Roscovitine对C型尼曼-皮克病小鼠球状神经轴突形成的影响

目的探讨细胞周期依赖性蛋白激酶抑制剂roscovitine对C型尼曼-皮克病(NPC)小鼠(npc-/-)球状神经轴突形成的影响。方法采用不同浓度的roscovitine(72,144,300 and 600nmoles/day)对5.5周龄的npc-/-小鼠进行两周侧脑室灌注,以DMSO灌注的同龄npc-/-小鼠为对照。抗非磷酸化神经细丝蛋白抗体SMI32和抗有丝分裂期磷酸化表位抗体MPM-2免疫染色检测小鼠脑内球状神经轴突的数量,Western blot检测细胞骨架蛋白磷酸化程度的变化。结果Roscovitine组球状神经轴突数量较DMSO组显著减少,神经细丝和tau蛋白的过度磷酸化程度较对照组明显下降(P<0.05)。结论细胞周期依赖性蛋白激酶抑制剂能明显改善NPC的神经元细胞骨架损害。     

综述:Tau蛋白过度磷酸化机制及其在阿尔茨海默病神经元变性中的作用

Tau蛋白是神经元中含量最高的微管相关蛋白,其经典生物学功能是促进微管组装和维持微管的稳定性．在阿尔茨海默病(Alzheimer's disease,AD)患者,异常过度磷酸化的Tau蛋白以配对螺旋丝结构形成神经原纤维缠结并在神经元内聚积．大量研究提示,Tau蛋白异常在AD患者神经变性和学习记忆障碍的发生发展中起重要作用．本课题组对Tau蛋白异常磷酸化的机制及其对细胞的影响进行了系列研究,发现Tau蛋白表达和磷酸化具有调节细胞生存命运的新功能,并由此对AD神经细胞变性的本质提出了新见解．本文主要综述作者实验室有关Tau蛋白的部分研究结果．     

星形胶质细胞在阿尔茨海默病中的功能变化及分子机制

星形胶质细胞在脑内数量最多,分布最广,对神经元有营养支持的作用,并且能够调控神经元的活性。越来越多的证据表明星形胶质细胞激活参与阿尔茨海默病(Alzheimer's disease,AD)的发生和发展。在AD病理情况下,星形胶质细胞在多种因子如β淀粉样蛋白(beta-amyloid,Aβ)和促炎细胞因子的作用下被激活,激活的星形胶质细胞进一步释放一氧化氮(Nitric oxide,NO)和多种炎性因子增强炎症级联反应。功能失常的星形胶质细胞会促进Aβ的产生,减弱对Aβ的摄取和清除,导致Aβ聚集沉积形成老年斑。激活的星形胶质细胞释放的炎症因子还能显著增加神经元内tau蛋白的异常过度磷酸化,产生神经纤维缠结。本文对星形胶质细胞在AD中参与神经变性的功能变化和分子机制进行总结,为星形胶质细胞作为靶点预防及治疗AD提供一定的理论依据。     

人脊髓创伤后神经元病变的神经丝免疫组织化学研究

本文用神经丝（ＮＦ）免疫组织化学方法在１５例人体尸检材料中研究了脊髓创伤后生存２ｈ～９Ｗ的脊髓神经元胞体和轴突的病理学改变。结果表明：脊髓创伤后２ｈ,神经丝免疫组织化学反应即可显示ＮＦ阳性反应产物在轴突内聚集。创伤后第４天,病变的前角运动神经元胞体内神经丝反应异常地增强。以上结果表明：神经丝免疫组织化学方法比常规显示轴突的染色方法能更早更清晰地显示脊髓内轴突的病变,并进一步证实了创伤后细胞骨架紊乱在神经元的病理发病机理中起重要作用。     

