水翁(Cleistocalyx operculatus)幼苗对淹水的反应初报

研究了水翁在生理和形态上对3个月淹水期的反应。在潮湿或淹水条件下水翁能存活并保持一定的净光合速率和生长速率,全淹条件下存活期为60d,水翁对淹水的适应包括：（1）淹和的茎部产生肥大皮孔和不定根,（2）不定根系的活力比正常根系的活力高,有不定根的植株的气孔传导率和蒸腾速率比没有不定根的植株高得多。水翁是一种耐淹植物,可在河岸、库岸等水位波动地区种植。     

淹水时水翁幼苗光合特性与不定根的关系(简报)

淹水引起水翁幼苗净光合速率、气孔导度和蒸腾速率发生变化。淹水５ｄ后,水翁幼苗净光合速率、气孔导度和蒸腾速率慢慢下降。但从淹水第３５天开始,部分水翁幼苗在淹水的茎部产生不定根,有不定根的水翁幼苗的净光合速率、气孔导度和蒸腾速率逐渐提高,到第８０天后维持在较高水平。有不定根的水翁幼苗的净光合速率、气孔导度和蒸腾速率的日进程呈双峰型,回归分析表明,净光合速率与气孔导度呈正相关（ｒ＝０．６９,Ｐ〈０．０５     

淹水深度对互叶白千层幼苗气体交换、叶绿素荧光和生长的影响

实验设置对照、浅淹(水位高出土壤表面5cm)和深淹(水位高出土壤表面20cm)3种处理,研究了淹水深度对互叶白千层幼苗的气体交换、叶绿素荧光和生长状况的影响。研究结果表明,随着淹水深度的增加,互叶白千层受到的胁迫程度有所增强。经过270d的淹水处理,浅淹组和深淹组的株高和生物量有所下降,分别为对照的90.86%、64.58%和74.52%、36.46%。浅淹组植株叶绿素含量、净光合速率、气孔传导率和蒸腾速率略有下降,分别为对照的95.39%、94.26%、90.02%和88.94%。深淹组植株在淹水后180d内上述参数显著下降,分别为对照的79.44%、73.54%、61.79%和71.46%,随后逐渐接近对照组。浅淹组PSⅡ的最大光化学量子效率(Fv/Fm)比较稳定,与对照组基本相同。深淹组在淹水后150d内Fv/Fm稍有下降,随后恢复到对照水平。浅淹组植株光化学淬灭系数(qP)稍有下降,非光化学淬灭(NPQ)略有上升,分别为对照的96.63%和105.66%。深淹组植株在淹水后120d内qP显著下降,NPQ明显上升,分别为对照的94.51%和126.66%,随后逐渐接近对照组。另外,淹水过程中,互叶白千层形成不定根和产生发达的通气组织,淹水植株的根孔隙度显著高于对照。     

淹水解除后玉米幼苗形态及光合生理特征恢复

以郑单958为试验材料,在盆栽条件下研究了淹水及淹水解除后玉米幼苗根系、叶片形态、光合生理及植株的恢复生长.结果表明:(1) 淹水总体上抑制玉米幼苗根系生长,短期淹水(7d)导致根系总长度、根系表面积、根系体积均显著降低,随着淹水时间延长(14d)玉米根系产生大量不定根,使得根系总长度、根系表面积、根系体积显著升高(P＜0.01);(2)淹水条件下叶片生长同样受到抑制,玉米叶面积、叶型指数和可见叶片数均显著下降;(3)淹水条件下玉米幼苗的光合性能下降,光合色素总含量降低,但短期淹水(7d)后叶绿素a/b值提高;气孔限制(Ls)是淹水7d植株光合速率下降的主要因素,而非气孔限制则是淹水14d植株光合速率下降的主要因素.(4)淹水处理7d、14d后的玉米幼苗均能够恢复生长,但恢复生长速率随淹水时间延长而降低;在恢复生长过程中,光合生理指标恢复早于形态恢复,强光对于淹水后幼苗恢复生长具有明显的抑制效应.     

