陕北长城沿线风沙区植被指数变化及其与气候的关系

陕北长城沿线风沙区位于毛乌素沙漠东南部边沿,属毛乌素沙地向东南移动的最活跃地段,生态环境十分脆弱。使用1981～2003年23a长时间序列的NOAA/AHRR NDVI数据、气候资料,分析了陕北长城沿线风沙区植被覆盖的历史演变及其与气候因子的关系。结果表明:(1)陕北长城沿线风沙区植被覆盖状况23a来尽管有波动起伏,但是整体在持续转好,年平均NDVI增加了10.62%。低覆盖率植被面积在减少,高覆盖率植被面积在增加。夏季的NDVI值最高、波动起伏最大,其次是秋季;春、夏、秋三季的NDVI具有明显的上升趋势,季平均NDVI年增长率夏季最大,秋季次之;夏、秋季NDVI与年NDVI具有很高的相关性,这两个季节的植被状况基本决定了全年的植被分布状况。NDVI年变化曲线为单峰型,春季NDVI缓慢增加,秋季NDVI降低速度比较快。(2)年平均NDVI与温度的年际变化相关不明显,各季节NDVI与温度相关也不明显。近年来长城沿线风沙区的年降水量没有明显增加,而年平均NDVI线性增加趋势显著,降水量是引起NDVI年际波动的主要因子,非气候因素是年平均NDVI线性增加的主要原因。降水量与NDVI存在着明显的年相关和隔季相关。年降水量与年NDVI的相关,冬季降水量与春季NDVI的相关,春季降水量与夏季NDVI的相关,夏季降水量与秋季NDVI的相关性都非常高。(3)非气候因素中生态保护和环境建设等人为措施,如植树造林、草原围栏封育等是导致植被显著增加的重要原因。     

延安北部丘陵沟壑区植被指数变化及其与气候的关系

利用GIMMS和SPOT两种归一化植被指数(NDVI)数据和气候资料,分析延安北部丘陵沟壑区1982—2007年植被覆盖的历史演变及其与气候因子的关系。结果表明:(1)延安北部丘陵沟壑区植被覆盖状况26a来尽管有波动起伏,但是整体在持续转好,年平均NDVI增加了14.2%。夏季的NDVI值最高、波动起伏最大,其次是秋季,春、秋季的NDVI年际变化具有明显的上升趋势。各季NDVI与年NDVI均有相关关系,春、秋季NDVI与年NDVI相关显著。NDVI年内变化曲线为单峰型,春季NDVI缓慢增加,秋季NDVI降低速度比较快。(2)年平均NDVI与年温度相关不明显,夏、秋、冬三季NDVI与同期温度相关也不明显,只有春季平均NDVI与该季温度相关显著。3—4月份温度对植被的影响呈正相关,温度越高,返青生长越快;初夏6—7月份,温度对植被生长有滞后影响,前期温度与后期NDVI为负相关。降水量是引起NDVI年际波动的影响因子之一,年降水量与当年7月和9月份NDVI相关,决定了一年植被最为旺盛时的好坏。月降水量对NDVI影响具有滞后性,上年9月份降水影响翌年4—6月份的NDVI,6月和7月份NDVI受当月和前期降水影响。(3)1999年以来,延安北部丘陵沟壑区植被覆盖快速上升,除与降水增多有关外,非气候因素中生态保护和环境建设等人为措施,如植树造林、封山禁牧等封育措施是导致植被显著增加的重要原因。     

陕西吴起植被动态及其与气候变化的关系

使用归一化植被指数(normalized difference vegetation index,NDVI)资料,分析了陕西省吴起县1982-2003年NDVI的演变情况及其与气候变化的关系。结果表明,22年来植被覆盖状况尽管有波动起伏,但整体在持续转好,表现在低覆盖率植被面积在减少,高覆盖率植被面积在增加;年平均NDVI与降水量呈正相关,植被覆盖的改善有利于减小风速;从季节平均值来看,春季降水量与夏季NDVI、夏季降水量与秋季NDVI的相关性均极显著(P<0.01),并且夏秋两季的降水量与年NDVI相关性也显著,说明降水量是影响吴起县植被分布状况的关键性因子;春夏季蒸发量与夏季的NDVI均呈极显著的负相关(P<0.01);春夏季相对湿度与夏季的NDVI呈极显著的正相关(P<0.01),冬季相对湿度与冬季的NDVI呈极显著的负相关(P<0.01)。     

