally included in our genetic susceptibility analyses.

Results

We identified two new regions showing an association with COPD susceptibility in the Human Hedgehog interacting protein (HHIP) rs11100865 and rs7654947, and we confirmed that the family with sequence similarity 13 member A gene (FAM13A) rs7671167 was associated with the development of COPD in Chinese Han population. And the HHIP rs7654947 and FAM13A rs7671167 were associated with lung function decline, and this result was replicated in other two populations.

Conclusions

These results suggest an important role of the HHIP and FAM13A regions as genetic risk factors for COPD development and lung function decline in Chinese Han population. Future research on these genes should focus on the molecular mechanisms of these genes on developing COPD and creating therapies to alleviate reduced lung function.

Electronic supplementary material

The online version of this article (doi:10.1186/s12931-015-0209-3) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.     

Genetic association between human chitinases and lung function in COPD

Two primary chitinases have been identified in humans--acid mammalian chitinase (AMCase) and chitotriosidase (CHIT1). Mammalian chitinases have been observed to affect the host's immune response. The aim of this study was to test for association between genetic variation in the chitinases and phenotypes related to chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD). Polymorphisms in the chitinase genes were selected based on previous associations with respiratory diseases. Polymorphisms that were associated with lung function level or rate of decline in the Lung Health Study (LHS) cohort were analyzed for association with COPD affection status in four other COPD case-control populations. Chitinase activity and protein levels were also related to genotypes. In the caucasian LHS population, the baseline forced expiratory volume in one second (FEV(1)) was significantly different between the AA and GG genotypic groups of the AMCase rs3818822 polymorphism. Subjects with the GG genotype had higher AMCase protein and chitinase activity compared with AA homozygotes. For CHIT1 rs2494303, a significant association was observed between rate of decline in FEV(1) and the different genotypes. In the African American LHS population, CHIT1 rs2494303 and AMCase G339T genotypes were associated with rate of decline in FEV(1). Although a significant effect of chitinase gene alleles was found on lung function level and decline in the LHS, we were unable to replicate the associations with COPD affection status in the other COPD study groups.     

Associations of ABHD2 Genetic Variations with Risks for Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease in a Chinese Han Population

The human α/β hydrolase domain-containing protein 2 gene (ABHD2) plays a critical role in pulmonary emphysema, a major subset of the clinical entity known as chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD). Here, we evaluated genetic variation in the ABHD2 gene in a Chinese Han population of 286 COPD patients and 326 control subjects. The rs12442260 CT/CC genotype was associated with COPD (P < 0.001) under a dominant model. In the former-smoker group, the rs12442260 TT genotype was associated with a decreased risk of developing COPD after adjusting for age, gender and pack-years (P = 0.012). Rs12442260 was also associated with pre-FEV1 (the predicted bronchodilator forced expiratory volume in the first second) in controls (P = 0.027), but with FEV1/ forced vital capacity (FVC) ratios only in COPD patients (P = 0.012) under a dominant model. Results from the current study suggest that ABHD2 gene polymorphisms contribute to COPD susceptibility in the Chinese Han population.     

Microsomal epoxide hydrolase is not associated with COPD in a community-based sample

Microsomal epoxide hydrolase (EPHX1) is an important gene because of its role in the metabolism of components of cigarette smoke; thus it may be an important potential modifier of the risk of developing smoking-related lung disease, such as chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD). Several studies have investigated EPHX1 and COPD, but some of these studies have potentially been affected by genotyping error. We investigated the influence of single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) in EPHX1 on well-characterized COPD and intermediate phenotypes. A total of 1,232 participants completed a detailed respiratory questionnaire and spirometry. From this sample, 72 COPD cases (FEV1/FVC < 0.70 and FEV1 < 80% predicted) and 220 control subjects (no respiratory symptoms and normal lung function) were selected for analysis. The EPHX1 exon 3 and EPHX1 exon 4 polymorphisms were carefully genotyped to avoid error using several methods. We found that the EPHX1 exon 3 polymorphism was not associated with an increased risk of COPD, nor was the EPHX1 exon 4 polymorphism. In addition, none of the EPHX1 haplotypes were associated with an increased risk of any COPD phenotype. This finding, along with doubt shed on the accuracy of other studies that have demonstrated positive associations, suggests that a strong role for the EPHX1 polymorphisms in respiratory disease is unlikely.     

A Genome-Wide Association Study in Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease (COPD): Identification of Two Major Susceptibility Loci

There is considerable variability in the susceptibility of smokers to develop chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD). The only known genetic risk factor is severe deficiency of α₁-antitrypsin, which is present in 1–2% of individuals with COPD. We conducted a genome-wide association study (GWAS) in a homogenous case-control cohort from Bergen, Norway (823 COPD cases and 810 smoking controls) and evaluated the top 100 single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) in the family-based International COPD Genetics Network (ICGN; 1891 Caucasian individuals from 606 pedigrees) study. The polymorphisms that showed replication were further evaluated in 389 subjects from the US National Emphysema Treatment Trial (NETT) and 472 controls from the Normative Aging Study (NAS) and then in a fourth cohort of 949 individuals from 127 extended pedigrees from the Boston Early-Onset COPD population. Logistic regression models with adjustments of covariates were used to analyze the case-control populations. Family-based association analyses were conducted for a diagnosis of COPD and lung function in the family populations. Two SNPs at the α-nicotinic acetylcholine receptor (CHRNA 3/5) locus were identified in the genome-wide association study. They showed unambiguous replication in the ICGN family-based analysis and in the NETT case-control analysis with combined p-values of 1.48×10⁻¹⁰, (rs8034191) and 5.74×10⁻¹⁰ (rs1051730). Furthermore, these SNPs were significantly associated with lung function in both the ICGN and Boston Early-Onset COPD populations. The C allele of the rs8034191 SNP was estimated to have a population attributable risk for COPD of 12.2%. The association of hedgehog interacting protein (HHIP) locus on chromosome 4 was also consistently replicated, but did not reach genome-wide significance levels. Genome-wide significant association of the HHIP locus with lung function was identified in the Framingham Heart study (Wilk et al., companion article in this issue of PLoS Genetics; doi:10.1371/journal.pgen.1000429). The CHRNA 3/5 and the HHIP loci make a significant contribution to the risk of COPD. CHRNA3/5 is the same locus that has been implicated in the risk of lung cancer.     