不同耐渍基因型芝麻在厌氧胁迫下根系的生理与结构变化

利用4种耐渍性不同的芝麻基因型,在厌氧胁迫条件下检测了根部无氧呼吸酶活性、内源乙烯含量并调查了根形态和解剖结构,以比较研究旱生植物耐渍性的主要机制。同时设计了田间分期多次淹水试验,观察早期淹水训练对芝麻生长和产量的影响。结果表明：耐渍种质的乙烯释放量在根中增加了6．06倍,茎中1．76倍,不定根数量增加了4．0～5．0倍,在初生根和不定根皮层形成典型的通气组织。非耐渍种质中未检测到乙烯变化,不定根数量增加了0．79～1．8倍,根中无明显的通气组织发生,但是乙醇脱氢酶(ADH)活性可增加4．2～9．3倍,高于耐渍种质。分期淹水试验以四对真叶期和初花期处理产量较高,与对照无显著差异,而终花期一次性淹水产量损失最大。综合分析认为,不定根增生和根皮层通气组织的形成是芝麻耐渍性的重要机制,根中内源乙烯的增加与结构适应变异有关。淹水训练能够有效地改善芝麻品种耐渍能力为结构适应提供了进一步的证据。     

Effects of waterlogging and increased soil nutrients on growth and reproduction of Polygonum hydropiper in the hydro-fluctuation belt of the Three Gorges Reservoir Region

水淹和土壤养分是影响三峡库区消落带植物生长的主要环境因子。消落带不同高程的植物长期经历不同的淹水强度和土壤养分条件。该研究假设同一物种来自于消落带不同高程的植株可能产生性状分化, 从而对根部淹水和土壤养分变化具有不同的生长和繁殖响应策略。为了验证以上假设, 选取在三峡库区消落带高低高程均广泛分布的物种水蓼(Polygonum hydropiper)为研究对象, 采集自然种群的种子。在温室同质园条件下, 研究了根部水淹和土壤养分提升对高低高程水蓼植株生长和繁殖特性的影响。研究结果表明根部水淹显著或趋于显著降低了水蓼植株功能叶的叶长、叶宽、总分枝数、叶生物量、花生物量和总生物量; 低养分处理显著或趋于显著降低了水蓼植株的总节数、总分枝数、根生物量、花生物量和总生物量, 表明根部水淹和低土壤养分对水蓼的生长和繁殖能力具有抑制作用。同时, 根部水淹和土壤养分的交互作用显著影响植株的根生物量, 表明根部水淹条件下高土壤养分更有利于植株根生物量的积累。高高程植株的根生物量和叶生物量显著或趋于显著高于低高程植株, 而低高程植株的始花时间早于高高程植株, 且繁殖分配也显著高于高高程植株, 表明高低高程水蓼植株对资源的分配策略不同。该研究结果表明水蓼的生长和繁殖特性受根部水淹和土壤养分共同限制, 但对根部水淹条件下高土壤养分生境具有较好的适应性; 同时, 低高程植株可以通过调整其生长和繁殖特性以提高对所处生境胁迫的适应性。     

不同水分胁迫对绵毛水苏幼苗形态和生理特性的影响

以绵毛水苏幼苗为试材,以正常供水为对照,研究不同水分胁迫(淹水、渍水、中度干旱、重度干旱)对绵毛水苏形态和生理指标的影响。结果表明:(1)绵毛水苏植株在淹水处理3d后外围叶片坏死,根系死亡,但茎基部有不定根萌生;渍水处理植株地上部始终无明显变化,但部分根系根尖变褐色;干旱处理7d时叶片萎蔫,且重度干旱处理叶片萎蔫程度大于中度干旱。胁迫解除后,除淹水处理在第13天恢复生长外,其余处理均在第2天恢复正常生长。(2)绵毛水苏叶片含水量和根系活力在淹水处理下显著降低,在渍水处理下无明显变化;在干旱胁迫下,叶片含水量迅速下降,而根系活力升高。(3)在各水分胁迫条件下,绵毛水苏植株叶、根的相对电导率和MDA含量均较对照显著升高,且根部受损程度均重于叶片,其中淹水胁迫受损最严重。(4)淹水处理叶片可溶性蛋白含量下降,可溶性糖、游离脯氨酸持续积累;渍水和干旱处理叶和根的可溶性糖、可溶性蛋白和游离脯氨酸均升高。研究认为,绵毛水苏具有较强的渗透调节能力,在渍水和干旱胁迫解除后迅速缓解膜质过氧化伤害,恢复正常生长;绵毛水苏虽不能在长时间淹水条件下生长,但可在渍水条件下正常生长,且能忍受干旱胁迫,可应用于滨水消落带等水分变化较大的区域。     