陕北黄土高原丘陵沟壑区植被覆盖变化及其对气候的响应

利用1982～2007年GIMMS、SPOT VEGETATION两种NDVI数据集和气候资料对陕北黄土高原丘陵沟壑区植被覆盖变化趋势及其与气候的关系进行了分析,结果显示:(1)近26年来该区的植被覆盖总体上处于上升趋势,大致经历了3个阶段: 1982～1998年植被覆盖在波动中缓慢增加,1999～2001年植被覆盖处于一个相对的低谷,2003～2007年植被覆盖快速增加.(2)四季植被活动增强,以秋季NDVI增加最为显著;NDVI的年平均标准差在波动中逐年减小,高覆盖植被面积所占的比例在增加,植被覆盖状况趋于转好.(3)研究区内14个县(区)年平均NDVI线性倾向值都为正值,说明植被覆盖都在增加,但增加的显著性和幅度不同.(4)近26年来陕北黄土高原丘陵沟壑区年平均温度呈极显著(P<0.001)的上升趋势,年降水量具有减少的趋势;春季NDVI与温度之间存在着明显(P<0.10)正相关关系,夏季NDVI与温度之间存在着显著(P<0.05)负相关关系;夏季NDVI与降水量之间存在着极显著(P<0.01)正相关关系,同时夏季NDVI与春季降水量之间存在着显著(P<0.05)正相关关系,且夏季各月降水量对植被覆盖的影响具有滞后效应.研究表明,春季升温和退耕还林(草)生态建设工程是植被增加的主要原因,夏季水分状况是该区植被生长的制约因素.     

黄河上游玛曲县气候变化对植被的影响研究

利用1982年至2003年NASAGIMMS逐月归一化植被指数（NDVI）数据集和玛曲县气温、降水资料,对玛曲县近22年来NDVI变化和气候变化特征及其相互关系进行分析,以揭示黄河上游地区植被对全球变暖的区域响应.结果表明：（1）玛曲县植被变化在不同时段表现出较大差异,NDVI年际变化略有增加.（2）夏季是NDVI增长最快的季节,春季NDVI在20世纪90年代后期到本世纪初呈下降趋势,秋、冬季NDVI呈下降趋势.（3）返青期和NDVI值在春季达到同一水平值的时间及夏季达到峰值的时间逐年提前,说明生长季提前是该地区植被对全球变暖的主要响应表现.（4）玛曲县近22年来植被的NDVI变化在中等盖度水平（0.3～0.5）呈增加趋势,高盖度水平（≥0.7）的植被呈下降趋势,而在年代间变化水平上,气温和降水对植被生长都有影响,其中气温要比降水更显著;玛曲县降水和气温在季节尺度上对NDVI的影响不明显,除夏季气温与夏季NDVI关系密切之外,其他季节的关系均不明显.（5）按植被变化特点,将NDVI变化斜率最大值0.005定义为返青期指标,发现该地区牧草返青期的变化主要受温度条件影响,随气候变暖,返青期提前,其变化规律为4～5月份平均气温每10年升高0.6℃,返青期每10年提前3 d.     

中国东北地区植被NDVI对气候变化的响应

结合1982—2003年GIMMS-NDVI数据集和GIS技术,应用基于像元的相关分析方法,分析了东北地区植被NDVI对气候变化的响应。结果表明：1）1982—2003年,东北地区年平均气温呈上升趋势,而年降水量呈下降趋势;东北地区植被NDVI与年平均气温呈显著正相关的像元占12.84%,主要分布在松嫩平原南部、三江平原中部和西辽河平原,植被类型为农田、阔叶林、草原。植被NDVI与年平均气温几乎不存在显著负相关性;植被NDVI与年降水呈显著和极显著正相关的像元比例为4.55%,主要植被类型为草原和农田;植被NDVI与年降水量呈显著负相关的像元比例为7.52%,主要植被类型为针叶林和阔叶林。2）东北地区植被与生长季气温显著正相关和显著负相关的比例分别为3.96%和4.35%;植被与生长季降水显著正相关和显著负相关的比例分别为8.81%和8.54%。3）东北地区58.21%的植被像元与春季气温显著或极显著正相关,主要分布在大兴安岭中部、小兴安岭、长白山及完达山-张广才岭等地区,主要植被类型为阔叶林、农田、针叶林和草甸;植被NDVI与春季气温几乎不存在显著负相关性。植被NDVI与春季降水呈显著正相关和显著负相关的比例分别为4.81%和1.67%。4）东北地区植被NDVI与夏季气温和降水呈显著相关的比例明显少于春季,与夏季气温正相关的比例为7.61%,与夏季降水显著负相关的比例为6.29%。秋季气温和降水对东北地区植被NDVI影响较小,其中植被NDVI与秋季气温显著正相关的像元占植被像元总数的6.05%,几乎不存在与秋季气温显著负相关的植被像元;植被NDVI与秋季降水显著负相关的比例为5.43%,几乎不存在与秋季降水显著正相关的植被像元。     

