中国鼩鼱在我国最东分布及对其中名的商榷

本文于辽宁省凤城市凤凰山旅游区采到3号鼩鼱标本,该动物全身覆棕褐色毛,背毛具棕黄色毛尖,腹毛尖色略浅,为淡黄色,背、腹面毛色在体侧无明显分界,头骨上、下颌有32枚牙齿,上颌第1单尖齿明显大于第2单尖齿,第3、4单尖齿等大,但明显小于第2单尖齿,齿尖均染栗红色,上颌第5单尖齿很小,也明显染有少量栗红色;经鉴定为Sorex sinalis Thomas,1912.此种在我国的分布区应向东扩大至辽宁省的千山山地.中名被称作欧鼩鼱明显不妥,建议订正为中华鼩鼱.     

我国东北地区发现姬鼩鼱分布

2014年在黑龙江省横道河子地区(44°48′44″N,129°02′04″E,海拔约740 m)采集到1只鼩鼱(标本编号为CH5)。2015年在内蒙古自治区达赉湖地区(48°37′20″N,117°53′17″E,海拔约720 m)采集2只鼩鼱(标本编号为DE7和DE12)。这些新获标本经鉴定为姬鼩鼱(Sorex minutissimus)。《小鼩鼱(食虫目:鼩鼱科)辽宁省新纪录》文中的标本(080910,090920)经重新鉴定也为姬鼩鼱。利用mt DNA的Cyt b基因全序列构建系统进化树,结果揭示,小鼩鼱聚为一支,姬鼩鼱聚为另一支,新获标本(CH5、DE7、DE12)和待厘定标本(080910、090920)都聚在姬鼩鼱一支,进一步支持形态学鉴定结果。2015年采集的姬鼩鼱为内蒙古自治区新纪录,而《小鼩鼱(食虫目:鼩鼱科)辽宁省新纪录》文中的小鼩鼱(Sorex minutus)(标本号:080910,090920)更正为辽宁省姬鼩鼱新纪录。     

贵州六盘水发现褐腹长尾鼩鼱滇西亚种（Episoriculus caudatus umbrinus）

在贵州省六盘水市杨梅乡慕尼克村,利用陷阱法捕捉到褐腹长尾鼩鼱滇西亚种（Episoriculus caudatus umbrinus）雌性2号。本次采集的标本体型较小,头体长分别为57.2 mm和50.4 mm,尾长（53.2 mm和46.7 mm）略短于头体长。尾部背腹色差较小,腹面略呈现褐色。后足长分别为11.9 mm和12.4 mm。颅全长17.28 mm和17.23 mm,上颌骨较宽（5.02 mm和4.96 mm）与腭齿长（7.72 mm和7.56 mm）之比为65.31%。上门齿1枚,上单尖齿4枚,第1单尖齿和第2单尖齿大小近似,明显大于第3单尖齿,第4单尖齿微小,着生于第3单尖齿和前臼齿缝隙内侧。上颌1枚前臼齿,3枚臼齿,第3枚臼齿小。利用已报道的长尾亚洲鼩属检索表进行检索,鉴定上述采集物种为褐腹长尾鼩鼱滇西亚种。基于Cyt b基因全序列（1 140 bp）,采集标本与长尾亚洲鼩属中的褐腹长尾鼩鼱滇西亚种遗传距离最近,在0.030 ~ 0.062之间。系统发生树也显示,2号标本与褐腹长尾鼩鼱滇西亚种构成一个单系进化分支,进一步证实本次采集2号标本是褐腹长尾鼩鼱滇西亚种。     

黑龙江省横道河子地区发现细鼩鼱（食虫目：鼩鼱科）

在整理采自黑龙江省横道河子地区(44°48′44″N,129°02′04″E,海拔740 m)鼩鼱属(Sorex)标本时,1号雌性标本经过形态学和分子生物学鉴定为细鼩鼱(Sorex gracillimus Thomas,1907),其为黑龙江省正式记录。主要特征为颅骨近圆形;吻十分狭长;上颌门齿后尖大于前尖;上颌单尖齿逐一渐小。下颌门齿向前延伸甚长,其上切缘有4个尖齿,3个深缺刻,犬齿小,是前臼齿1/2高。对其头骨指标进行测量,颅基长为13.29 mm,颅高为4.25 mm,眶间距为2.31 mm,脑颅宽为7.84 mm,上齿列长为6.23 mm。标本的1 140 bp的Cyt b全序列与已知细鼩鼱样本的相似度为96%,与中鼩鼱(S.caecutiens)和小鼩鼱(S.minutus)的相似度分别为91%和89%。     