水稻对淹水土壤的适应

水稻能够在淹水土壤上正常生长,它的根系是怎样在缺氧土壤中进行呼吸和其它代谢活动的?还有那些途径可以向根提供氧气呢?下面就谈谈这些有关问题。水稻的通气组织水稻有三种根:胚根(种子根)、中胚轴根和节根(不定根、冠根),中胚轴根一般不发生,只有在深播或化学药剂处理条件下才会发生。     

淹水胁迫对青杨雌雄幼苗生理特性和生长的影响

为揭示青杨(Populus cathayana)雌雄幼苗对淹水胁迫的适应性, 在实验地内通过土培盆栽淹水方式从植株生理生态和生长发育方面探讨淹水胁迫对青杨扦插苗的影响。试验分为对照和淹水2个处理, 处理时间为40天。结果显示: (1)淹水胁迫导致青杨幼苗叶片中的丙二醛(MDA)含量和茎部淹水区的不定根数显著升高, 植株的净光合速率(P_n)、叶绿素含量、超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)活性、株高、基径、总叶面积、比叶面积(SLA)、根生物量、叶生物量、茎生物量、总生物量干重和根冠比(R/S)显著降低。(2)与雄株相比, 淹水胁迫显著增加了雌株幼苗的MDA含量, 降低了SOD活性、P_n、类胡萝卜素(Caro)含量、叶绿素a/b、SLA、根生物量和R/S, 并导致雄株在淹水胁迫下具有比雌株更高的气孔导度(G_s)、胞间CO₂浓度(C_i)、蒸腾速率(T_r)、不定根数和株高。可见, 淹水胁迫对青杨雌雄幼苗的形态生长和生理过程均有严重的抑制作用, 但表现出显著的性别间差异。雄株可以通过维持更高的光合作用能力和增加不定根数量来维持植株的生长, 从而表现出比雌株更强的抗逆性。     

宜昌黄杨对夏季淹水的生理生态学响应

宜昌黄杨(Buxus ichangensis)主要分布于长江三峡地区的消落带, 对该地区的水土保持和岸坡地稳定起着十分重要的作用。作者通过模拟夏季淹水研究了宜昌黄杨的形态特征、光合作用和根系活力的变化特征, 揭示了宜昌黄杨对淹水的生态学响应规律。结果表明宜昌黄杨在淹水过程中产生了皮孔、不定根等形态适应特征, 经过60 d的淹水处理, 植株仍全部存活, 表现出较强的适应能力。但是植株的生长仍然受到淹水的显著影响: 淹水条件下宜昌黄杨的最大光合速率、气孔导度和根系活力与对照相比都显著下降, 60 d后分别只有对照的19.24%、24.04%和4.78%。在不同处理阶段这些指标下降的幅度不同: 初期的下降幅度最大, 后期下降幅度减少, 其中根系活力在后期还有所回升。叶绿素A的含量随淹水延长持续下降, 后期有所回升, 而叶绿素B和类胡萝卜素的变化却不大。最后, 作者对该物种在水电工程库区退化消落带植被生态恢复中的应用提出了一些建议。     

Growth Responses and Adaptations of Fraxinus pennsylvanica Seedlings to Flooding

Flooding induced several physiological and morphological changes in Fraxinus pennsylvanica seedlings, with stomatal closure among the earliest responses. Subsequent changes included: reduction in dry weight increment of roots, stems, and leaves; formation of hypertrophied lenticels and production of adventitious roots on submerged portions of the stem above the soil line; leaf necrosis; and leaf abscission. After 15 days of stomatal closure as a result of flooding, stomata began to reopen progressively until stomatal aperture was similar in flooded and unflooded plants. Adventitious roots began to form at about the time stomatal reopening began. As more adventitious roots formed, elongated, and branched, the stomata opened further. The formation of adventitious roots was an important adaptation for flooding tolerance as shown by the high efficiency of adventitious roots in absorption of water and in high correlation between the production of adventitious roots and stomatal reopening.     

