黑河流域中游罗布麻传粉生态学特性研究

对黑河流域中游罗布麻的开花动态、花粉活力、柱头可授性、访花昆虫种类、访花频率、花粉与胚珠比(P/O)、杂交指数(OCI)及自然条件下的座果率进行观测,结果显示:罗布麻的单花花期为4～6 d,群体花期为6～8月,花朵开裂3.5 h后,花粉活力达到最大,4 d后花粉活力下降为0,柱头可授性在开花后第2天达到最大,柱头可授性可持续4 d.访花昆虫有10余种,以膜翅目昆虫为主,姬蜂、卡切叶蜂、达戈切叶蜂、意大利蜂、黑带食蚜蝇、菜粉蝶、蚜虫为主要传粉昆虫,花粉与胚珠比(P/O)为36.2,OCI为2,实验组和对照组的座果率分别为(2.79±0.99)%和(3.41±1.05)%.实验结果表明,罗布麻为兼性自交的繁育系统,座果率偏低,虫媒在传粉过程中只是起到一定辅助作用.     

宁夏枸杞传粉生态学初步研究

田间观察检测了宁夏枸杞(Lycium barbarum L.)9个品系的开花物候、开花动态、花粉活力、柱头可授性及其繁育系统,并对花粉萌发、花粉管生长以及访花者的种类和访花行为进行了初步研究.结果表明,宁夏枸杞整个居群有长达5个月的花期,单花的花期仅为3～4 d,花粉活力可保持15 d左右,柱头可授性在72 h左右,雌雄生殖单位在持续时间上有较长的相遇期;花粉数量与胚珠比(P/O)为4 000左右,杂交指数(OCI)介于3或4,繁育系统为异交型,需要传粉者;荧光显微观察表明,参试的3个品系的花粉均能在柱头上萌发,2个有自交不亲和现象,其位置发生在花柱的上半部分和子房内.访花昆虫有17种,分属双翅目、膜翅目和鳞翅目,花的结构和开花式样适合以意大利蜜蜂和食蚜蝇为主的多种昆虫传粉.     

秦岭岩白菜的传粉生物学特性与繁育系统

对珍稀濒危植物秦岭岩白菜(Bergenia scopulosa T.P.Wang)的开花特性、传粉适应及繁育系统进行了分析研究。结果表明:(1)秦岭岩白菜为蝎尾状聚伞花序,具(29±10)朵单花,单花期约15d,遇低温雨雪天气花冠闭合,可延长3~5d,花序花期约30d,种群花期近4个月。(2)花粉活力在花药开裂后的12h内最高(约90%),维持单花平均花粉活力在30%以上约6d;柱头在第1~4天内保持很强的可授性,维持可授性的时间约为9d。(3)秦岭岩白菜主要有效传粉昆虫为中华蜜蜂,平均访花频率为6.5朵/min,单花停留时间为(11.0±4.8)s。(4)秦岭岩白菜的花粉胚珠比(P/O)为589.8,杂交指数(OCI)为3;人工授粉实验显示,秦岭岩白菜不存在无融合生殖,自交亲和,主动自交罕见,生殖成功主要依赖传粉者。研究认为,秦岭岩白菜是兼性异交的繁育系统,胚珠受精过程中可能存在自交衰退。     

野生翠雀传粉生物学特性研究

对从北京郊区引种的野生翠雀(Delphiniun grandiflorum L.)的开花习性进行了观察,对其花粉活力、柱头可授性,花粉/胚珠比(P/O),杂交指数(OCI)进行了检测,并进行了人工授粉实验。结果表明:(1)翠雀的花序为总状花序,具3~15朵花,花梗长1.5~3.8cm,单花期10d,花序花期15~18d。(2)翠雀花粉活力日变化呈先升高后降低的趋势;柱头在开花当天至开花后4d无可授性,在开花后的5d、6d有可授性。(3)翠雀的花粉胚珠比(P/O)为2 159.14,杂交指数OCI为5;人工授粉实验表明,翠雀在自然条件下能够结实,结实率为100%;存在自主自花授粉现象,部分自交亲和,结实受传粉者限制;不存在无融合生殖现象。(4)翠雀主要的访花昆虫有四条无垫蜂和短腹管蚜蝇。研究认为,翠雀的繁育系统为兼性异交或专性异交,部分自交亲和,需要传粉者。     