山西省兽类一新纪录——川西缺齿鼩鼱

川西缺齿鼩鼱Chodsigoa hypsibia又称川西长尾鼩,隶属于鼩形目Soricomorpha鼩鼱科Soricidae缺齿鼩鼱属Chodsigoa,主要分布于我国中部和西南部(Smith & Xie,2008)。缺齿鼩鼱属全世界共有8种(Wilson & Reeder,2005),我国分布有7种(Wilson & Reeder,2005;Smith & Xie,2008)。相较于鼩鼱属Sorex和川鼩属Blarinella上颌有5枚单尖齿,     

鼩鼱科内6 个种的阴茎形态学

阴茎形态学特征是研究哺乳动物亲缘关系的有力工具,尤其是在近缘种之间。本试验选取鼩鼱科内的黑齿鼩鼱(Blarinella quadraticauda)、小纹背鼩鼱(Sorex bedfordiae)、大纹背鼩鼱(S. cylindricauda)、云南鼩鼱(S. excelsus)、四川短尾鼩(Anourosorex squamipes)和灰麝鼩(Crocidura attenuata)6 个种共31 号阴茎标本观察其阴茎形态学特征。研究结果表明:这6 个种的阴茎均缺乏阴茎骨;在6 个种的阴茎横切面上,尿道靠近阴茎腹侧面为阴茎海绵体包裹,没有单独的尿道海绵体存在,输精管由阴茎海绵体包裹,在阴茎末端形成两条输精管侧支;黑齿鼩鼱的阴茎具有独特的舌状结构,可作为鉴定黑齿鼩鼱的一个重要特征,鼩鼱属内的小纹背鼩鼱、大纹背鼩鼱和云南鼩鼱的阴茎头界限很难观察到,而黑齿鼩鼱、四川短尾鼩和灰麝鼩的阴茎头则具有明显的界限。     

安徽大别山区发现川西缺齿鼩鼱

2017年5月在安徽省岳西县鹞落坪国家级自然保护区(30°59′04.73″N,116°04′44.36″E,海拔1 228 m)采集到鼩鼱形动物雄性个体1只。该个体体色棕灰,尾长约为体长的80%,颅全长大于19 mm,上颌有3枚单尖齿,齿式为1.3.1.3/1.1.1.3=28,符合川西缺齿鼩鼱(Chodsigoa hypsibia)的形态特征。通过测定其线粒体细胞色素b基因序列,并结合从Gen Bank下载的缺齿鼩鼱属4个物种的同源区序列,构建系统发生关系,结果显示该个体与川西缺齿鼩鼱聚合并形成单系,同时该个体与Gen Bank中所检索到的川西缺齿鼩鼱遗传距离最为接近。基于以上结果,确定该个体为川西缺齿鼩鼱。这是川西缺齿鼩鼱第一次在安徽省被发现,扩大了该物种在我国的分布范围。     

中国东北地区鼩鼱科动物分类与分布

在大兴安岭山脉呼中地区、塔河地区和呼伦湖地区,小兴安岭山脉萝北地区,长白山山脉横道河子地区、三道关地区、牡丹峰地区、凤凰山地区和新宾地区,对我国东北地区鼩鼱科动物进行调查。共获得686号标本,首先利用形态特征描述和形态测量进行形态学物种鉴定,然后利用mt DNA Cyt b基因全序列构建系统发生树,使用ABGD软件进行分子生物学物种鉴定,形态学和分子生物学物种鉴定结果一致。证实东北地区鼩鼱科动物包括麝鼩属2种:大麝鼩(Crocidura lasiura)和山东小麝鼩(C. shantungensis);鼩鼱属9种:大鼩鼱(Sorex mirabilis)、中鼩鼱(S. caecutiens)、远东鼩鼱(S. isodon)、苔原鼩鼱(S. tundrensis)、长爪鼩鼱(S. unguiculatus)、栗齿鼩鼱(S. daphaenodon)、细鼩鼱(S. gracillimus)、扁颅鼩鼱(S. roboratus)和姬鼩鼱(S. minutissimus)。调查发现大麝鼩和山东小麝鼩同域分布,且更临近人类生活区。在我国东北地区,中鼩鼱、细鼩鼱和远东鼩鼱种群数量与分布范围较大,其它物种种群数量明显小于这3个物种;大鼩鼱和扁颅鼩鼱分布数量较小,苔原鼩鼱仅在呼伦湖地区被采集到,在此地与姬鼩鼱同域分布。栗齿鼩鼱仅在大兴安岭地区捕获到。文中测量各物种标本的外形(体重、头体长、尾长、尾长/头体长、后足长、耳长),及头骨(颅全长、颅基长、基长、脑颅宽、脑颅高、眶间宽、上齿列长、下齿列长、腭前部宽、腭后部宽),通过照片展示了鼩鼱属9个物种的颅骨形态特征,并给出每一物种的鉴别特征,作为东北地区鼩鼱科物种形态分类依据。     