Ecophysiological adaptations of black spruce (<Emphasis Type="Italic"> Picea mariana</Emphasis>) and tamarack (<Emphasis Type="Italic"> Larix laricina</Emphasis>) seedlings to flooding

Black spruce [ Picea mariana (Mill.) B.S.P.] and tamarack [ Larix laricina (Du Roi) K. Koch] are the predominant tree species in boreal peatlands. The effects of 34 days of flooding on morphological and physiological responses were investigated in the greenhouse for black spruce and tamarack seedlings in their second growing season (18 months old). Flooding resulted in reduced root hydraulic conductance, net assimilation rate and stomatal conductance and increased needle electrolyte leakage in both species. Flooded tamarack seedlings maintained a higher net assimilation rate and stomatal conductance compared to flooded black spruce. Flooded tamarack seedlings were also able to maintain higher root hydraulic conductance compared to flooded black spruce seedlings at a comparable time period of flooding. Root respiration declined in both species under flooding. Sugar concentration increased in shoots while decreasing in roots in both species under flooding. Needles of flooded black spruce appeared necrotic and electrolyte leakage increased over time with flooding and remained significantly higher than in flooded tamarack seedlings. No visible damage symptoms were observed in flooded tamarack seedlings. Flooded tamarack seedlings developed adventitious roots beginning 16 days after the start of flooding treatment. Adventitious roots exhibited significantly higher root hydraulic conductivity than similarly sized flooded tamarack roots. Flooded black spruce lacked any such morphological adaptation. These results suggest that tamarack is better able to adjust both morphologically and physiologically to prolonged soil flooding than black spruce seedlings.     

Role of root systems of eastern larch and white spruce in response to flooding

Abstract. Soil flooding causes rapid reductions in transpiration, stomatal conductance and photosynthesis of many woody plants, which can decrease growth and ultimately result in plant death. This study was conducted to determine the role of the root system in the flooding response. Eastern larch ( Larix laricina ) seedlings were grown in Plexiglas tubes in which water uptake by flooded and unflooded roots was measured independently. Further flooding studies were conducted with eastern larch and white spruce ( Picea glauca ) in which stems were girdled. Root hydraulic properties were analysed using pressure-flow relationships. Transpiration rates of partially flooded plants declined more slowly than fully-flooded plants. Water uptake by unflooded roots of partially flooded seedlings increased momentarily with flooding. After lOd, flooding caused little change in root hydraulic conductance, a decrease in root system reflection coefficient, and an increase in osmotic permeability. Stem girdling had little effect on stomatal conductance and transpiration in comparison to flooding effects. The response of plant tops to flooding appears to be xylem-mediated and in proportion to the amount of root system flooded. Root hydraulic conductance appears to be unaffected by flooding except for a possible temporary increase on the first day following flooding treatments.     

Effect of soil flooding on photosynthesis,carbohydrate partitioning and nutrient uptake in the invasive exotic Lepidium latifolium

