真菌漆酶在绿色化学中的研究进展

漆酶主要是由真菌分泌的一类胞外多铜氧化酶,因其具备多功能特性而被广泛地应用于绿色环境化学。漆酶能够以分子氧作为电子接受体,催化氧化多种酚类和非酚类底物形成自由基中间体,随后这些自由基中间体涉及到氧化耦合或键断裂,最终导致底物发生氧化、分解或聚合反应。目前,主要采用包埋、吸附、共价绑定和交联结合等方法制备固定化漆酶,以增强漆酶在实际环境中的催化活性、稳定性和循环再利用功效。概述了真菌漆酶的分子组成、结构特性及其催化氧化不同底物的作用机理,系统地比较了漆酶的固定化技术及其利弊,重点阐述了漆酶在有机污染物去除、合成染料脱色、造纸废水、食品加工、生物传感器和环境质量指示器等领域的研究进展,旨在为拓展和开发真菌漆酶在绿色环境化学中的多功能应用提供新的理论依据和指导思想。     

漆酶介导生物体内酚类氧化偶联的基本原理及其在绿色合成中的应用

漆酶(Laccase,p-diphenol dioxygen oxidoreductases,EC 1.10.3.2)是一类包含三核铜簇位点的多酚氧化还原酶,广泛存在于细菌、真菌、高等植物和昆虫体内。该类酶不仅能够促进生态系统中高分子木质素和腐殖质聚合物的生物分解,还可以催化有机体内单酚和多酚类化合物参与黑色素、木质素、黄酮类和角质层等功能酚聚合物的生物合成。漆酶介导有机物的分解代谢和合成代谢机制有益于生态环境中碳循环和生物形态发生变化。在生物体内,漆酶催化天然酚类单电子氧化形成苯氧活性自由基或醌类中间体,随后这些活性中间体发生自我偶联或交叉偶联反应,生成多种结构复杂的大分子C-C、C-O-C或C-N-C功能聚合产物。因此,通过人工模拟漆酶催化生物体内的绿色合成代谢机理和路径,合理设计和定向改造漆酶在生物体外催化酚类底物偶联形成大分子功能聚合产物的结构和特性,有望为拓展和研发漆酶在绿色合成化学中的多功能应用提供丰富的参考价值和新颖的见解思路。     

漆酶的固定化及其在生物传感器方面的应用

漆酶是一类含铜的多酚氧化酶,它能够催化许多酚类和非酚类物质的氧化.固定化漆酶能改善漆酶的稳定性,实现酶制剂的重复连续使用,具有重要意义.该文综述了漆酶固定化的各种方法,阐述了漆酶相关活性、机械性能和功能等内容,并对漆酶固定化在生物传感器方面的应用作了介绍.     

毛栓菌产漆酶

<正>漆酶是一种环境友好型酶类,其催化底物单电子氧化形成自由基,同时将分子氧还原形成水,产生的自由基则耦合成二聚体或低聚物。漆酶可催化氧化多种底物,如酚类及其衍生物、芳胺及其衍生物、羟酸及其衍生物、一些金属有机化合物和甾类激素、生物色素等,在环境保护与修复、造纸工业、有机合成、食品工业、生物监测等领域有着广泛的应用前景。例如在染料脱色方面,以白腐真菌为主的一组丝状真菌对染料的降解脱色在近二十年来成为染料生物脱色研究的热点和主流。尽管漆酶在自然界中分布广泛,但     

漆酶及其应用的研究进展

漆酶是一种含铜的多酚氧化酶,白腐真菌普遍能分泌该酶.有氧条件下,漆酶能催化多种高分子化合物降解,利用该性质漆酶已经广泛应用于生物制浆、污染物生物降解、生物漂白等领域.介绍了目前漆酶在农业和工业各个领域中的应用.     

漆酶可降解底物种类的研究进展

漆酶是一种含铜离子的多酚氧化酶,广泛存在于植物及真菌中。漆酶含特有的铜离子,其功能为传递结构中的电子,使漆酶具有了较强的氧化还原能力,能与木质素、胺类化合物、芳香化合物等底物发生作用,且大多数反应的唯一产物为水。目前,漆酶在降解多种有毒物质和有害污染物方面表现出高效、成本较低的特性,如白腐真菌所产的高水平漆酶已广泛成熟应用在工业废水处理等生物整治和修复领域。近年来最新研究利用载体固定化酶的技术使漆酶能够在使用后回收反复利用且更具有稳定性,这降低成本的同时还保持了漆酶催化氧化的特性,克服了不少漆酶在解决环境污染中出现的问题。利用介体的介导作用解决了漆酶氧化还原电势较低的问题,大量增多了可降解底物的种类,使其在废水处理、污染物降解、土壤修复、工业染料漂白等领域的应用前景更广阔。对现有漆酶应用于各领域进行研究总结,综述了降解各领域中的有害污染物等底物种类,提出了利用漆酶的降解过程中的现有不足和改进方向,以期为生物法降解环境污染物的研究提供参考。     

