我国雪莲植物的种类、生境分布及化学成分的研究进展

本文对雪莲花的原植物种类、生境分布、生长习性做了分析整理,并对新疆雪莲、水母雪莲、雪兔子等六种雪莲植物化学成分研究进展进行了综述。从比较已有的实验结果中发现不同种雪莲在其特定生境下的化学成分既有属的同一性又存在种的特征性差异。这不仅为植物化学分类提供了证据,也为细胞大量培养选用品质优秀的原植物材料提供了资料     

锡林河流域植物化学成分与植物类群及其生境关系的定量分析

植物化学成分与植物类群和所处生境关系密切。应用系统聚类分析、因子分析（采用主因子法和因子斜交旋转）等多元统计方法对锡林河流域１２２种植物的化学成分与植物类群和所处生境的关系进行了定量分析。分析结果说明上述方法可以较为准确地揭示数据中的如下规律：锡林河流域草原植物化学成分一方面与植物类群有关,受自身历史演化的决定,另一方面更受到所处生境条件的极大影响和制约。其中,禾本科、豆科植物分别具有其明显的化学成分特征;撂荒地群落与自然群落中植物、沙质与非沙质生境中植物化学成分差异较显著。因子分析中认为存在大量元素与微量元素两个公共因子,分别代表着植物中大量元素与微量元素的含量状况。豆科与禾本科相比,豆科植物因其具固氮能力,所含大量元素水平较高,而禾本科植物因细胞壁硅质化,含微量元素稍高;沙质生境因其养分贫瘠,植物的大量与微量元素均较非沙质生境中的低;特别是本区地带性土壤－栗钙土与特异性生境沙带中的疏林沙土相比,疏林沙土上植物大量与微量元素含量较栗钙土区植物明显偏低。     

药用资源植物雪莲化学成分及药理作用

雪莲主要分布于我国的四川、云南、新疆、青藏高原的高寒山区,是重要的药用资源植物.对雪莲的化学成分及其药理作用等方面的研究做了较为系统的综述.     

光照对水母雪莲愈伤组织合成生物碱的影响

以水母雪莲（Saussurea medusa Maxin.)无菌幼苗的根作外植体,诱导获得的愈伤组织为材料,研究光照对生物碱合成的影响。结果表明：尽管在水母雪莲的愈伤组织培养物中,总生物碱的含量比原植株中的含量低,但其组成成分比原植物丰富。并且秋水仙碱的含量也比原植物高,尤其是在光照培养的愈伤组织中秋水仙碱大大增加。     

雪莲的医用（综述）

雪莲的医用（综述）中国蛇协沈阳生物资源医用研究所覃公平雪莲为菊科凤毛菊属植物,植物学名为ＳａｕｓｓｕｒｅａｍｕｏｌｕｉｒａｔａＫａｒｅｔＫｉｒｅｒＭａｘｉｎ,同属植物有几十种之多,如青、甘产的水母雪莲、川、滇产有绵头雪莲和毛头雪莲,西藏雪莲以及新疆雪...     

铁包金的化学成分及药理作用研究进展

铁包金在广西壮族和西南少数民族地区为一味常用的民族药,调查显示铁包金的来源包括四种勾儿茶属植物,其主要化学成分有黄酮类、醌类、二聚体、苯丙素类、萜类、苷类以及有机酸类等,具有镇痛消炎、抗肿瘤、保肝等生物活性。本文对近年来国内外文献进行综述,概述铁包金几种原植物的外观鉴别、化学成分以及生物活性,为进一步开发和扩大铁包金应用价值提供参考。     

药用柴胡属植物产地与化学成分相关性研究

从柴胡属植物品种入手,着重介绍药用柴胡属植物的生境分布、不同产地环境因子与柴胡化学成分研究进展,并为将来控制柴胡质量,解决柴胡资源有效途径提供方案.     

新疆雪莲的组织培养及植株再生

新疆雪莲(Saussureainvolucrata Kar.et Kir.)是菊科凤毛菊属多年生草本植物,属国家三类珍稀植物.民间多用于治疗风湿性关节炎、月经不调、宫寒腹痛等症.近年来,雪莲作为民族药和民间药在抗炎、镇痛、抗早孕、抗衰老及抑制癌细胞增生等方面备受关注.新疆雪莲主要分布在4 000 m以上的高原寒带山区,其生境特异,生长缓慢,人工栽培困难,加上长期以来对雪莲的粗放型和掠夺性采挖,资源已严重匮乏,并处于濒危的境地,自然资源难以满足临床日益增长的需要.采用组织培养技术可能有助于解决这一问题.     