Lepidium latifolium L. is an invasive exotic crucifer that has spread explosively in wetlands and riparian areas of the western United States. To understand the ecophysiological characteristics of L. latifolium that affect its ability to invade riparian areas and wetlands, we examined photosynthesis, chlorophyll concentration, carbohydrate partitioning and nutrient uptake in L. latifolium in response to soil flooding. Photosynthesis of flooded plants was about 60–70% of the rate of unflooded controls. Chlorophyll concentrations of flooded plants were about 60–70% of the unflooded plants during 15–50 days of flooding. Flooding resulted in an increase in leaf starch concentration, but root starch concentration was not significantly affected. However, concentrations of soluble sugar were significantly higher in both leaves and roots of flooded plants than unflooded controls. On day 50 after initial flooding, the concentrations of N, P, K and Zn in leaves of flooded plants were lower than in control plants. The concentrations of Mn and Fe in leaves of flooded plants were eight and two times those of control plants, respectively. In contrast, N, P, K and Zn concentrations of roots of flooded plants were slightly higher than in unflooded plants. The concentrations of Fe and Mn in roots of flooded plants were 15 and 150 times those of the control plants, respectively. The transport of P, K, and Zn to shoots decreased and that of Mn increased under flooding. The accumulation of N, K and Zn in roots decreased and that of Mn increased in response to flooding. The results suggested that the maintenance of relatively high photosynthesis and the accumulation of soluble sugar in roots of flooded plants are important adaptations for this species in flooded environments. Despite a reduction in photosynthesis and disruption in nutrient and photosynthate allocation in response to flooding, L. latifolium was able to survive 50 days of flooding stress. Overall, L. latifolium performed like a facultative hydrophyte species under flooding.     

Variation for Root Aerenchyma Formation in Flooded and Non-Flooded Maize and Teosinte Seedlings

Morphological and anatomical factors such as aerenchyma formation in roots and the development of adventitious roots are considered to be amongst the most important developmental characteristics affecting flooding tolerance. In this study we investigated the lengths of adventitious roots and their capacity to form aerenchyma in three- and four-week-old seedlings of two maize (Zea mays ssp. mays, Linn.) inbred accessions, B64 and Na4, and one teosinte, Z. nicaraguensis Iltis & Benz (Poaceae), with and without a flooding treatment. Three weeks after sowing and following a seven day flooding treatment, both maize and teosinte seedlings formed aerenchyma in the cortex of the adventitious roots of the first three nodes. The degree of aerenchyma formation in the three genotypes increased with a second week of flooding treatment. In drained soil, the two maize accessions failed to form aerenchyma. In Z. nicaraguensis, aerenchyma developed in roots located at the first two nodes three weeks after sowing. In the fourth week, aerenchyma developed in roots of the third node, with a subsequent increase in aerenchyma in the second node roots. In a second experiment, we investigated the capacity of aerenchyma to develop in drained soil. An additional three teosinte species and 15 maize inbred lines, among them a set of flooding-tolerant maize lines, were evaluated. Evaluations indicate that accessions of Z. luxurians (Durieu & Asch. Bird) and two maize inbreds, B55 and Mo20W, form aerenchyma when not flooded. These materials may be useful genetic resources for the development of flooding-tolerant maize accessions.     

Water relations,ethylene production,and morphological adaptation ofFraxinus pennsylvanica seedlings to flooding

Summary Fraxinus pennsylvanica Marsh. seedlings that were 150 days old adapted well to flooding of soil with stagnant water for 28 days. Early stomatal closure, followed by reopening as well as hypertrophy of lenticels and formation of adventitious roots on submerged portions of stems appeared to be important adaptations for flood tolerance. Leaf water potential (₁) was consistently higher in flooded than in unflooded seedlings, indicating higher leaf turgidity in the former. This was the result of (1) early reduction in transpiration associated with stomatal closure, and (2) subsequently increased absorption of water by the newly-formed adventitious roots as stomata reopened and transpiration increased. Waterlogging of soil was followed by large increases in ethylene content of stems, both below and above the level of submersion. Formation of hypertrophied lenticels and adventitious roots on flooded plants was correlated with increased ethylene production. However, the involvement of various compounds other than ethylene in inducing morphological changes in flooded plants is also emphasized.Research supported by the College of Agricultural and Life Sciences, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI, USA     

Formation and function of secondary aerenchyma in hypocotyl, roots and nodules of soybean (Glycine max) under flooded conditions

