追踪物种丧失•聚焦生态超载•共享一个地球——《2006地球生命力报告》解读

世界自然基金会和环球足迹网络等2006年10月在中国北京联合发布《2006地球生命力报告》,用生命地球指数和生态足迹两个主要指标描绘了全球生物多样性的变化状态和人类所面临的环境压力。报告显示:生命地球指数1970～2003年总体下降约三分之一,其中陆栖指数减少约31%、海洋指数减少约27%、淡水指数减少约30%,生物多样性正快速持续地遭到损失;自1961年人类的生态足迹不断增加,1987年转入生态赤字下运行,此后生态超载不断加剧,2003年生态赤字达25.28%;化石燃料足迹增长最快,2003年几乎占到一半,达到48%;阿联酋、美国、加拿大等国家人均足迹最大,阿富汗最小,中国排名69位;北美、欧盟、中东和中亚、亚太区处于生态超载状态,非欧联盟、拉丁美洲和加勒比海地区、非洲处于生态盈余;过去40多年,人均足迹高收入国家增长2倍多,2003年达6.5gha,低收入国家一直在0.8gha以下徘徊,中收入国家也从未超过2.0gha。地球的经济怎样才可能在过度消耗中持续发展?3种预测情景也许会让我们走出生态超载的困境、走向可持续发展,共享"一个地球生活"的美好未来。整篇报告可以概括为4个主题:追踪物种丧失、聚焦生态超载、3种情景预测、一个地球生活。     

追踪物种丧失•聚焦生态超载•共享一个地球——《2006地球生命力报告》解读

世界自然基金会和环球足迹网络等2006年10月在中国北京联合发布《2006地球生命力报告》,用生命地球指数和生态足迹两个主要指标描绘了全球生物多样性的变化状态和人类所面临的环境压力。报告显示：生命地球指数1970~2003年总体下降约三分之一,其中陆栖指数减少约31％、海洋指数减少约27％、淡水指数减少约30％,生物多样性正快速持续地遭到损失;自1961年人类的生态足迹不断增加,1987年转入生态赤字下运行,此后生态超载不断加剧,2003年生态赤字达25.28％;化石燃料足迹增长最快,2003年几乎占到一半,达到48%;阿联酋、美国、加拿大等国家人均足迹最大,阿富汗最小,中国排名69位;北美、欧盟、中东和中亚、亚太区处于生态超载状态,非欧联盟、拉丁美洲和加勒比海地区、非洲处于生态盈余;过去40多年,人均足迹高收入国家增长2倍多,2003年达6.5 gha,低收入国家一直在0.8 gha以下徘徊,中收入国家也从未超过2.0 gha。地球的经济怎样才可能在过度消耗中持续发展？3种预测情景也许会让我们走出生态超载的困境、走向可持续发展,共享“一个地球生活”的美好未来。整篇报告可以概括为4个主题：追踪物种丧失、聚焦生态超载、3种情景预测、一个地球生活。     

惠州市可持续发展的生态足迹分析

生态足迹方法是一种定量衡量人类对自然资源的利用程度以及自然界为人类提供生命支持服务功能的新方法。以惠州市2002年基础数据为依据进行计算分析,得出惠州市2002年人均生态足迹为1.335hm²,人均生态承载力为0.610hm²,人均生态赤字为0.725hm²。从出现生态赤字的角度来看,惠州市目前人地关系呈现紧张趋势,结合生态足迹多样性指数、生态承载力发展度以及万元GDP生态足迹等指标对惠州市可持续发展状态进行综合评价表明:与广东省和全国平均水平相比,惠州市在资源利用上效率较高,其发展潜力相对较强。     