苔原鼩鼱(Sorex tundrensis)在中国分布的首次证实

2008 年8 月利用陷阱法在内蒙古额尔古纳国家级自然保护区获得了4 号鼩鼱类标本,个体皆小, 尾长小于32 mm,貌似姬鼩鼱,颅全长在16. 50 ～17.24 mm 之间,大于姬鼩鼱(15 mm)。为了确证该4 号标本的物种类型,本文测定了它们的线粒体细胞色素b (Cyt b)基因全序列,结合从GenBank 下载的鼩鼱类序列构建系统进化关系。发现测定序列和下载苔原鼩鼱序列很好地聚在一起并形成单系。标本间及与下载的苔原鼩鼱间遗传距离小。从分子角度确证了标本为苔原鼩鼱,证实了苔原鼩鼱在中国的分布。本文对标本进行了描述。     

东北地区中鼩鼱遗传多样性与分子系统地理学

本研究对我国东北地区3个种群（大兴安岭、小兴安岭和长白山山脉）的中鼩鼱（99个样本）Cyt b基因全序列进行分析,共获得81个单倍型。整体单倍型多态性为0.9940,显示东北地区中鼩鼱整体遗传多样性较高,3个种群的遗传多样性无明显差异。分子变异方差分析显示3个种群之间的分化占总分化的2.48%,种群内采样地的分化占总分化的0.34%,采样地内部遗传分化占总分化的97.19%。遗传分化结果显示中鼩鼱遗传分化与地理距离存在非正相关关系。结合GenBank下载欧亚其他地区中鼩鼱Cyt b基因全序列构建系统发生树,分化为3个分支：日本北海道分布的中鼩鼱构成1个小分支;韩国济州岛的中鼩鼱构成1个小分支;我国东北地区和其他欧亚大陆的中鼩鼱构成1个大分支,在这个大支上未显现进一步的遗传分化结构。中介网络分析也暗示除日本北海道和韩国济州岛外,欧亚大陆分布的中鼩鼱没有明显的地理系统分化,表现出遗传分化与地理关联性较弱。种群历史分析显示东北地区中鼩鼱经历过种群扩张。     

贵州六盘水发现东阳江麝鼩

在贵州省六盘水市杨梅乡慕尼克村,利用陷阱法捕捉到3号麝鼩属(Crocidura)标本。本次采集标本的体形较小,头体长(49.0 ± 0.8)mm,尾长[(41.8 ± 4.2)mm]略短于头体长(尾长/头体长为85%)。背毛呈浅灰褐色,腹毛颜色浅于背毛,呈灰色。尾部双色,背侧黑褐色,腹侧淡于背侧。前足背部白色,后足则为淡灰色。尾近乎裸露,尾基约1/3着生稀疏白色长毛。颅全长(15.92 ± 0.55)mm,脑颅高(4.75 ± 0.18)mm。上门齿1枚,有一长而大的前尖和一小而矮的后尖。上单尖齿3枚,第1单尖齿最大,第2单尖齿略大于第3单尖齿,1枚第四前臼齿(P4),3枚臼齿。上述特征与东阳江麝鼩(C. dongyangjiangensis)模式标本的描述和鉴定特征基本一致,因此将3号采集标本鉴定为东阳江麝鼩。基于Cyt b基因进行分子系统发育分析,采集标本与麝鼩属物种中的东阳江麝鼩遗传距离最近,在0.004 ~ 0.027之间。系统发生树显示,3号标本与东阳江麝鼩构成一个单系进化分支,进一步证实本次采集的3号标本是东阳江麝鼩,为贵州省分布新记录种。     

Pseudomonas aeruginosa,a facultative pathogen of red palm weevil,Rhynchophorus ferrugineus