Flooding is a major problem in many areas of the world and soybean is susceptible to the stress. Understanding the morphological mechanisms of flooding tolerance is important for developing flood-tolerant genotypes. We investigated secondary aerenchyma formation and function in soybean (Glycine max) seedlings grown under flooded conditions. Secondary aerenchyma, a white and spongy tissue, was formed in the hypocotyl, tap root, adventitious roots and root nodules after 3 weeks of flooding. Under irrigated conditions aerenchyma development was either absent or rare and phellem was formed in the hypocotyl, tap root, adventitious roots and root nodules. Secondary meristem partially appeared at the outer parts of the interfascicular cambium and girdled the stele, and then cells differentiated to construct secondary aerenchyma in the flooded hypocotyl. These morphological changes proceeded for 4 days after the initiation of the flooding. After 14 days of treatment, porosity exceeded 30% in flooded hypocotyl with well-developed secondary aerenchyma, while it was below 10% in hypocotyl of irrigated plants that had no aerenchyma. When Vaseline was applied to the hypocotyl of plants from a flooded treatment to prevent the entry of atmospheric oxygen into secondary aerenchyma, plant growth, especially that of roots, was sharply inhibited. Thus secondary aerenchyma might be an adaptive response to flooding.     

Morphological and photosynthetic responses of riparian plant Distylium chinense seedlings to simulated Autumn and Winter flooding in Three Gorges Reservoir Region of the Yangtze River, China

To evaluate the tolerance of riparian plant Distylium chinense in Three Gorges Reservoir Region to anti-season flooding, a simulation flooding experiment was conducted during Autumn and Winter, and morphology and photosynthesis of D. chinense seedlings and their recovery growth after soil drainage were analyzed in different duration of flooding and flooding depth. The seedlings were submitted to four treatments: (1) 40 seedlings unflooded and watered daily as control (Unflooded, CK); (2) 120 seedlings flooded at 1 cm above the ground level (F-1 cm); (3) 120 seedlings flooded at 12 cm above the ground level (F-12 cm) and (4) 120 seedlings completely submerged with 2 m water depth (F-2 m, top of plants at 2 m below water surface). The flooding survival, plant height, stem diameter, adventitious roots, stem lenticels, epicormic shoots, chlorophyll content and photosynthesis parameters were determined at 0, 15, 30, 90 days in flooding stress and 15, 60 days after soil drainage. The results showed that the survival of the seedlings subjected to flooding was 100% for all repeated measurements in all treatments. Adventitious roots, hypertrophied lenticels and stem hypertrophy were observed in the seedlings flooded for more than 15 d, and increased with the prolonged flooding duration, while disappeared after the soil was drained. Flooding duration and flooding depth showed significant individual and interactive effects on leaf chlorophyll a (Chl a), chlorophyll b (Chl b), and their ratio, chlorophyll (a + b), the net photosynthesis rate (P_n), transpiration rate (T_r), stomatal conductance (C_s), and inter-cellular CO₂ concentration (C_i) of D. chinense seedlings (P < 0.01). After 15 days of flooding, there was no significant decrease in P_n of the flooded seedlings as compared with that of the control seedlings. P_n of the flooded seedlings was significantly lower than that of the control seedlings after 30 days of flooding (P < 0.05), whereas P_n showed no significant difference among seedlings from three flooding depths. After 90 days of flooding, P_n of the F-2 m flooded seedlings was significantly lower than that of the controls, F-1 cm and F-12 cm flooded seedlings (P < 0.05), but still maintained high photosynthetic capacity. P_n of the F-1 cm and F-12 cm flooded seedlings rose gradually after soil drainage, while, it was significantly lower than that of the control seedlings after 15 days of recovery (P < 0.05). After 60 days of recovery, P_n of all seedlings flooded with different depths showed no significant difference as compared with that of the control seedlings and new leaves grew out in the F-2 m flooded seedlings. The effect of all flooding treatments on Gs, T_r, Chl a, Chl b, Chl a/Chl b and chl (a + b) was basically the same as their effect on P_n, while the effect of all flooding treatments on C_i was quite the contrary. Correlation analysis showed that P_n was positively relative with Gs, T_r, Chl a, Chl b and chl (a + b) (P < 0.05) and significantly negative with C_i (P < 0.05). Therefore, the present study demonstrates that D. chinense has high survival and good recovery growth after long-term flooding in anti-season flooding and could be taken as an excellent candidate species in the re-vegetation of water-level-fluctuation areas in Three Gorges Reservoir Region.     