神经变性小鼠中r蛋白抑制可改善记忆功能

Seience2005年7月15日476—484页报道：已知神经原纤维缠结（NFT）是由高磷酸化微小管相关γ蛋白纤维组成的。NFT是神经变性病人脑内最常见的神经元内包涵物，与神经元死亡和认知缺陷有关。最近，美国明尼苏达大学医学院实验医学和病理学系的科学家K．Santa Cruz等发现，表达了人γ蛋白变异体的小鼠可出现进行性衰老相关NFT、神经元丧失和行为缺陷。     

脑铁代谢和神经变性性疾病

最近关于脑铁代谢研究的新成果,尤其是与脑铁转运、储存、调节相关的某些突变基因的发现,足以得出以下结论,即异常增高的脑铁至少是部份神经变性疾病的起始原因。研究显示,脑铁过量积聚主要是由于遗传性和非遗传性因素所引起的某些服铁代谢蛋白功能异常或表达失控。正是异常增高的脑铁触发一系列病理反应,最终导致神经为性性疾病病人服神经元死亡。本文简要叙述了目前对服铁分布、功能和脑铁代谢蛋白的认识,讨论了内铁转运机制以及服铁和神经变性性疾病之间的关系研究的新进展。     

罗格列酮对AD样小鼠学习记忆减退的影响及机制

研究了罗格列酮对链脲佐菌素(streptozotocin, STZ)脑室内注射的阿尔茨海默病(AD)模型小鼠学习记忆减退的影响及机制．在小鼠脑室内注射STZ建立AD模型,治疗组小鼠采用罗格列酮灌胃给药30天．Morris水迷宫实验检测小鼠学习记忆能力,免疫印迹和免疫荧光检测Tau蛋白的磷酸化、神经丝(NFs)蛋白的磷酸化及糖基化、JNK和ERK蛋白的表达,微管结合实验检测Tau蛋白与微管的组装功能,荧光染料Fluoro-Jade B检测小鼠脑内退变神经元．结果显示,相比对照组,模型组小鼠平均逃避潜伏期和路径长度明显增加、穿越隐匿平台次数明显减少、Tau和NFs蛋白表达过度磷酸化、NFs蛋白糖基化减弱,而用罗格列酮干预的小鼠学习记忆改善并且Tau和NFs蛋白的磷酸化水平降低、NFs蛋白糖基化水平增加,Tau蛋白与微管结合能力改善,模型组JNK的磷酸化高于对照组和治疗组、模型组ERK1的磷酸化低于对照组和治疗组、各组在ERK2磷酸化无明显差异,模型组小鼠脑中FJB标记的退化神经元明显多于对照组和治疗组．结果说明,罗格列酮能改善STZ脑室内注射引起的小鼠学习记忆减退,其机制可能与改善胰岛素信号通路、降低Tau和NFs蛋白的过度磷酸化、减少神经退行性变有关．     

大脑皮层神经干细胞定向分化为神经元过程中钙调蛋白的表达

目的研究大脑皮层神经干细胞定向分化为神经元过程中钙调蛋白的表达及意义.方法采用细胞培养、免疫细胞化学方法(SABC法)观察钙调蛋白在神经干细胞定向分化过程中不同时段的表达情况.采用计算机图像分析技术对不同时段分化神经元中钙调蛋白的平均积分光密度进行定量测定.结果在神经干细胞定向分化为神经元的过程中,钙调蛋白于细胞核及核周呈阳性表达,随分化神经元的生长细胞核阳性表达逐渐减弱而胞浆增强,同时可见阳性反应物伸入树突及轴突.结论新生大鼠大脑皮层神经干细胞定向分化为神经元过程中,钙调蛋白的表达对神经干细胞定向分化的神经元的生长和发育起着重要作用.     