漆酶介体催化的研究进展

漆酶是一种含铜多酚氧化酶,可催化氧化酚型底物,不能氧化降解非酚型结构单元,但介体的加入可实现漆酶与非酚类底物间的电子传递,实现漆酶对非酚型底物的最终氧化。文章综述漆酶介体催化常用介体及其研究进展,并针对合成介体有毒价高、天然介体提取纯化复杂的特点,提出一种新型介体——木质素降解产物中的漆酶介体。     

漆酶的结构、功能及其应用

综述漆酶在自然界的分布、化学组成、结构特征、催化氧化作用和生物学功能。介绍漆酶在化学、医学、环境、食品和造纸等方面的应用。     

真菌漆酶异源表达研究进展

由于漆酶能够氧化芳香类化合物和其它一些非芳香类有机物,具有广泛的底物特异性,因此在纸浆漂白、纺织品染料脱色、有毒废弃物的去除、生物修复和生物传感器等方面具有巨大的应用潜力。但是缺少大量廉价的酶源供应阻碍了漆酶商业化的应用,解决这个问题的一个主要方法就是通过漆酶的异源表达来获得大量的漆酶。综述了真菌漆酶在酵母表达系统和丝状真菌表达系统中表达的研究结果,着重总结了影响漆酶异源表达的因素和提高漆酶表达的策略。     

漆酶的来源及固定化漆酶载体研究进展

漆酶是一种多酚氧化酶,可催化氧化多种难降解有机污染物,在环境污染防治领域具有良好的应用前景。总结了植物漆酶、动物漆酶以及微生物漆酶的研究现状,详细讨论了漆酶固定化载体的研究进展,进一步指出了目前漆酶研究存在的问题,并提出未来的研究方向,旨在为漆酶的开发与应用研究提供参考。     

六种藓类植物茎的比较解剖学研究

通过对6种藓类植物,即褶叶青藓(Brachythecium salebrosum(Web.et Mohr.)B.S.G.)、湿地匐灯藓(Plagiomnium acutum(Lindb.)Kop.)、侧枝匐灯藓(Plagiomnium maximoviczii(Lindb.)Kop.)、大凤尾藓(Fissidensnobilis Griff.)、大羽藓(Thuidium cymbifolium(Doz.et Molk.)B.S.G.)和大灰藓(Hypnum plumaeforme Wils.)嫩茎和老茎的石蜡切片和显微观察发现,同一藓类植株的嫩茎和老茎,茎结构稳定,不同种藓类植物茎横切面具有不同特征.植物体茎横切面形状、表层细胞的层数、细胞大小和细胞壁厚薄、皮层细胞大小和形状、中轴的有无以及比例等特征可以作为藓类植物的分科分类依据之一.     

Photoregulation of seed germination of wild-type and of an aurea-mutant of tomato

Seed germination of an aurea mutant of tomato ( Lycopersicon esculentum Mill.) is promoted by continuous irradiation with red, far-red or long-wavelength far-red (758 nm) light as well as by cyclic irradiations (5 min red or 5 min far-red/25 min darkness). Far-red light applied immediately after each red does not change the germination behaviour. Seed germination of the isogenic wild-type, cv. UC-105, is promoted by continuous and cyclic red light while it is inhibited by continuous and cyclic far-red light and by continious 758 nm irradiation. Far-red irradiation reverses almost completely the promoting effect of red light. The promoting effect (in the aurea mutant) and the inhibitory effect (in the wild-type) of continuous far-red light do not show photon fluence rate dependency above 20 nmol m⁻² s⁻¹. It is concluded that phytochrome controls tomato seed germination throgh low energy responses in both the wild type and the au mutant. The promoting effect of continuous and cyclic far-red light in the au mutant can be attributed to a greater sensitivity to P_fr.     

Cause of Senescence of Nine Sorts of Flowers

The levels of endogenous phytohormones and respiratory rate in nine sorts of flowers such as Cymbidium faberi Rolfe, Nopalxochia ackermannii Kunth and others were investigated both at full bloom and senescence and meanwhile the effect of exogenous phytohormones on prolonging the blossoms and promoting ethylene production were tested. There is a high content of endogenous ethylene in all the long-lived flowere, about 3–16 folds higer than the short-lived ones. There is a high level of ABA at full blooming flowers of short-lived flowers, in which there is no or only some cytokinins in it, but the ratio of CTK (6BA+zeatin)/ABA is smaller(l.7). The endogenous ABA reached a much higher level at senescence in all nine sorts of flowers, so it is reasonable to consider that it is ABA which plays an important role of regulation in controlling flower's senescence. There is a much higher level of GA3 and zeatin in the long-lived flowers which is not demonstrated in the shortlived ones. The respiratory rate is one of the factors controtling the longevity of flowers, but it does not play a decided role. Application of 6BA and zeatin prolongs distinctly orchid’s longevity, however exogenous IAA through the promotive action on ethylene production, evidently extends the longevity of the flowers of the Nopalxochia ackermannii Kunth.     