物种急剧丧失·生态严重超载·跨越“地球边界”·区域公平失衡·“一个地球”生活——《地球生命力报告2014》解读

2014年9月30日,世界自然基金会(WWF)、Zoological Society of London(ZSL)、Global Footprint Network、Water Footprint Network联合发布《地球生命力报告2014》,除了以前主要使用的地球生命力指数(Living Planet Index,LPI)、生态足迹(Ecological Footprint,EF)、水足迹(Water Footprint)等指标外,首次使用"地球边界"揭示地球面临的严峻挑战。报告显示:(1)LPI自1970年以来已下降52%,温带和热带地区分别下降36%、56%,陆生和海洋物种均下降39%,淡水物种减少76%;(2)1961年全球生态足迹76亿全球公顷(global hectare,ghm~2)、生物承载力99亿ghm~2、生态盈余23亿ghm~2,2010年全球生态足迹为181亿ghm~2、生物承载力120亿ghm~2、生态赤字61亿ghm~2,1961年碳足迹占人类总生态足迹的36%,2010年碳足迹占比为53%;(3)全球生产水足迹排名中,印度、美国、中国、巴西和俄罗斯以大量的绿水足迹位居前五名;全球200多个河流流域、26亿7千万人每年至少1个月严重缺水;(4)生物多样性丧失、气候变化和氮循环3个"地球边界"被打破,并且已经对人类健康及人类所需要的食物、水和能源产生明显影响;(5)高收入国家将生物多样性丧失及其影响转嫁给低收入国家,这是另一种资源进口方式;大多数高收入国家人均生态足迹均已超过地球上人均可获得的生物承载力,依靠进口其他国家的生物承载力弥补超载;低收入国家生态足迹最小,生态系统却遭受最大破坏,高收入国家较高的人类发展水平是以高生态足迹为代价。报告指出人类对生态系统和生态功能的过度索取,正在危害着人类未来的安康、经济、食物安全、社会稳定乃至生存,特别提到当前人类所作选择和所采取措施的重要性。确保有恢复力、健康的生态环境维持人类繁荣发展,比现在人口增长、资源消耗增加、气候变化和生态退化的警钟更具挑战性。整篇报告可以概括为5个主题:物种急剧丧失、生态严重超载、跨越"地球边界"、区域公平失衡、"一个地球"生活。     

基于生态足迹方法的西南地区典型资源型城市攀枝花市的可持续发展研究

生态足迹是衡量区域可持续发展程度的重要评价指标。运用生态足迹方法, 估算西南地区典型资源型城市攀枝花市1995-2013 年人均生态足迹及人均生态承载力, 并在此基础上通过生态压力指数、单位万元GDP 生态足迹以及生态可持续指数对攀枝花市生态可持续利用状况进行评价与分析。结果表明：攀枝花市人均生态足迹上升较快尤其是能源生态足迹, 同期人均生态承载力变化趋势较小, 人均生态赤字的变化与人均生态足迹的增长具有同步性, 从1995 年的4.783 hm²·人^-1 增长到2013 的11.74 hm² 人^-1, 人均生态赤字较大; 生态压力指数逐年增加, 2013 达22.15, 较1995 年增长8.69, 生态环境压力较大; 单位万元GDP 生态足迹随着攀枝花市经济转型, 从1995 年的6.14 hm²·万元^-1下降到2013 年的1.72 hm²·万元^-1, 自然资源的利用率有逐年提高的趋势; 但近年来生态可持续指数<0.2, 且有下降趋势, 其可持续发展程度仍属于强不可持续。     

舟山群岛新区生态足迹与可持续发展评价研究

基于生态足迹理论和计算方法, 对舟山群岛新区1993—2012 年的人均生态足迹、人均生态承载力和人均生态赤字进行计算分析, 并通过生态多样性指数和发展能力的计算, 对舟山群岛新区进行可持续发展评价研究。结果表明: (1)20 年间, 舟山群岛新区的人均生态足迹不断增加, 处于生态赤字状态且不断波动, 作为海岛型城市, 其生态承载力和生态赤字的大小受当年水质优劣和消费结构的影响。(2)舟山群岛新区目前处于不可持续发展状态, 但生态足迹万元GDP 不断减小, 说明其资源利用效率在不断提高。舟山群岛新区海岛城市背景特殊, 要通过水域环境的保护、改变能源消费方式等提高其生态承载力, 增强可持续发展能力。     