不同原生境的6种棕榈科植物叶片水力性状的对比研究

为揭示生长在湿润生境和季节性干旱生境棕榈科植物的水分生理生态适应的差异,在中国科学院华南植物园中选取3种原分布于湿润生境(SOMH)植物:澳洲轴榈(Licualaramsayi)、槟榔(Arecacatechu)和所罗门皱籽棕(Ptychosperma salomonense),以及3种原分布于季节性干旱生境(SODH)植物:大丝葵(Washingtonia robusta)、澳洲蒲葵(Livistona australis)和大蒲葵(L. saribus),对叶片和叶柄的结构与功能性状进行测定。结果表明,与SODH物种相比,3种SOMH植物的水力加权导管直径(Dh)、理论导水率(Kth)、膨压丧失点(TLP)、脆弱性指数(VI)和比叶面积(SLA)较高,而其叶脉密度(VD)较低。TLP、VI均与Kth呈显著正相关,说明水力效率和水力安全之间存在权衡关系。可见,SOMH棕榈的叶片水力效率高于SODH棕榈,但叶片水力安全低于SODH,这揭示了生长于不同生境棕榈科植物在水分生理生态策略上的差异。     

中国梧桐的民族植物学与文化

对中国梧桐的植物形态分布和生境名称,化学成分,历代应用文化,开发利用等进行论述。     

Review on <Emphasis Type="Italic">Saussurea laniceps</Emphasis>, a potent medicinal plant known as “snow lotus”: botany,phytochemistry and bioactivities

Saussurea laniceps (Compositae), commonly known as “cotton-headed snow lotus”, is the most effective “snow lotus” used in both Tibetan and Chinese folk medicine. It performs outstandingly in treating rheumatoid arthritis, which mainly is credited for its anti-inflammatory and anti-nociceptive efficacy, as explained by modern pharmacological studies. Extracts of the herb, including umbelliferone and scopoletin, exert such effects in various in vivo and in vitro studies. Besides the two chemicals above, more than 100 organic compounds have been found in S. laniceps, and 58 of them are presented here in molecular structure, including cynaropicrin, mokko lactone, apigenin, acacetin, and luteolin, all contributing to different bioactivities, such as analgesic, antioxidant, immunomodulatory, anti-microbial and anticancer effects. We provide a natural product library of S. laniceps, giving inspirations for structure modification and bioactivity-oriented screening, enabling sustainable use of this valuable plant. The ethnomedical applications and pharmacological discoveries are compared and crosslinked, revealing modern evidence for traditional usages. Despite that S. laniceps is a representative “snow lotus” herb, its material medica records and clinical applications are complicated; there is considerable confusion with the different snow lotuses in the academic community and on the market. This review also aims at clearing such confusion, and improving quality assessment and control of the herb. To better utilize the valuable plant, further comparison among the chemical constitutions, pharmacological activities and therapeutic mechanisms of different snow lotuses are needed.     

云南迪庆州传统藏药雪莲资源的保护和可持续利用

对云南省迪庆藏族自治州传统藏药雪莲资源及其利用的状况进行了调查。通过调查发现该地区雪莲植物共有22种及1变种,市场上常当作商品出售的有5种。雪莲每年的贸易量达到55000kg,而且资源利用方式落后,已经造成雪莲特别是二年生的雪莲个体数明显减少,严重威胁了这些物种的生存。依据调查结果,建议提高人们的保护意识,控制雪莲的采集量、限制一年生雪莲采集的时间以及禁止多年生雪莲的采集。     

The consequences of multiple resource shifts on the productivity and composition of alpine tundra communities: inferences from a long-term snow and nutrient manipulation experiment

Background: Gradients in the amounts and duration of snowpack and resulting soil moisture gradients have been associated with different plant communities across alpine landscapes.

Aims: The extent to which snow additions could alter plant community structure, both alone and in combination with nitrogen (N) and phosphorus (P) additions, provided an empirical assessment of the strength of these variables on structuring the plant communities of the alpine tundra at Niwot Ridge, Colorado Front Range.

Methods: A long-term snow fence was used to study vegetation changes in responses to snowpack, both alone and in conjunction with nutrient amendments, in plots established in dry and moist meadow communities in the alpine belt. Species richness, diversity, evenness and dissimilarity were evaluated after 20 years of treatments.

Results: Snow additions, alone, reduced species richness and altered species composition in dry meadow plots, but not in moist meadow; more plant species were found in the snow-impacted areas than in nearby controls. Changes in plant community structure to N and N + P additions were influenced by snow additions. Above-ground plant productivity in plots not naturally affected by snow accumulation was not increased, and the positive responses of plant species to nutrient additions were reduced by snow addition. Plant species showed individualistic responses to changes in snow and nutrients, and indirect evidence suggested that competitive interactions mediated responses. A Permanova analysis demonstrated that community dissimilarity was affected by snow, N, and P additions, but with these responses differing by community type for snow and N. Snow influenced community patterns generated by N, and finally, the communities impacted by N + P were significantly different than those affected by the individual nutrients.