天津地区归一化植被指数时间动态及其与气候因子的关系

利用1982—2003年8 km×8 km的NASA/GIMMS半月合成的归一化植被指数(NDVI)和气候数据,研究了天津年平均及逐月NDVI变化趋势以及降水和气温对其影响。结果表明：1982—2003年,年平均NDVI呈现波动性的微弱降低趋势;生长季中,不同月份的年际变化存在明显差异;春季和秋季NDVI呈增加趋势,其中10月达到显著性水平（P<0.05）,而夏季NDVI是降低的,6月下降达到极显著水平（P<0.01）;逐月NDVI与同期月平均气温及月降水量的回归分析表明,NDVI与温度和降水均有很好的非线性正相关关系（P<0.001）,证实温度和降水对NDVI的影响有很强的季节性;降水和气温对生长季不同月份的植被NDVI影响明显不同,同时呈现一定的滞后性。     

基于 NDVI 的新疆和静县草地植被覆盖动态变化及其与气温降水的关系

以新疆和静县为研究区, 以 2000、2005、2010 和 2015 年 Landsat 影像及 2000～2015 年 MODIS-NDVI 16d 合成产品为主要数据源, 运用 ArcGIS 叠加分析功能, 分级估算 4 个不同时期草地植被覆盖度动态变化特征, 结合气温和降水数据, 利用 NDVI 偏差, 采用趋势线分析方法, 研究区草地植被覆盖变化对温度和降水的响应。研究结果表明:(1)2000—2015 年, 研究区植被覆盖表现为退化, 退化面积为 13763.48 km2, 占研究区面积 49.42%, 较植被覆盖度增加面积多出 12611.65 km2, 是植被覆盖度增加面积的 11.95 倍。(2)2000—2015 年, 研究区植被 NDVI 呈现下降趋势, 年平均气温和 NDVI 的相关系数为–0.32, 呈现负相关, 年平均降水量和 NDVI 的相关系数为 0.76, 呈现正相关。(3)研究区 NDVI 值年内变化呈现单峰型, 夏季 NDVI 值平均每 10a 增长约–3.6%, 秋季 NDVI 值平均每 10a 增长约–1.6%, 春季 NDVI 值平均每 10a 增长约 0.1%;植被 NDVI 值和月平均气温的相关系数为 0.801(n=144); 植被 NDVI 值与月平均降水量相关系数为 0.832(n=144), 均超过 p<0.01 的检验。     

乌珠穆沁草原水热分配差异对植被的影响

利用MODIS NDVI 数据和气象站点的气温和降水资料, 运用最大值合成、一元线性分析和相关分析方法, 分别从年际变化、季节变化和月变化角度分析2000-2013 年乌珠穆沁草原植被覆盖变化及其对气温和降水变化的响应特征。结果表明, 从年际变化看, 近15 年来乌珠穆沁草原植被覆盖呈增加趋势, 其变化趋势主要受降水量的控制; 从季节变化来看, 夏季和秋季植被覆盖度呈上升趋势, 而春季呈下降趋势。春季和夏季植被覆盖变化主要受降水的影响,而秋季植被生长与气温的关系较与降水的关系密切; 从植被生长的月变化来看, NDVI 与气温的相关性小, 与降水量的相关性大。在返青期初期(4、5 月)NDVI 值随气温升高而升高, 温度有助于植被的生长, 其他时段气温对NDVI 值产生负向作用, 其中7 月份植被生长受气温的负向作用最明显; 4-6 月受当月降水量的影响明显, 7、8 月份NDVI 值与6月份降水量呈显著相关, 表明植被生长对降水变化具有一定滞后性。     