沿海快速城市化地区能值生态足迹变化分析

当前我国经济的快速发展和生态环境之间的矛盾日益显著,不利于城市可持续发展。生态足迹目前已成为普遍接受的可持续发展指标,选定生态足迹改进方法——能值生态足迹模型,以城市化地区厦门市为研究区进行计算分析,以期发现快速城市化过程中可能面对的问题。首次计算分析了厦门市1980年至2010年的能值生态足迹动态变化,并对其可持续发展进行了评价。结果表明,30年间厦门市人均生态足迹需求从1980年的8.6 ghm2持续增长至2010年的52.8 ghm2,而供给方面的人均生态承载力却从1980年的181.2 ghm2持续下降为47.5 ghm2,2009、2010年该市由生态盈余转为生态赤字。同时,从生态足迹组分及其比例来看,30年间化石燃料用地和建设用地的生态足迹增长迅速,二者对厦门市人均能值生态足迹变化贡献最大,并且成为2000年后总体足迹中所占比例最大的组分,各自占比超过20%。结果分析显示,厦门市开始面临逐渐加重的生态环境压力,需要开始重视其可持续发展。因此调整厦门市的产业结构和控制城市化发展非常必要。一方面,应该降低第二产业的比例,降低对化石能源的使用,同时促进第三产业的发展和第一产业的现代化,以此为城市提供更多的资源供给并降低资源需求,特别是化石能源的需求。     

基于生态足迹的洪雅县生态建设评价

基于生态足迹理论, 通过对洪雅县人均生态足迹、人均生态承载力和人均生态赤字或盈余的估算, 按照全球标杆生态安全评价等级标准, 以可更新资源生态压力指数、生态可持续指数、生态占用指数、生态经济协调指数和可持续发展指数所构成的生态安全评价指标体系, 对洪雅县近10 年(2005-2014)来的生态安全状况进行评价研究, 结果表明: 洪雅县人均生态足迹具有振荡性下降趋势, 人均生态承载力有略微增长, 平均值在0.8 hm²·cap^-1 以下, 全县整体处于生态赤字状态。近10 年来该县, 可更新资源生态压力指数从0.46 下降到0.38, 属于很安全状态 ; 生态可持续指数逐年上升, 但值均<0.2, 从强不可持续状态转变为中不可持续状态; 生态占用指数介于1.01-2.00 之间, 属于稍富裕状态; 生态经济协调指数后期略有上升(从0.36 上升到0.43), 均<1.00,处于协调性很差; 可持续发展指数略有下降(从0.49 下降到0.43), 跨持续性稍好和较好两个等级。根据评价结果来看, 洪雅县应着力于生态建设、环境保护, 发展绿色农业、循环农业, 抚育林木, 实现洪雅县经济发展模式由粗放、消耗型向集约、节约型转变, 提高区域可持续发展能力。     

广西生态环境可持续发展评估

生态足迹是一种度量可持续发展程度的方法,能定量判断一个区域生态环境是否处于可持续发展状况。基于生态足迹方法对2003年广西生态环境的可持续发展状况进行了评估。结果表明,广西2003年生态足迹为1.1378 hm2,可利用的人均生态承载力为0.5753 hm2,对资源的需求已超过其供给能力,人均生态赤字达到0.5625 hm2,生态环境已经处于不可持续发展状态,必须采取相应措施促使生态环境发展向良性和可持续方向转化。     