Conclusions: These results show that changes in snow cover over a 20-year interval produce measureable changes in community composition that concurrently influence and are influenced by soil nutrient availability. Dry meadow communities exhibit more sensitivity to increases in snow cover whereas moist meadow communities appear more sensitive to N enrichment. This study shows that the dynamics of multiple limiting resources influence both the productivity and composition of alpine plant communities, with, species, life form, and functional traits mediating these responses.     

A plant diversity×water chemistry experiment in subalpine grassland

Plant diversity has been shown to drive important ecosystem functions such as productivity. At the same time, plant diversity and species composition are altered in alpine ecosystems by human impacts such as skiing. Therefore, we investigated impacts of decreased species richness and ski piste treatments on ecosystem functions in subalpine grassland.Species richness manipulations were combined with nutrient input from snow cover treated with snow additives that are commonly used on ski pistes. Three different species richness levels containing 1, 3 or 9 species randomly selected from a larger pool plus unmanipulated meadow plots were treated with four water types to simulate melt water. One water type contained the snow additive ammonium nitrate. Invasion into the communities was prevented by weeding during 2 years and allowed in three subsequent years.Higher species richness increased plant cover and biomass and decreased their variation. The number of functional groups in a plant assemblage had a positive effect on plant growth. Ammonium nitrate strongly increased biomass and plant cover after a single application but decreased species richness in originally diverse meadow plots. There was no significant interaction between species richness and water-type treatments.After the cessation of weeding, the species richness of different plot types converged within 3 years due to invasion. Nevertheless, relationships between initial species richness and plant cover remained positive.The results suggest that the diversity and species composition of alpine vegetation are important factors influencing cover and biomass, in particular during re-colonization of bare ground after disturbances such as ski-piste construction. In slow-growing alpine vegetation, initially positive diversity effects may remain even after successional convergence of species richness due to invasion. The negative effect of ammonium nitrate on species richness suggests the snow additives should only be used with care.     

Snowbeds are more affected than other subalpine–alpine plant communities by climate change in the Swiss Alps

While the upward shift of plant species has been observed on many alpine and nival summits, the reaction of the subalpine and lower alpine plant communities to the current warming and lower snow precipitation has been little investigated so far. To this aim, 63 old, exhaustive plant inventories, distributed along a subalpine–alpine elevation gradient of the Swiss Alps and covering different plant community types (acidic and calcareous grasslands; windy ridges; snowbeds), were revisited after 25–50 years. Old and recent inventories were compared in terms of species diversity with Simpson diversity and Bray–Curtis dissimilarity indices, and in terms of community composition with principal component analysis. Changes in ecological conditions were inferred from the ecological indicator values. The alpha‐diversity increased in every plant community, likely because of the arrival of new species. As observed on mountain summits, the new species led to a homogenization of community compositions. The grasslands were quite stable in terms of species composition, whatever the bedrock type. Indeed, the newly arrived species were part of the typical species pool of the colonized community. In contrast, snowbed communities showed pronounced vegetation changes and a clear shift toward dryer conditions and shorter snow cover, evidenced by their colonization by species from surrounding grasslands. Longer growing seasons allow alpine grassland species, which are taller and hence more competitive, to colonize the snowbeds. This study showed that subalpine–alpine plant communities reacted differently to the ongoing climate changes. Lower snow/rain ratio and longer growing seasons seem to have a higher impact than warming, at least on plant communities dependent on long snow cover. Consequently, they are the most vulnerable to climate change and their persistence in the near future is seriously threatened. Subalpine and alpine grasslands are more stable, and, until now, they do not seem to be affected by a warmer climate.     

Contribution to the ecology ofStipa species in central Europe: Distribution of mineral elements in soils and phytomass

In 1963, 1964 and 1965, a comparative ecological study was made of the distribution of mineral elements in the soil and phytomass of some Stipa species, viz.Stipa capillata L., S. pulcherrima C. Koch,S. joannis ?elak.,S. dasyphylla ?erň.,and S. stenophylla ?erň. in various locations of Central Europe. In all species and sites studied, chemical analyses of the soil, fresh phytomass (shoots and roots) and dead phytomass were made, together with relevant statistical evaluation. IndividualStipa species differ according to their mineral composition. In comparison with fresh green plant material, the old dead plant material shows a marked increase in ash, calcium, and natrium content. Potassium, nitrogen, and phosphorus show a decrease in the dead plant material. The mineral composition of the roots differs considerably from that of green plant parts: the roots have much higher ash, phosphorus, calcium and natrium content, and lower organic matter, nitrogen, and potassium content. On the basis of the data collected, an attempt was made to estimate cycling of the individual mineral elements.     