安徽省2000-2009年不同类型植被的变化及其与气温、降水的关系

为了了解安徽省不同类型植被与气候环境因子的关系,利用2000-2009年的逐月MODIS/NDVI数据、安徽省80个气象站逐日气温、降水资料和安徽省土地覆盖数据,研究了安徽省近10年来植被指数的时空变化特征及其与气温、降水的相关性.结果表明:近10年来,安徽省各覆盖类型的植被指数变化趋势不一致,作物种植区和城镇的植被指数增加显著,其他覆盖类型的植被指数变化不显著;林地的平均植被指数最高,作物种植区次之,城镇最低;植被指数的月变化在作物种植区呈现双峰型,而其他覆盖类型呈现单峰型.安徽省月平均NDVI分别与月平均气温、月降水量呈显著线性正相关和非线性正相关,降水量对植被NDVI的作用存在一个阈值,但年际关系均呈弱正相关.植被指数与气温的偏相关系数林地最高,作物种植区最低,自然植被区的偏相关系数较人工植被区的大,植被指数与降水的偏相关系数恰好相反.安徽省淮北平原中部和江淮之间北部大部分地区(非水浇地)的植被是由气温和降水的共同作用驱动;淮北中部少数格点和少数水体格点的植被是单独由降水作用驱动;除一些水面的格点是非气象因子驱动外,其他大部分地区的植被是单独由气温作用驱动.     

Expression change in Angiopoietin-1 underlies change in relative brain size in fish

Brain size varies substantially across the animal kingdom and is often associated with cognitive ability; however, the genetic architecture underpinning natural variation in these key traits is virtually unknown. In order to identify the genetic architecture and loci underlying variation in brain size, we analysed both coding sequence and expression for all the loci expressed in the telencephalon in replicate populations of guppies (Poecilia reticulata) artificially selected for large and small relative brain size. A single gene, Angiopoietin-1 (Ang-1), a regulator of angiogenesis and suspected driver of neural development, was differentially expressed between large- and small-brain populations. Zebra fish (Danio rerio) morphants showed that mild knock down of Ang-1 produces a small-brained phenotype that could be rescued with Ang-1 mRNA. Translation inhibition of Ang-1 resulted in smaller brains in larvae and increased expression of Notch-1, which regulates differentiation of neural stem cells. In situ analysis of newborn large- and small-brained guppies revealed matching expression patterns of Ang-1 and Notch-1 to those observed in zebrafish larvae. Taken together, our results suggest that the genetic architecture affecting brain size in our population may be surprisingly simple, and Ang-1 may be a potentially important locus in the evolution of vertebrate brain size and cognitive ability.     

基于归一化植被指数变化分级的深圳市植被变化

基于深圳市1988和2003年的TM遥感数据及2004年土地利用变更调查资料,利用归一化植被指数(NDVI)变化分级方法对深圳市植被覆盖变化及与其相关的自然和社会经济因子之间的响应关系进行了分析.结果表明：1988—2003年间,快速城市化过程对深圳地区地表植被没有产生整体性影响,但平原台地地区的植被退化较明显;深圳市局部地区生态退化的主要原因是建设用地侵占林地和园地、海拔100 m以上区域林地向园地的转移、以及部分建设用地绿化率过低.今后深圳市植被保护和建设工作的重点主要包括：强化植被保护和恢复工作;尽可能避免建设用地侵占林地和园地等植被覆盖较好的区域;尽快纠正海拔100 m以上不合理的园地建设行为;强化城市内部的绿地建设.NDVI指数变化分级方法是揭示大尺度区域植被宏观变化趋势的有效方法,可有效避免数据噪声对NDVI指数的影响.     

Vegetational response to change in environment and change in species tolerance with time

Conclusion Applications of system analysis and model simulation can provide for criteria of preservation regulating the processes of entropy and negentropy in ecosystems. Changes in floristic composition and species tolerance may provide information for the necessary dynamics and the cause-effect relationships of vegetation with its environment. Information about the autecology and synecology of species can be utilized in computer programs to measure the impact of man upon the ecosystem. This information will contribute increasingly to wilderness management. Change seems to be of great importance and habitat manipulation through planned large-scale or small-scale disturbance will contribute to new concepts in phytosociology. Research will have to be directed to the total ecosystem and its own environment, and to the most desirable disequilibrium of such an ecosystem. In such research, system analysis and model simulation will play key roles in the future.     