广西北部湾地区生态足迹动态分析

生态足迹方法为定量计算地区可持续性发展提供了一种简单易行的方法。论文将在传统生态足迹方法的基础上结合目前国外最新生态足迹动态分析方法对广西北部湾地区从1998年到2005年的生态足迹进行了计算。结果表明:结合万元GDP占用生态足迹、生态足迹多样性指数和经济系统发展能力指数等指标的生态足迹动态分析方法,加强了传统生态足迹方法对地区可持续发展状况的反应。1998～2005年期间,广西北部湾地区,土地生产效率不断提高,经济发展能力在逐步增强,但是人均生态足迹呈逐年增加趋势,出现生态赤字,处于不可持续发展状态,仅林地资源与建筑用地资源还有少量人均盈余。     

Species life-history strategies affect population responses to temperature and land-cover changes

Human-induced environmental changes have a direct impact on species populations, with some species experiencing declines while others display population growth. Understanding why and how species populations respond differently to environmental changes is fundamental to mitigate and predict future biodiversity changes. Theoretically, species life-history strategies are key determinants shaping the response of populations to environmental impacts. Despite this, the association between species life histories and the response of populations to environmental changes has not been tested. In this study, we analysed the effects of recent land-cover and temperature changes on rates of population change of 1,072 populations recorded in the Living Planet Database. We selected populations with at least 5 yearly consecutive records (after imputation of missing population estimates) between 1992 and 2016, and for which we achieved high population imputation accuracy (in the cases where missing values had to be imputed). These populations were distributed across 553 different locations and included 461 terrestrial amniote vertebrate species (273 birds, 137 mammals, and 51 reptiles) with different life-history strategies. We showed that populations of fast-lived species inhabiting areas that have experienced recent expansion of cropland or bare soil present positive populations trends on average, whereas slow-lived species display negative population trends. Although these findings support previous hypotheses that fast-lived species are better adapted to recover their populations after an environmental perturbation, the sensitivity analysis revealed that model outcomes are strongly influenced by the addition or exclusion of populations with extreme rates of change. Therefore, the results should be interpreted with caution. With climate and land-use changes likely to increase in the future, establishing clear links between species characteristics and responses to these threats is fundamental for designing and conducting conservation actions. The results of this study can aid in evaluating population sensitivity, assessing the likely conservation status of species with poor data coverage, and predicting future scenarios of biodiversity change.     

Does land-use change affect biodiversity dynamics at a macroecological scale? A case study of birds over the past 20 years in Japan

Because the effects of land-use change on biodiversity have primarily been examined at or below the regional scale, it remains unclear whether such effects scale up to the macroecological scale (i.e. nationwide or continental scale). In Japan, forests have become more mature since the cessation of most forestry efforts in the 1970s. At a nationwide scale, this forest maturation may lead to reductions in the abundance of species that depend on early successional forests (early successional species) and increases in the abundance of species that depend on mature forests (mature forest species). Japan has met its high demand for wood through imports from South-east Asia, resulting in deforestation there. Therefore, the abundance of mature forest species that migrate long distances to overwinter in South-east Asia may decrease. We examined changes in the range sizes of birds in Japan over the past 20 years using the living planet index (LPI). The LPI indicated that the range sizes of early successional species decreased. For mature forest species, the range sizes of long-distance migrants decreased, whereas those of short-distance migrants and residents increased. Our predictions were generally supported. Our results indicate that the effects of land-use change extend to the macroecological scale and that such changes in one country can affect the biodiversity dynamics in other countries. Forest maturation in Japan and concomitant deforestation in South-east Asia have been caused by internationally coupled socioeconomic processes. Therefore, biodiversity conservation at the macroecological scale must consider the role of land use, and such efforts will require both international and socioeconomic perspectives.     

Habitable Zones in the Universe

Habitability varies dramatically with location and time in the universe. This was recognized centuries ago, but it was only in the last few decades that astronomers began to systematize the study of habitability. The introduction of the concept of the habitable zone was key to progress in this area. The habitable zone concept was first applied to the space around a star, now called the Circumstellar Habitable Zone. Recently, other, vastly broader, habitable zones have been proposed. We review the historical development of the concept of habitable zones and the present state of the research. We also suggest ways to make progress on each of the habitable zones and to unify them into a single concept encompassing the entire universe.     