Lack of competition between barnacle geese Branta leucopsis and pink-footed geese Anser brachyrhynchus during the pre-breeding period in Svalbard

The feeding ecology of barnacle geese and pink-footed geese was studied in Sassendalen, Svalbard during the pre-nesting period (late May) to assess the potential for inter-specific competition. Barnacle geese fed almost exclusively (97%) by grazing above-ground plant material, mostly (79%) along snow edges in moss-mat habitats. Pink-footed geese fed mostly (93%) by excavating below-ground parts of plants, mostly (56%) away from snow and were more evenly distributed between habitat types. Barnacle goose faeces contained mostly (62%) moss, that of pink-footed geese mostly (48%) below-ground plant storage organs (especially Bistorta viviparum L.). Principal components analysis of dropping contents showed no overlap in species diet in allopatry or sympatry. There was little overlap in diet and feeding ecology of the two species at this pre-nesting feeding site. Hence, unless increased goose feeding densities affect future vegetation density and composition, under present circumstances, increasing numbers of either species is unlikely to affect foraging conditions for the other at this important stage in the annual cycle. However, such changes could have local density-dependent intra-specific effects.     

Positive sport–biosphere interactions? — Cross-country skiing delays spring phenology of meadow vegetation

Space requirements by winter sports and accelerating global warming are usually perceived as stressors for mountain meadow plant communities. Cross-country ski track preparation (i.e. grooming), however, might retard effects of climate change and, being limited in space requirements, might increase abiotic heterogeneity. The effect of cross-country ski tracks on meadow vegetation was quantified along a representative ski track that had been operated for 30 years in the Fichtelgebirge, a low mountain range in central Europe. Paired sampling was implemented to assess the effect of skiing operations on snow and soil properties, plant phenology, biomass production and species composition. Additionally, boosted regression tree analyses were used to quantify the relative importance of the cross-country ski track compared to other environmental conditions.The cross-country ski track strongly increased snow density, enhanced soil frost, and retarded snowmelt, thereby delaying flower phenology (by 2.1 days) and the early development stages of plant species on the track. However, biomass, species richness and species composition were unaffected by skiing operations except for one species (Leontodon autumnalis) showing exclusive occurrence on the track while four others showed reduced relative occurrence on the track.While snow and soil properties were influenced by cross-country ski track preparation, natural environmental variability was more influential for species composition and biomass production than the ski track. We therefore conclude that the ski track – without artificial snow – did not negatively affect species composition. By delaying flower phenology, effects of the ski track even counteracted global warming to some degree. Due to their small spatial extent in the landscape, these ski tracks may add to environmental heterogeneity and thus support sustaining diverse species compositions during environmental changes.     

Does artificial snow production affect soil and vegetation of ski pistes? A review

The production of artificial snow and the use of snow additives in ski resorts have increased considerably during the last 20 years. Their ecological consequences are the subject of environmental concerns. This review compiles studies about the ecological implications of ski pistes preparation in general and of artificial snow production. The main direct impacts of ski piste preparation on the vegetation are related to the compaction of the snow cover, namely the induction of soil frost, the formation of ice layers, mechanical damage and a delay in plant development. The vegetation reacts with changes in species composition and a decrease in biodiversity. Artificial snowing modifies some of these impacts: The soil frost is mitigated due to an increased insulation of the snowpack, whereas the formation of ice layers is not considerably changed. The mechanical impacts of snow-grooming vehicles are mitigated due to the deeper snow cover. The delay of the vegetation development is enhanced by a considerably postponed snowmelt. Furthermore, artificial snowing induces new impacts to the alpine environment. Snowing increases the input of water and ions to ski pistes, which can have a fertilising effect and hence change the plant species composition. Increasingly, snow additives, made of potentially phytopathogenic bacteria, are used for snow production. They enhance ice crystal formation due to their ice nucleation activity. Although sterilised, additives affected the growth of some alpine plant species in laboratory experiments. Salts are applied not only but preferably on snowed pistes to improve the snow quality for ski races. The environmental impacts of most salts have not yet been investigated, but a commonly used nitrate salt has intense fertilising properties. Although snowing mitigates some of the negative impacts of ski piste preparation in general, new impacts induced by snowing could be non-beneficial to the vegetation, which, however, has yet to be clarified.