肿瘤坏死因子α-863C／A基因多态性与慢性阻塞性肺疾病的相关性研究

目的：探讨肿瘤坏死因子α（tumor necrosis factor—α,TNF-α）-863C／A基因多态性与慢性阻塞性肺疾病（chronic obstructive pulmonary disease,COPD）间的关系。方法：采用多重聚合酶链一高温连接酶检测反应（PCR-LDR）方法研究56例吸烟COPD患者、64例吸烟正常对照组的TNF-a一863位点基因型及A等位基因的分布情况。结果：（1）吸烟COPD组在．863位点上的cA基因型及A等位基因频率均低于吸烟非COPD组（P〈0．05）。（2）重度、极重度COPD组在该位点的CA基因型频率和A等位基因频率均低于轻中度COPD组（P〈0．05）。在COPD组中携带A等位基因的患者有着更高的第1秒呼气量／用力肺活量（FEV1／FVC）和体重指数（BMI）（P〈0．05）。（3）吸烟COPD组携带CA基因型的患者肺源性心脏病的发病率高于携带CC基因型的患者（P〈0．05）。（4）吸烟COPD组的BMI[（22．0±3．1）kg／m21较吸烟非COPD组[（24．5±3．7）kg／m2]低,重度、极重度COPD组BMI[（21．2±3．0）kg／m2]较轻中度COPD组[（23.3±3．3）kg／m2]低,差异均有统计学意义（P〈0．05）。结论：TNF-α-863位点A等位基因的发生对COPD患者是一个保护性因素。低BMI与COPD关系密切,BMI可能成为预测COPD患者病情严重程度的一个重要指标。     

Peripheral blood gene expression profiles in COPD subjects

To identify non-invasive gene expression markers for chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD), we performed genome-wide expression profiling of peripheral blood samples from 12 subjects with significant airflow obstruction and an equal number of non-obstructed controls. RNA was isolated from Peripheral Blood Mononuclear Cells (PBMCs) and gene expression was assessed using Affymetrix U133 Plus 2.0 arrays.Tests for gene expression changes that discriminate between COPD cases (FEV1< 70% predicted, FEV1/FVC < 0.7) and controls (FEV1> 80% predicted, FEV1/FVC > 0.7) were performed using Significance Analysis of Microarrays (SAM) and Bayesian Analysis of Differential Gene Expression (BADGE). Using either test at high stringency (SAM median FDR = 0 or BADGE p < 0.01) we identified differential expression for 45 known genes. Correlation of gene expression with lung function measurements (FEV1 & FEV1/FVC), using both Pearson and Spearman correlation coefficients (p < 0.05), identified a set of 86 genes. A total of 16 markers showed evidence of significant correlation (p < 0.05) with quantitative traits and differential expression between cases and controls. We further compared our peripheral gene expression markers with those we previously identified from lung tissue of the same cohort. Two genes, RP9and NAPE-PLD, were identified as decreased in COPD cases compared to controls in both lung tissue and blood. These results contribute to our understanding of gene expression changes in the peripheral blood of patients with COPD and may provide insight into potential mechanisms involved in the disease.     

螺旋CT监测COPD吸气相和呼气相体积变化与细胞因子的相关性研究

目的：探讨慢性阻塞性肺疾病（COPD）螺旋CT吸气相和呼气相扫描体积变化与血清细胞因子水平的内在关系。方法：记录46例符合纳入标准的COPD患者的临床资料、缓解期的肺功能（FEV1％）,采用西门子16排螺旋CT对患者进行吸气相和呼气相扫描,计算吸气前后肺体积变化百分比。采用酶联免疫吸附法分别测定急性发作期和缓解期血浆可溶性细胞间粘附分子-1（（plasma soluble intercellular adhesion molecule- 1, slCAM- 1）和TNF-α（tumornecrosisfactor-α）变化水平。对比分析肺功能、肺体积变化与细胞因手的相关性。结果：双相CT扫描肺体积变化百分比为24．27±9．82％,FEVl％平均值为53．50±12．21％,血清slCAM。1和TNF-α表达水平为166．58±25．15ng／ml、22．05±4．36pg／ml。COPD肺功能、体积变化百分比与细胞因子表达存在负相关性．肺功能与肺体积变化存在正相关性（P〈O．05）。结论：螺旋CT双相扫描能准确反映COPD肺体积的顺应性变化,与slCAM-1和TNF-α表迭水平都可作为判断COPD肺功能及疗效的重要指标。