深山含笑传粉生物学研究

为明确深山含笑(Michelia maudiae)的传粉生物学特性,该文以西华师范大学校园内的深山含笑为研究材料,采取野外观察法记录了深山含笑的开花动态、访花者及访花频率;用游标卡尺法,测定了深山含笑的异交指数(OCI);用醋酸洋红法,测定了花粉胚珠比(P/O);用套袋和人工授粉法,测定了深山含笑的繁育系统。结果表明:(1)深山含笑为早春开花植物,其种群花期为2~3月,持续30d左右,单花花期5~6d;在单花开放初期,最内层的花瓣未绽开,是适应潮湿或多雨的环境而保护花药与柱头免受雨水的冲刷,提高雌雄性适合度,确保繁殖成功的一种策略;(2)深山含笑的有效传粉者为蜜蜂,访花时间集中在晴朗天气的中午;(3)深山含笑的异交指数(OCI)等于5,花粉胚珠比(P/O)为2 933±50;(4)深山含笑为雄蕊先熟,柱头可授性在开花第2~3天达到最高;(5)套袋和人工授粉表明深山含笑为兼性自交和异交授粉,其中异交授粉的座果率和结籽率显著高于自交授粉。早春开花的深山含笑,其传粉者为单一的蜜蜂,繁育系统为异交,部分自交亲和,结果为引种栽培、良种选育等提供依据更好地利用和保护此资源奠定基础。     

大花黄牡丹的开花特性与繁育系统

2019-2020年观察河南省栾川县引种栽培的西藏特有植物大花黄牡丹(Paeonia ludlowii)开花过程和访花昆虫,计算花粉-胚珠比(P/O)和杂交指数(OCI),检测花粉活力与柱头可授性并结合人工控制授粉试验,探究其开花特性和繁育系统类型。结果表明:(1)大花黄牡丹花朵昼开夜合,花朵随花冠展开下垂,伴花冠闭合回升。(2)花淡香,有花内蜜腺,花瓣与雌蕊子房之间是主要泌蜜部位。(3)2019年群体花期为5月17日～6月19日,持续34 d,为集中开花模式;单花花期(8.95±1.28)d。(4)大花黄牡丹从开花第2天至第6天皆具有较高的花粉活力;开花前1天柱头即具有可授性,持续12 d;花粉活力与柱头可授性最强时期高度重合,共2 d。(5)P/O为119 356.31～731 238.07,OCI为4,繁育系统类型为异交、部分自交亲和、需要传粉者。(6)大花黄牡丹可能有无融合生殖,但不稳定,去雄严重影响结实。(7)河南省栾川县大花黄牡丹主要访花昆虫为意大利蜜蜂(Apis mellifera ligustica)、芦蜂(Ceratina sp.)和隧蜂(Halictus sp.)、灰带管蚜蝇(Eristalis cerealis)和黑带食蚜蝇(Episyphus balteatus),其中意大利蜜蜂访花次数最多。(8)大花黄牡丹侧花比顶花结实稳定,杂交育种时建议在侧花开放第3、4天授粉以获得较高结实率。     