Pseudomonas aeruginosa was identified as a facultative pathogen of red palm weevil. Intra-haemocoelic injection of the pathogen within larvae and pre-pupae was more effective at killing the insects [with a median lethal dose (LD₅₀) of 9×10² to 2×10³ bacteria/insect] than inoculation by force feeding (LD₅₀ of 10⁵ to 4×10⁵ bacteria/insect) or by wading the insects in a suspension of the pathogen (LD₅₀ of 10⁵ to 2×10⁵ bacteria/insect). Injection of 3×10³ bacteria/insect killed 69% of larvae; small larvae were more susceptible (LD₅₀ of 9×10⁵ bacteria/larva) than either larger larvae (LD₅₀ of 10³ bacteria/larva) or pre-pupa. The median time to death of the small larvae following injection of P. aeruginosa was about 6 days but that following force feeding or wading was about 8 days. A secondary invader, Serratia marcescens, had no effect on the pathogenicity of P. aeruginosa but hastened death of larvae by about 3 days.A. Banerjee and T.K. Dangar were with the Central Plantation Crops Research Institute, Regional Station, Kayangulam 690 533, Kerala, India. They are now with the Central Rice Research Institute. Cuttack 753 006, Orissa, IndiaCPCRI research paper no. 870.     

Vertical distribution and seasonal variation of eelgrass beds in Iwachi Bay,Izu Peninsula,Japan

The vertical distribution and population structure of eelgrass beds were surveyed in Iwachi Bay, along the Pacific coast of central Japan. Samplings were conducted from May through November 1977 by SCUBA. Eelgrass was distributed between 3 and 11 m in depth. The relative light intensity at 12 m depth was 11% at the lower range. The highest population density was 290 shoots/m² in September and the fresh weight of biomass was 888 g/m² in July at 7 m depth. The maximum mean leaf area index was about 3 at 10 m depth in July. The ratio of reproductive shoots to the total shoots was about 36% at 7 m depth in June. Eelgrass showed good growth at 7–10 m depth, which is comparatively deeper than other eelgrass habitations. The high values of water transparency and sunshine duration, as well as solar radiation compared with other localities was believed to contribute to the growth of eelgrass in deeper waters in Iwachi Bay.     

Sinocarpus decussatus gen. et sp. nov., a new angiosperm with basally syncarpous fruits from the Yixian Formation of Northeast China

An Early Cretaceous angiosperm, Sinocarpus decussatus gen. et sp. nov., is described from the Yixian Formation in Liaoning, China, based on an infructescence fragment. It is probably ebracteate, consisting of one terminal fruit and two pairs of pedicellate lateral fruits arranged decussately. Carpels are probably borne on a small convex receptacle. There are no distinct remnants of a perianth although fragments observed at the base of immature fruits may represent perianth parts. No remnants of androecial parts have been observed, and it is unknown whether the flowers were unisexual or bisexual. The basally syncarpous ovary is superior and composed of 3 or 4 carpels. Each carpel contains about 10 anatropous ovules/seeds borne along the linear placentae. Seeds are flattened and embedded in a thick amorphous material. The character combination of Sinocarpus indicates a systematic position among the basal grade of eudicots or the basal core eudicots, and particularly shows similarities to extant Ranunculaceae, Buxaceae, and Myrothamnaceae, but based on the available data the fossil cannot unambiguously be placed in any modern family.     

Endocranial morphology of psittacosaurs (Dinosauria: Ceratopsia) based on CT scans of new fossils from the Lower Cretaceous, China

Psittacosaurs, small basal ceratopsians with a parrot-like beak, are among the most abundant dinosaurs, but occur only in the Early Cretaceous of East Asia. Although the general morphology of psittacosaurs is fairly well understood, the endocranial anatomy of the group has never been described. New discoveries of well-preserved skulls from the celebrated Liaoning beds in northeastern China provide the material for conducting research on psittacosaur endocranial morphology. Using computed tomography scans of three-dimensionally preserved skulls, this study reveals basic endocranial anatomy of psittacosaurs and provides the first palaeoneurological evidence of psittacosaurs in relation to their behaviour. Although commonly believed to have had a small brain and small eyes, psittacosaurs had relatively high brain/body size ratios that are comparable to those in the large theropod Tyrannosaurus, and probably had a keen sense of smell and acute vision, as evidenced by their enlarged olfactory lobes and bulbous optic lobes. The configuration of the semicircular canals agrees with limb proportions to suggest that psittacosaurs were agile animals, perhaps better able to escape predation by carnivorous dinosaurs on that account. The behavioural adaptations implied by this study may have been crucial for the successful radiation of psittacosaurs during the Early Cretaceous of East Asia.     