人参皂甙Rb1减轻冈田酸诱导的大鼠海马神经元Tau蛋白过度磷酸化

为研究人参皂甙Rb1(ginsenoside Rb1)对冈田酸(okadaic acid,OA)诱导的大鼠海马神经元Tau蛋白过度磷酸化的影响及其可能机制,实验随机分为正常组、溶媒对照组、OA模型组和Rb1预处理组。正常组不作任何处理;Rb1预处理组大鼠分别用5、10、20 mg/kg的Rb1预处理,每天一次,共14 d,于第13天向海马背侧注射1.5μl OA[0.483 μl,溶于10% 二甲基亚砜(dimethysulphoxide,DMSO)];OA模型组大鼠于第13天时海马背侧注射OA,溶媒对照组则注射等体积的生理盐水。各组均于第15天收取标本。通过Biescbowski’s染色、免疫组化和Western blot,分别观察大鼠海马神经元胞体和突起内神经原纤维的改变和磷酸化Tau蛋白的表达水平,同时检测蛋白磷酸酯酶2A(protein phosphatase-2A,PP2A)活性以探讨其作用机制。结果显示:(1)OA模型组与溶媒对照组及正常组比较,海马神经元胞体和突起着色较深,染色不均匀;神经元中Thr231和Sei396位点磷酸化的Tau蛋白和总Tau含量增多;PP2A活性则明显下降(P<0.01):(2)Rb1预处理组大鼠海马神经元胞体和突起染色均匀,神经原纤维走行规则;海马神经元中Thr231和Ser396位点磷酸化的Tau蛋白和总Tau 含量较OA模型组减少,而PP2A活性明显增高(P<0.01)。以上观察结果表明,人参皂甙Rb1可以减轻OA诱导的大鼠海马神经元Tau蛋白过度磷酸化,其机制可能与提高PP2A活性有关。     

纽蛋白在原代培养脊髓神经元的分布及其与神经元形态的相关性

目的　用免疫组织化学及形态学等方法对原代培养大鼠脊髓神经元的形态及其纽蛋白 (vinculin)分布进行研究。方法　实验采用原代培养的大鼠脊髓神经元 ,用细胞松弛素 D(cytochalasin D) -丝状肌动蛋白解聚剂处理细胞后 ,用相差显微镜观察细胞形态 ,同时用单克隆抗体免疫组化方法显示细胞内纽蛋白的分布。结果　原代培养的脊髓神经元可见 2～4个细长的突起 ;免疫组织化学方法显示纽蛋白在神经元的胞体及突起均有分布。细胞松弛素 D处理细胞后 ,神经元胞体变大 ,轮廊不清 ,突起增多 ,变短、变粗 ,多分支且分支末端膨大 ;免疫组织化学方法显示纽蛋白在核周的分布明显增加 ,而在突起内的分布则变得不连续 ,呈散在点状。结论　丝状肌动蛋白 (filem ental- actin,F- actin)的完整性对维持神经元的正常形态是必需的 ;神经元形态的变化与纽蛋白分布的变化相关     

六种藓类植物茎的比较解剖学研究

通过对6种藓类植物,即褶叶青藓(Brachythecium salebrosum(Web.et Mohr.)B.S.G.)、湿地匐灯藓(Plagiomnium acutum(Lindb.)Kop.)、侧枝匐灯藓(Plagiomnium maximoviczii(Lindb.)Kop.)、大凤尾藓(Fissidensnobilis Griff.)、大羽藓(Thuidium cymbifolium(Doz.et Molk.)B.S.G.)和大灰藓(Hypnum plumaeforme Wils.)嫩茎和老茎的石蜡切片和显微观察发现,同一藓类植株的嫩茎和老茎,茎结构稳定,不同种藓类植物茎横切面具有不同特征.植物体茎横切面形状、表层细胞的层数、细胞大小和细胞壁厚薄、皮层细胞大小和形状、中轴的有无以及比例等特征可以作为藓类植物的分科分类依据之一.     