狭叶坡垒传粉生物学初探

狭叶坡垒(Hopea chinensis)为常绿乔木,是我国热带季雨林的代表树种之一。它树型优美,具一定的耐寒性,是我国珍稀濒危保护植物。为阐明其传粉生物学特征和迁地保护的繁殖潜力,该文在引种地桂林植物园对狭叶坡垒的开花物候、花尺寸和花气味进行了观察和测量,运用杂交指数(OCI)、花粉胚珠比(P/O)、花粉活力、柱头活性检测和人工自交等方法对其繁育系统进行了检测,观察了访花昆虫并检验了其传粉效率,通过人工异交检验了繁殖潜力和可能的传粉限制。结果表明:(1)桂林植物园内狭叶坡垒的花期为7月底到9月底,持续60 d左右,一个花序花期约12 d,单花期约3 d,花朵开放时间为17:00—18:45。(2)雌雄同熟,雌蕊空间位置高于雄蕊,高花粉活力和高柱头可授性出现时间基本一致。(3)OCI 等于4,P/O为10 788±984。(4)无自动自花授粉能力且自交不亲和,自然条件下和异交授粉能坐果且坐果率无显著差异。(5)蕈蚊是狭叶坡垒唯一的传粉者。(6)主要花香成分为β-榄香烯、(E)-7,11-二甲基-3-亚甲基-1,6,10-十二碳三烯和1-石竹烯。综上所述,狭叶坡垒繁育系统为异交,在迁地保护地需要蕈蚊作为传粉者,能坐果并得到成熟种子,不存在授粉限制。     

珍稀濒危植物瑶山苣苔开花生物学及繁育系统研究

对仅分布于广西金秀老山自然保护区的国家Ⅰ级保护植物瑶山苣苔进行了开花生物学和繁育系统研究.结果显示:(1)瑶山苣苔花期从8月底至11月初,开花无固定时间.单花开放过程可分为萌动、露白、盛开、凋落4个阶段,且花朵具明显的增大再生长现象.(2)单花、花序、单株水平上的开花物候都表现出开花不同步性,单花花期约5~14 d,单花序花期约11~20 d,单株花期约8~20 d.花粉活力在散粉后6 d内相对较高,但花粉在野外通常于散粉3 d内被昆虫啃食完.(3)柱头在花药散粉时明显高于花药,便于接受异花花粉,柱头在散粉后第4天具可授性,可持续5~6 d.(4)瑶山苣苔杂交指数(OCI)为5,花粉-胚珠比(P/O)为379.64±145.61,繁育系统为兼性异交,自交亲和,传粉过程需要传粉媒介.研究表明,不稳定的传粉环境可能是该物种至濒的主要生殖生物学原因,自发自交"是其在开花期间对不稳定传粉环境的一种适应.     

贯叶连翘的开花动态与繁育系统研究

野外观察贯叶连翘的开花进程和花部形态特征,运用花粉萌发、杂交指数、花粉-胚珠比等方法测定其繁育系统。结果显示:贯叶连翘雌雄异熟,柱头先花药成熟,雌雄蕊无明显异位。单花花期4～5d。仅在开花当日有昆虫传粉,蜜蜂为主要传粉者。花粉在花药开裂1h后活力最大,萌发率达40.10%,花粉在柱头萌发3h后接近子房。根据杂交指数(OCI)推测其繁育系统属于异交,部分自交亲和,有时需要传粉者。花粉-胚珠比(P/O)则表明贯叶连翘的繁育系统为兼性异交。贯叶连翘结实率低,可能与花粉活力,花粉管的生长速度及花粉在柱头的竞争有关。     

入侵植物美洲商陆的传粉生态学特性

从开花物候、花朵数量性状、花粉活力、花粉组织化学、柱头可授性、花粉在柱头上的萌发状况、杂交指数、花粉胚珠比、传粉媒介以及繁育系统等方面,研究了外来入侵植物美洲商陆(Phytolacca americana)的传粉生态学特性,为揭示该物种成功入侵的机理提供依据.结果表明:美洲商陆种群花期可达45~70 d,单花花期为2~3d,可进一步分为杯状花期、花瓣平展期、花瓣下垂期、花瓣反卷期;花冠直径在下垂期最大且不超过1 cm,花药与柱头间距离在1 ~2.5 mm,有利于自交的发生;花瓣平展期与花瓣下垂期花粉活力差异显著(P<0.05),杯状花期与花瓣平展期花粉活力差异不显著(P>0.05),花瓣平展期花粉活力可达85%;雌蕊柱头可授性在花瓣平展期最强;杯状花期合生柱头开裂,花瓣平展期柱头9~ 10裂,接受花粉的表面积增大;花药散粉时间与合生柱头开裂时间相吻合,有助于柱头接受花粉;扫描电镜下观察到花粉在花瓣平展期的柱头上已萌发;每朵花可提供1667~3222粒花粉,胚珠9~10个,花粉胚珠比(P/O)为340.88±34.99,表现为兼性自交;美洲商陆杂交指数(OCI)为3,花粉粒属于含脂型,主要传粉昆虫有蜜蜂、胡蜂、食蚜蝇、细腰蜂.综上所述,美洲商陆自交亲和,花粉活力高、柱头可授性强,且高花粉活力与强柱头可授性出现在相同的时期,增加了花粉落置柱头及在柱头上萌发的几率;虫媒花,访花者行为与花朵相适应,有利于提高坐果率,这样的繁殖机制与传粉特点是美洲商陆成功入侵的主要因素之一.     