Circadian change of heat loss in response to change in core temperature in rats

1. 1.|Circadian changes in heat production (M), heat loss (H), core temperature (T_c) and feeding activity (FA) of ad-lib fed rats were observed by direct and indirect calorimetry.

2. 2.|M, H and T_c showed a clear nocturnal increase associated with several discrete increases.

3. 3.|Whereas the slope of M vs T_c relation did not change appreciably within a day, the slope of H vs T_c or thermal conductance vs T_c relation tended to decrease at night, implying that the correlation between heat loss and body temperature is also a function of time of day in rats.

Rapid evolutionary change in a secondary sexual character linked to climatic change

The ability of organisms to respond evolutionarily to rapid climatic change is poorly known. Secondary sexual characters show the potential for rapid evolutionary change, as evidenced by strong divergence among species and high evolvability. Here we show that the length of the outermost tail feathers of males of the socially monogamous barn swallow Hirundo rustica, feathers that provide a mating advantage to males, has increased by more than 1 standard deviation during the period from 1984 to 2003. Barn swallows from the Danish population studied here migrate through the Iberian Peninsula to South Africa in fall, and return along the same route in spring. Environmental conditions on the spring staging grounds in Algeria, as indexed by the Normalized Difference Vegetation Index, predicted tail length and change in tail length across generations. However, conditions in the winter quarters and at the breeding grounds did not predict change in tail length. Environmental conditions in Algeria in spring showed a temporal deterioration during the study period, associated with a reduction in annual survival rate of male barn swallows. Phenotypic plasticity in tail length of males, estimated as the increase in tail length from the age of 1 to 2 years, decreased during the course of the study. Estimates of directional selection differentials for male tail length with respect to mating success, breeding date, fecundity, survival and total selection showed temporal variation, with the intensity of breeding date selection, survival selection and total selection declining during the study. Response to selection as estimated from the product of heritability and total selection was very similar to the observed temporal change in tail length. These findings provide evidence of rapid micro-evolutionary change in a secondary sexual character during a very short time period, which is associated with a rapid change in environmental conditions.     

A change in the alarm level entails a change in behavioural strategy of mice in stress and a change in analgesia induced by it

The effects of anxiogenic (pentylentetrazole) and anxiolytic (diazepam) agents on and cold swim stress-induced analgesia were investigated in SHR and NMRI male mice. It was shown that behavioral response to acute stress was associated with a change in the pain tolerance threshold. Diazepam increased immobility time and attenuated stress-induced analgesia (SIA). NMRI mice were more responsive to anxiolytic than the SHR mice, but the lattes manifested more dramatic changes when anxiety was pharmacologically enhanced (immobility time was significantly reduced and the SIA exaggerated). Our findings suggest that the main parameters change in reciprocal manner following a pharmacologically altered anxiety, and reveal that differences between two strains of mice are determined by differences in their sensitivity to stress.     

Rapid morphological change in stream beetle museum specimens correlates with climate change

Abstract 1. Climate change has been occurring at unprecedented rates and its impacts on biological populations is beginning to be well documented in the literature. For many species, however, long‐term records are not available, and trends have not been documented. 2. Using museum specimens from southern USA, we show that the stream‐dwelling beetle Gyretes sinuatus has shown an 8% increase in body size and change in body shape (fineness ratio) from 1928 to 1988. Any directional morphological change observed over time could be an indicator of a microevolutionary response. 3. During these 60 years, there have also been changes in temperature, precipitation, and location of collection sites. Unlike the global trend, mean annual temperature in the region has decreased, and furthermore, total annual precipitation has increased. By investigating how these various ecological and geographical variables may affect body size and shape, we can examine which pressures may promote larger and/or thinner beetles. 4. Results indicate that mean annual temperature was the most predictive variable for the change in size and shape. We suggest there is an adaptive role for temperature on body size and shape of stream dwelling organisms. 5. We found that museum specimens can be invaluable resources of information when collection date and location information is available. We promote the use of such specimens for future studies of the morphological response to climate change.