Photoregulation of seed germination of wild-type and of an aurea-mutant of tomato

Seed germination of an aurea mutant of tomato ( Lycopersicon esculentum Mill.) is promoted by continuous irradiation with red, far-red or long-wavelength far-red (758 nm) light as well as by cyclic irradiations (5 min red or 5 min far-red/25 min darkness). Far-red light applied immediately after each red does not change the germination behaviour. Seed germination of the isogenic wild-type, cv. UC-105, is promoted by continuous and cyclic red light while it is inhibited by continuous and cyclic far-red light and by continious 758 nm irradiation. Far-red irradiation reverses almost completely the promoting effect of red light. The promoting effect (in the aurea mutant) and the inhibitory effect (in the wild-type) of continuous far-red light do not show photon fluence rate dependency above 20 nmol m⁻² s⁻¹. It is concluded that phytochrome controls tomato seed germination throgh low energy responses in both the wild type and the au mutant. The promoting effect of continuous and cyclic far-red light in the au mutant can be attributed to a greater sensitivity to P_fr.     

Cause of Senescence of Nine Sorts of Flowers

The levels of endogenous phytohormones and respiratory rate in nine sorts of flowers such as Cymbidium faberi Rolfe, Nopalxochia ackermannii Kunth and others were investigated both at full bloom and senescence and meanwhile the effect of exogenous phytohormones on prolonging the blossoms and promoting ethylene production were tested. There is a high content of endogenous ethylene in all the long-lived flowere, about 3–16 folds higer than the short-lived ones. There is a high level of ABA at full blooming flowers of short-lived flowers, in which there is no or only some cytokinins in it, but the ratio of CTK (6BA+zeatin)/ABA is smaller(l.7). The endogenous ABA reached a much higher level at senescence in all nine sorts of flowers, so it is reasonable to consider that it is ABA which plays an important role of regulation in controlling flower's senescence. There is a much higher level of GA3 and zeatin in the long-lived flowers which is not demonstrated in the shortlived ones. The respiratory rate is one of the factors controtling the longevity of flowers, but it does not play a decided role. Application of 6BA and zeatin prolongs distinctly orchid’s longevity, however exogenous IAA through the promotive action on ethylene production, evidently extends the longevity of the flowers of the Nopalxochia ackermannii Kunth.     

龙胆科药用植物化学成分的研究现状

龙胆科植物在我国的分布范围很广,且多数为药用植物,其多数种属的药用植物,至今其化学成分尚未被系统研究。综述了目前龙胆科药用植物的化学成分的研究现状及一般提取方法,对近年来发现的环烯醚萜及裂环烯醚萜类化合物进行了总结,为本科药用植物的更深入研究提供了参考。     

Interconnection of parameters of regulation system of lipid peroxidation and of morphophysiological parameters of mouse liver

A complex analysis of seasonal fluctuations of the mean group parameters of the system of regulation of lipid peroxidation has been performed in liver of Balb/c mice. Association of lipid characteristics and morphophysiological parameters is studied in the Balb/c mouse liver. An inter-connection is revealed between the liver index and the amount of lysoforms of phospholipids, the scale and character of the interconnection differing essentially depending on proportion of phos-phatidylcholine in mouse liver phospholipids.     

The effects of glutamine of the maintenance of embryogenic cultures of Cryptomeria japonica

Summary Embryogenic tissues of sugi (Cryptomeria japonica) were induced on a modified Campbell and Durzan (CD) medium containing 1 μM 2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid (2,4-D) and 600 mg l⁻¹ glutamine, and subcultured in the medium of the same composition for over 1 yr. This resulted in a mixed culture of embryogenic and non-embryogenic cells. When embryogenic cells were isolated and cultured independently, their capacity to form embryogenic aggregates was lost. Thus, the non-embryogenic cells present within a mixed culture system were essential to the formation of embryogenic aggregates. When embryogenic tissues were isolated and cultured independently on a high glutamine-containing (2400 mg l⁻¹) medium, dry weights and endogenous levels of glutamine increased, and the tissue could generate a large number of embryogenic aggregates. Amino acid analysis of embryogenic and non-embryogenic cells from the maintenance culture indicated a higher level of glutamine was present in the latter. The high endogenous level of glutamine in the non-embryogenic portion of mixed cell masses may be the supplier of glutamine for maintaining the embryogenic property of the tissues.     