Relative and combined effects of ethanol and protein deficiency on strontium and barium bone content and fecal and urinary excretion

To elucidate accumulation of minerals in human iliac arteries with aging, the content of minerals was analyzed by inductively coupled plasma atomic emission spectrometry. Bilateral common, internal, and external iliac arteries of 16 men and 8 women, ranging ages from 65 to 93 yr, were examined. It was found that an extremely high accumulation of calcium and phosphorus occurred in the common iliac artery at old age, being higher than that of the internal and external iliac arteries. It should be noted that the accumulation of calcium and phosphorus is the highest in the common iliac artery among the human arteries examined to date. Regarding sexual differences, the content of calcium and phosphorus in the common and internal iliac arteries was higher in women than in men, whereas their content in the external iliac artery was lower in women than in men.     

New amino-dithiaphospholanes and phosphoramidodithioites and their rhodium and iridium complexes

New sulfur derivatives of phosphoramidite ligands were synthesized and the impact of the sulfur unit on the spectroscopic properties of their rhodium and iridium complexes was investigated. The new ligands Bn₂NPSCH₂CH₂S^a(P-S^a) (Bn = benzyl, 4), Bn₂NPSCHCHS^a(CH₂)₃C^aH₂(P-S^a)(C^a-S^a) (6) and Bn₂NP(4-XC₆H₄OMe)₂ (X = S, 7a; X = O, 7b) were converted to the rhodium and iridium complexes trans-[Rh(CO)Cl(L)₂] (L = 4, 6, 7), [RhCl(COD)(L)] (L = 4, 6, 7), [IrCl(COD)(7a)] and [IrCl₂Cp∗(6)]. For comparison, some phosphoramidite complexes of these formulations also were synthesized. The new metal complexes were spectroscopically analyzed. For the carbonyl complexes, the ν_CO IR stretching frequencies were lower than for the corresponding phosphite and phosphoramidite ligands. The ¹J_PRh coupling constants for the rhodium complexes with the new ligands were also smaller than for the respective phosphoramidite and phosphite complexes. Finally, the ¹J_PSe coupling constants of the selenides of the new ligands were lower than those of the phosphoramidite ligands but higher than for PPh₃. The spectroscopic data reveal that the new thio ligands 4, 6 and 7a are more electron donating than phosphites and phosphoramidites but less electron donating than PPh₃.     

Astrocytes and Synaptosomes Transport and Metabolize Lactate and Acetate Differently

Astrocytes transport the monocarboxylate acetate, but synaptosomes do not. The reason for this is unknown, because both preparations express monocarboxylate transporters (MCT). The transport and metabolism of lactate, another monocarboxylate, was examined in these two preparations, and the results were compared to those for acetate. Lactate transport is more rapid in astrocytes than in synaptosomes, but of lower affinity (Kms of 17 and 4 mM, respectively). Lactate (0.2 mM) is metabolized to CO2 more rapidly in synaptosomes than in astrocytes (rates of 0.37 and 0.07 nmol x mg protein(-1) x min(-1), respectively). The reason for this is unclear, but cellular differences in lactate dehydrogenase isotype expression may be involved. Acetate is metabolized to CO2 more rapidly in astrocytes than in synaptosomes (rates of 0.43 and 0.02 nmol x mg protein(-1) x min(-1), respectively). This is likely due to cellular differences in the expression of monocarboxylate transporter subtypes.     