Separation of prostaglandins using the new horizontal flow-through coil planet centrifuge

Prostaglandins and their metabolites have been separated using the new horizontal flow-through coil planet centrifuge to perform countercurrent chromatography. The system is a continuous-flow system which provides separations similar to column and thin-layer chromatography without the use of solid supports. Either phase of a two-phase solvent system can be used to elute compounds with the low pressure produced by a metering pump. Separations were produced in PTFE tubing, 0.55 mm i.d. (wound in 0.68 cm helical diameter) with a total capacity of 24 ml. A solvent system of chloroform/acetic acid/water (2 : 2 : 1, v/v) was used at flow rates of 2.4 and 6 ml/h and at a rotation of 500 rev./min. Microgram quantities of prostaglandins E₂, F_2α, A₂, and B₂ and thromboxane B₂ can be separated. This method of can be scaled up to 260-ml columns and thromoboxane B₂ can be separated. This method can be scaled up to 260-ml columns with comparable results.     

Dual-rhodamine urea derivative, a novel chemidosimeter for Hg(II) and its application in imaging Hg(II) in living cells

Abstract  The synthesis and spectral properties of a chemidosimeter 1,4-di[2-(6-ethylamino-3-ethylimino-2,7-dimethyl-3H-xanthen-9-yl) benzoic acid (aminomethyl)-3-phenylthiourea] benzene (1) for Hg(II) ions are reported, and it has been demonstrated that 1 can be used as a fluorescent probe for monitoring Hg(II) ions in living cells. Graphical abstract  A highly sensitive fluorescent probe (1) was developed as a fluorescent and colorimetric chemodosimeter in dimethyl sulfoxide/methanol solution with a broad pH range (pH 5–10) and high selectivity toward Hg²⁺ ions but no significant response toward other competitive cations. Furthermore, by means of confocal laser scanning microscopy experiments, it is demonstrated that 1 can be used as a fluorescent probe for monitoring Hg²⁺ in living cells. Electronic supplementary material  The online version of this article (doi:) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.

A rhodamine-based "turn-on" fluorescent chemodosimeter for Cu2+ and its application in living cell imaging

A new fluorescent probe 1, N-(Rhodamine-6G)lactam-hydrazinecarbothioamide, was synthesized as a fluorescent and colorimetric chemodosimeter in aqueous solution for Cu²⁺. Following Cu²⁺-promoted ring opening, redox and hydrolysis reactions, comparable amplifications of absorption and fluorescence signals were observed upon addition of Cu²⁺; this suggests that chemodosimeter 1 effectively avoided the fluorescence quenching caused by the paramagnetic nature of Cu²⁺. Importantly, 1 can selectively recognize Cu²⁺ in aqueous media in the presence of other trace metal ions in organisms, abundant cellular cations and the prevalent toxic metal ions in the environment with high sensitivity (detection limit < 3 ppb) and a rapid response time (< 2 min). In addition, the biological imaging study has demonstrated that 1 can detect Cu²⁺ in the living cells.     

FRET技术及其在蛋白质-蛋白质分子相互作用研究中的应用

简要综述了FRET方法在活细胞生理条件下研究蛋白质-蛋白质间相互作用方面的最新进展.蛋白质-蛋白质间相互作用在整个细胞生命过程中占有重要地位,由于细胞内各种组分极其复杂,因此一些传统研究蛋白质-蛋白质间相互作用的方法,例如酵母双杂交、免疫沉淀等可能会丢失某些重要的信息,无法正确地反映在当时活细胞生理条件下蛋白质-蛋白质间相互作用的动态变化过程.荧光共振能量转移（fluorescence resonance energy transfer, FRET）是近来发展的一项新技术,此项技术的应用,为在活细胞生理条件下对蛋白质-蛋白质间相互作用进行实时的动态研究,提供一个非常便利的条件.