东北三省2021年水稻审定品种的核心亲本遗传多样性与籼粳分化北大核心CSCD

为了阐明东北三省近年育成水稻品种的遗传基础,该研究通过对2021年育成的256个水稻新品种的系谱进行分析,确定了20个材料为育种核心亲本,并利用44对多态性SSR分子标记和34对InDel籼粳特异性分子标记分析了它们的遗传多样性和籼粳分化程度。结果表明:(1)SSR标记能够高效评价参试材料的多样性水平,共检测到130个等位基因,每个位点检测等位基因(Na)变异为2~5个,平均为2.95个;基因多样性指数(H)变异为0.10~0.75,平均为0.41;多态性信息含量(PIC)变异为0.09~0.70,平均为0.36。(2)遗传多样性分析表明,东北三省20份水稻核心亲本的整体多样性水平较低,黑龙江省核心亲本多样性略高于辽宁省和吉林省。(3)NJ聚类分析表明,20份核心亲本可以划分为3个类群,分别为辽宁类群、吉林类群和黑龙江类群。(4)遗传结构分析表明,20份核心亲本可划分为2个稳定的类群,其中辽宁省核心亲本均处于A类群,黑龙江省核心亲本均处于B类群。(5)籼粳分化分析表明,20份核心亲本遗传背景均为粳稻类型,但都含有少数籼型位点,其籼型基因频率F在0.01~0.19范围内。研究认为,东北三省水稻育种核心亲本遗传基础狭窄、使用频率较高是导致育成品种遗传多样性水平较低的可能原因,在育种中亟待挖掘新种质、引入新资源,丰富遗传背景。     

Modulation of carbonic anhydrase activity in two nitrogen fixing cyanobacteria, Nostoc calcicola and Anabaena sp

The activity of enzyme carbonic anhydrase (CA) was investigated in two diazotrophic cyanobacteria, Anabaena sp. (ARM 629) and Nostoc calcicola, in the presence of CO2/NaHCO3 and different inhibitors. The CA activity increased when the cells were pretreated with a high concentration of CO2/NaHCO3 and then transferred to ambient level CO2. Maximum activity of CA was observed after 8 h of incubation in light on transfer of cells from high Ci to ambient level CO2, and was low when incubated in dark. Addition of the photosynthetic inhibitor DCMU brought about a differential reduction in CA activity, depending on the carbon source (NaHCO3/CO2). CA inhibitors--ethoxyzolamide (EZ) and acetazolamide (AZ)--inhibited the enzyme activity in both the genera, but the extent of inhibition was greater in Anabaena sp. than in N. calcicola. Such a variation in extent of inhibition/stimulation of CA activity being different in the two genera reflects differences in their inherent potential and genetic background. The relevance of such cyanobacterial strains as CO2 sinks is also discussed.     

Monitoring of airborne pollen and pollen calendar of Cosenza,Southern Italy

Summary From May 1986 to May 1989 surveys of airborne biological particles have been performed in the atmosphere of Cosenza, Italy with the aim of monitoring the presence of airborne pollen. The survey station is situated at Arcavacata of Rende, a hilly area 474 meters above sea level, 7 km north-west of the main town. The sampler (VPPS 2000) is located about 20 meters above ground level. The monitoring, performed in accordance with the criteria suggested by the Italian Association of Aerobiology (A.I.A.), enabled the identification of 26 different pollen types. The pollination graphics show: 1) a late winter period in which pollen from trees appears; 2) a spring period with a prevalence of Gramineae, Fagaceae, Oleaceae andParietaria pollen; 3) a late spring-summer period during which Fagaceae,Pinus and Compositae pollen grains are present; 4) a late summer-autumn and winter period characterized by a drastic reduction of airborne pollen. A study of the calendar reveals, furthermore, that: 1) Gramineae pollen is, amongst those of allergological importance, the most representative; 2)Parietaria is not perennial and is present in modest concentrations; 3)Olea reaches a high peak in June, but not as high as in other southern regions; 3) pollen from arboreal plants is prevalent compared to that of herbaceous plants.     

Nuclear DNA and heterochromatin contents in theScilla hohenackeri group,S. persica,andPuschkinia scilloides (Liliaceae)

DNA contents (presented as 1C-values) have been determined cytophotometrically in 7 species of theScilla hohenackeri group (10.18 to 22.71 pg), and in the systematically more isolated taxaS. persica (21.02 pg) andPuschkinia scilloides (6.80 pg). The heterochromatin amount is not correlated with the nuclear DNA content. Euchromatin, therefore, is not a particularly conservative part of the genome. However, high C-values and large but few terminal heterochromatin bands, and lower C-values and numerous but smaller heterochromatin bands are found to be linked in theS. hohenackeri group. Obviously, numerous chromosomal changes have accompanied speciation in this group. DNA contents, and C-banded karyotypes are consistent with systematic affinities based on morphological similarities.Evolution ofScilla and Related Genera, III.