白蚁与动物及微生物的共生类型及其机制

综述了白蚁螱客的主要种类、共生关系及相关机制的研究进展。白蚁螱客中,已报道的动物种类达170种。在与动物的共生关系中存在偏利共生（宾主共栖和异种共栖）、互利共生和无关共生三种;在与微生物的共生关系中,存在与内生菌（原生动物、细菌、真菌和放线菌）和外生菌（蚁巢伞菌等）间的互利关系。指出了白蚁与螱客研究中存在的问题,给出了解决方案,并提出了今后可能的研究热点或方向,为白蚁的综合利用（如纤维素酶）及今后研究物种间的协同进化提供了基础资料。     

Rapporteur report: Basics and technology and metrology and standards

The first and second sessions of the Workshop focussed on the basics of ultrasound and infrasound, their applications in both industry and medicine, and metrology and protection standards for ultrasound applications.     

Prostaglandin and thromboxane production by human and guinea-pig macrophages and leucocytes

The ability of partially purified human and guinea-pig haematogenous cell populations, when cultured in vitro, to metabolise arachidonic acid (AA) has been studied. Supernatants from 24 hour cell culture have been subjected to analysis for products of AA metabolism by gas chromatography with electron-capture detection.The cell types studied were human peripheral blood monocytes (both glass adherent and non-adherent), neutrophils, eosinophils and leukemic leucocytes; thoracic duct lymphocytes and lung alveolar macrophages. From the guinea-pig, induced and non-induced macrophage or neutrophil enriched peritoneal exudate populations, lymph node cells, peritoneal eosinophils and peripheral blood platelets were examined. Supernatants were assayed for the presence of PGE₂, PGD₂, PGF_2α, TXB₂ and 6-keto-PGF_1α. In all types studied PGE₂ and TXB₂ were the major products formed. The identification of PGE₂ and TXB₂ was confirmed by GC/MS with multiple ion monitoring.The results have been compared with other reports and their possible significance discussed in relation to the proposed role of prostaglandins as mediators and modulators in immunopathology.     

Cytoskeleton and mitochondrial morphology and function

It has been well established that the cytoskeleton is an essential modulator of cell morphology and motility, intracytoplasmic transport and mitosis, however cytoskeletal linkage to the organelles has not been unequivocally demonstrated. Indeed, cytoskeleton appears to be essential in determining and modulating gene phenotype as a function of cellular environment. According to recent studies, the organization of the cytoskeleton network together with associated protein(s) could be essential in regulating mitochondrial function and particularly the permeability of the mitochondrial outer membrane to ADP. The aim of this chapter is to summarize the main properties of the cytoskeletal environment of mitochondria and the possible role(s) of this network in mitochondrial function in myocytes.     

Cross-reactivity between storage and dust mites and between mites and shrimp

Many patients have sensitivities to multiple species of storage and house dust mites. It is not clear if this is because patients have multiple sensitivities to species-specific mite allergens or if these mites share many cross-reacting allergens. Our objective was to further define the cross-allergenicity between several species of storage and house dust mites using crossed-immunoelectrophoresis (CIE), crossed-radioimmunoelectrophoresis (CRIE), immunoblotting, and ELISA. CIE and CRIE reactions revealed that storage mites shared two cross-antigenic molecules and one of these bound IgE in a serum pool from mite allergic patients. Antibody in anti-sera built to each species of mite recognized many SDS–PAGE resolved proteins of other mite species and this suggested the potential for other cross-reactive allergens. Among patient sera, IgE bound to many different proteins but few had IgE that bound to a protein with common molecular weights across the mite species and this suggested mostly species-specific allergens. Antiserum built to each mite species precipitated one protein in shrimp extracts that bound anti-Der p 10 (tropomyosin) and IgE in the serum pool. Anti-Der p 10 showed strong binding to shrimp tropomyosin but very little to any of the mite proteins. ELISA showed the mite extracts contained very little tropomyosin. The storage and dust mites investigated contain mostly species-specific allergens and very small amounts of the pan-allergen tropomyosin compared to shrimp and snail.