Morphological and photosynthetic responses of riparian plant Distylium chinense seedlings to simulated Autumn and Winter flooding in Three Gorges Reservoir Region of the Yangtze River, China

To evaluate the tolerance of riparian plant Distylium chinense in Three Gorges Reservoir Region to anti-season flooding, a simulation flooding experiment was conducted during Autumn and Winter, and morphology and photosynthesis of D. chinense seedlings and their recovery growth after soil drainage were analyzed in different duration of flooding and flooding depth. The seedlings were submitted to four treatments: (1) 40 seedlings unflooded and watered daily as control (Unflooded, CK); (2) 120 seedlings flooded at 1 cm above the ground level (F-1 cm); (3) 120 seedlings flooded at 12 cm above the ground level (F-12 cm) and (4) 120 seedlings completely submerged with 2 m water depth (F-2 m, top of plants at 2 m below water surface). The flooding survival, plant height, stem diameter, adventitious roots, stem lenticels, epicormic shoots, chlorophyll content and photosynthesis parameters were determined at 0, 15, 30, 90 days in flooding stress and 15, 60 days after soil drainage. The results showed that the survival of the seedlings subjected to flooding was 100% for all repeated measurements in all treatments. Adventitious roots, hypertrophied lenticels and stem hypertrophy were observed in the seedlings flooded for more than 15 d, and increased with the prolonged flooding duration, while disappeared after the soil was drained. Flooding duration and flooding depth showed significant individual and interactive effects on leaf chlorophyll a (Chl a), chlorophyll b (Chl b), and their ratio, chlorophyll (a + b), the net photosynthesis rate (P_n), transpiration rate (T_r), stomatal conductance (C_s), and inter-cellular CO₂ concentration (C_i) of D. chinense seedlings (P < 0.01). After 15 days of flooding, there was no significant decrease in P_n of the flooded seedlings as compared with that of the control seedlings. P_n of the flooded seedlings was significantly lower than that of the control seedlings after 30 days of flooding (P < 0.05), whereas P_n showed no significant difference among seedlings from three flooding depths. After 90 days of flooding, P_n of the F-2 m flooded seedlings was significantly lower than that of the controls, F-1 cm and F-12 cm flooded seedlings (P < 0.05), but still maintained high photosynthetic capacity. P_n of the F-1 cm and F-12 cm flooded seedlings rose gradually after soil drainage, while, it was significantly lower than that of the control seedlings after 15 days of recovery (P < 0.05). After 60 days of recovery, P_n of all seedlings flooded with different depths showed no significant difference as compared with that of the control seedlings and new leaves grew out in the F-2 m flooded seedlings. The effect of all flooding treatments on Gs, T_r, Chl a, Chl b, Chl a/Chl b and chl (a + b) was basically the same as their effect on P_n, while the effect of all flooding treatments on C_i was quite the contrary. Correlation analysis showed that P_n was positively relative with Gs, T_r, Chl a, Chl b and chl (a + b) (P < 0.05) and significantly negative with C_i (P < 0.05). Therefore, the present study demonstrates that D. chinense has high survival and good recovery growth after long-term flooding in anti-season flooding and could be taken as an excellent candidate species in the re-vegetation of water-level-fluctuation areas in Three Gorges Reservoir Region.     

Some Physiological and Morphological Responses in Flooded Maize

After flooding of maize seedlings for fourteen days, their stomata were closed, and total nucleic acid was accumulated in subwater knots before adventitious roots appeared. Aerenchyma were developed and some physiological and morphological changes were induced in fourweek old Zea mays L. seedlings. It aeems possible that the maize seedlings had adapted to the flood circumstances by forming adventitious roots on submerged knots of the stems, which was not only thick and white but also with no root hairs and grew upwards.