龙胆科药用植物化学成分的研究现状

龙胆科植物在我国的分布范围很广,且多数为药用植物,其多数种属的药用植物,至今其化学成分尚未被系统研究。综述了目前龙胆科药用植物的化学成分的研究现状及一般提取方法,对近年来发现的环烯醚萜及裂环烯醚萜类化合物进行了总结,为本科药用植物的更深入研究提供了参考。     

Interconnection of parameters of regulation system of lipid peroxidation and of morphophysiological parameters of mouse liver

A complex analysis of seasonal fluctuations of the mean group parameters of the system of regulation of lipid peroxidation has been performed in liver of Balb/c mice. Association of lipid characteristics and morphophysiological parameters is studied in the Balb/c mouse liver. An inter-connection is revealed between the liver index and the amount of lysoforms of phospholipids, the scale and character of the interconnection differing essentially depending on proportion of phos-phatidylcholine in mouse liver phospholipids.     

真菌类遗传学分析的知识结构教学

本文以认知结构理论为指导,讨论了真菌类遗传分析与高等动植物遗传分析的内在联系,认为利用这种内在联系进行教学可收到好的效果并说明了作者的具体教学过程。 Abstract:In the paper, the relationship between genetic analysis of Fungi and genetic analysis of high animal and plant was discussed.A good results were obtained when we adopted this method in the teaching.     

Physiological characteristics of various species of strains of carboxydobacteria

Seven strains of aerobic carbon monoxide-oxidizing bacteria (carboxydebacteria) when growing on CO as sole source of carbon and energy had doubling times which ranged from 12–42 h. The activity profiles obtained after discontinuous sucrose density gradient centrifugation indicated that the CO-oxidizing enzymes are soluble and the hydrogenases are membrane-bound in all strains examined. The CO-oxidizing enzymes of Pseudomonas carboxydohydrogena, Pseudomonas carboxydoflava, Comamonas compransoris, and the so far unidentified strains OM2, OM3, and OM4 had a molecular weight of 230,000; that of Achromobacter carboxydus amounted to 170,000. The molecular weights of the CO-oxidizing and H₂-oxidizing enzymes turned out to be identical. The cell sonicates were shown to catalyze the oxidation of both CO and H₂ with methylene blue, thionine, phenazine methosulfate, toluylene blue, dichlorophenolindophenol, cytochrome c or ferricyanide as electron acceptors. Methyl viologen, benzyl viologen, FAD⁺, FMN⁺, and NAD(P)⁺ were not reduced. The spectrum of electron acceptors was identical for all strains tested. Neither free formate, hydrogen nor oxygen gas were involved in the CO-oxidation reaction. Methylene blue was reduced by CO at a 1:1 molar ratio. The results indicate that CO-oxidation by carboxydobacteria is catalyzed by identical or similar enzymes and that the reaction obeys the equation CO+H₂OCO₂+2H⁺+2e^- as previously shown for Pseudomonas carboxydovorans.Dedicated to Otto Kandler remembering almost three decades of enjoyable cooperation     

The effects of glutamine of the maintenance of embryogenic cultures of Cryptomeria japonica

Summary Embryogenic tissues of sugi (Cryptomeria japonica) were induced on a modified Campbell and Durzan (CD) medium containing 1 μM 2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid (2,4-D) and 600 mg l⁻¹ glutamine, and subcultured in the medium of the same composition for over 1 yr. This resulted in a mixed culture of embryogenic and non-embryogenic cells. When embryogenic cells were isolated and cultured independently, their capacity to form embryogenic aggregates was lost. Thus, the non-embryogenic cells present within a mixed culture system were essential to the formation of embryogenic aggregates. When embryogenic tissues were isolated and cultured independently on a high glutamine-containing (2400 mg l⁻¹) medium, dry weights and endogenous levels of glutamine increased, and the tissue could generate a large number of embryogenic aggregates. Amino acid analysis of embryogenic and non-embryogenic cells from the maintenance culture indicated a higher level of glutamine was present in the latter. The high endogenous level of glutamine in the non-embryogenic portion of mixed cell masses may be the supplier of glutamine for maintaining the embryogenic property of the tissues.