Specificity of action of piperidylcholine derivatives as substrates of cholinesterases of various origin

The review deals with study of enzymologic properties of a novel highly specific acetylcholinesterase substrate, N-(β-acetoxyethyl) piperidinium iodomethylate (“piperidylcholine”), and its 30 derivatives that were tested as effectors of cholinesterases of mammals and various species of Pacific squids. It was proven for the first time that responsible for specificity of action was structure of cyclic ammonium grouping of the alcohol part of molecule of the ester substrate. Analysis of specificity is performed based on enzymatic hydrolysis parameters—activity of catalytic center of cholinesterases and bimolecular constant of the reaction rate that are determined at optimal and low substrate concentrations. Among the specially synthesized group of thioester compounds there is revealed one more highly specific acetylcholinesterase substrate—N-(β-acetoxyethyl) piperidinium.     

Physiological characteristics of various species of strains of carboxydobacteria

Seven strains of aerobic carbon monoxide-oxidizing bacteria (carboxydebacteria) when growing on CO as sole source of carbon and energy had doubling times which ranged from 12–42 h. The activity profiles obtained after discontinuous sucrose density gradient centrifugation indicated that the CO-oxidizing enzymes are soluble and the hydrogenases are membrane-bound in all strains examined. The CO-oxidizing enzymes of Pseudomonas carboxydohydrogena, Pseudomonas carboxydoflava, Comamonas compransoris, and the so far unidentified strains OM2, OM3, and OM4 had a molecular weight of 230,000; that of Achromobacter carboxydus amounted to 170,000. The molecular weights of the CO-oxidizing and H₂-oxidizing enzymes turned out to be identical. The cell sonicates were shown to catalyze the oxidation of both CO and H₂ with methylene blue, thionine, phenazine methosulfate, toluylene blue, dichlorophenolindophenol, cytochrome c or ferricyanide as electron acceptors. Methyl viologen, benzyl viologen, FAD⁺, FMN⁺, and NAD(P)⁺ were not reduced. The spectrum of electron acceptors was identical for all strains tested. Neither free formate, hydrogen nor oxygen gas were involved in the CO-oxidation reaction. Methylene blue was reduced by CO at a 1:1 molar ratio. The results indicate that CO-oxidation by carboxydobacteria is catalyzed by identical or similar enzymes and that the reaction obeys the equation CO+H₂OCO₂+2H⁺+2e^- as previously shown for Pseudomonas carboxydovorans.Dedicated to Otto Kandler remembering almost three decades of enjoyable cooperation     

Modulation of allostery of pyruvate kinase by shifting of an ensemble of microstates

Since the introduction of the concepts of allostery about four decades ago, much advancement has been made in elucidating the structure-function correlation in allostery. However, there are still a number of issues that remain unresolved. In this review we used mammalian pyruvate kinase (PK) as a model system to understand the role of protein dynamics in modulating cooperativity. PK has a triosephosphate isomerase (TIM)(α/β)₈ barrel structural motif. PK is an ideal system to address basic questions regarding regulatory mechanisms about this common (α/β)₈ structural motif. The simplest model accounting for all of the solution thermodynamic and kinetic data on ligand-enzyme interactions involves two conformational states, inactive E^T and active E^R. These conformational states are represented by domain movements. Further studies provide the first evidence for a differential effect of ligand binding on the dynamics of the structural elements, not major secondary structural changes. These data are consistent with our model that allosteric regulation of PK is the consequence of perturbation of the distribution of an ensemble of states in which the inactive E^T and active E^R represent the two extreme end states. Sequence differences and ligands can modulate the distribution of states leading to alterations of functions. The future work includes: defining the network of functionally connected residues; elucidating the chemical principles governing the sequence differences which affect functions; and probing the nature of mutations on the stability of the secondary structural elements, which in turn modulate allostery.