不同培养条件对具鞘微鞘藻生物量和多糖产量的影响

流沙表面形成的藻类结皮,是流动沙丘固定的首要标志.一般来说,当流动沙丘上形成了荒漠藻结皮后,将经过半固定沙丘向固定沙丘演替,在演替过程中,还将依次出现地衣、苔藓和高等植物[1],其中荒漠藻扮演着极其重要的角色.     

海拔和植被对三峡库区梨香溪消落带土壤酶活性的影响

消落带土壤生态环境对水库水质及坡岸稳定性具有较大影响，土壤酶活性具有驱动土壤物质循环进而影响生态系统的功能。本文以三峡库区梨香溪消落带土壤为研究对象，研究了四个海拔梯度和五种植被样地的土壤蔗糖转化酶、脲酶、碱性磷酸酶和蛋白酶的活性及相关环境因子。结果表明，在不同海拔样地中，表层土壤的有机质、总氮、总磷和有效磷的含量均高于土壤下层，并且有效磷和总磷含量随海拔高度的增加而增大。四种土壤酶活性随高程的增加均总体呈现出增大的趋势。除脲酶外，167~180 m样地的下层土壤的土壤酶活性均高于165 m样地。在不同植被样地中，苔藓结皮样地的表层土壤中，蔗糖转化酶、碱性磷酸酶和蛋白酶的活性均为最大。有植被覆盖的样地土壤酶活性和土壤有机质、总氮、总磷和有效磷含量均高于裸地，其中虎杖和藻结皮植被对土壤的养分和土壤酶活性影响作用高于狗压根和苔藓结皮。四种土壤酶的酶活性与土壤总氮、总磷、有效磷和有机质含量大体都呈现正相关关系。以上结果表明，消落带土壤酶活性和土壤肥力供给能力受水淹影响，藻类结皮和苔藓结皮对消落带土壤肥力具有促进作用。     

黄土高原水蚀风蚀交错区藓结皮对土壤酶活性的影响

以黄土高原水蚀风蚀交错区黄绵土和风沙土上发育30年的典型藓结皮为对象,分6层采集0～12 cm土层土样,研究了藓结皮对不同土层4种水解酶活性的影响及其与土壤养分的关系.结果表明: 与无结皮相比,黄绵土藓结皮的脲酶、碱性磷酸酶、蔗糖酶和蛋白酶活性分别提升了2.4、7.6、20.7、2.4倍,而风沙土藓结皮的这4种水解酶活性分别提升了3.5、22.2、22.3、2.0倍;黄绵土和风沙土藓结皮的体积含水量分别降低了6.5%和0.8%,温度分别降低了0.8和2.5 ℃;黄绵土藓结皮的有机质、碱解氮和速效磷含量分别提升了2.5、2.9和3.6倍,风沙土分别提升了3.6、3.0和6.6倍.4种水解酶的活性与土壤养分含量呈显著正相关,与土壤含水量呈显著负相关;而土壤温度与脲酶活性呈显著正相关,与蛋白酶活性呈显著负相关.黄土高原水蚀风蚀交错区2种土壤藓结皮均能显著提升水解酶活性,这是藓结皮加速土壤养分周转的重要因素;通过改变土壤含水量和温度等酶促反应条件间接影响酶活性,是藓结皮促进土壤酶活性的重要途径.     

土壤丝状蓝藻在荒漠治理中的作用研究

土地荒漠化是当前全球性的重要环境问题之一。我国是世界上荒漠化面积较大,危害最严重的国家之一,全国荒漠和荒漠化土地面积2·782×106km2,约占国土陆地面积的三分之一。荒漠化土壤常存在区域性结皮现象,这种结皮对改善荒漠化土壤具有极其重要的作用。导致结皮的产生有物理的、化学的和生物的因素,其中以生物结皮最具生态意义,而生物结皮又分藻结皮、苔藓结皮和地衣结皮。藻类是荒漠中的先锋植物,尤其是一些抗逆性很强的蓝藻,特别是丝状蓝藻在荒漠土壤中具有更强的拓殖作用。本文从丝状蓝藻在生理生态上的优势综合介绍其在荒漠治理中不可替…     

科尔沁沙质草地沙漠化过程中土壤生物活性的变化

选择相邻地段的固定沙丘、半固定沙丘和流动沙丘为对象,研究了科尔沁西部沙质草地沙漠化过程中土壤微生物量、土壤酶活性和土壤养分的变化特征以及三者之间的相关关系.结果表明:土壤养分含量、土壤酶活性和微生物量均随土壤深度的增加而逐渐降低;沙漠化过程中土壤养分严重丧失,土壤微生物量碳、氮、磷,以及土壤脲酶、蛋白酶、蔗糖酶、磷酸单酯酶、脱氢酶、多酚氧化酶和硝酸还原酶的活性均随沙漠化程度的加剧而大幅度下降;土壤生物活性对土壤沙漠化比较敏感,在固定沙丘到半固定沙丘的转化过程中土壤生物活性下降最快;土壤微生物量、土壤酶活性以及土壤养分之间均存在显著的相关关系.     

具鞘微鞘藻在荒漠藻结皮形成过程中的作用

具鞘微鞘藻(Microcoleus vaginatus)是荒漠藻结皮主要的优势物种,在藻结皮的形成和发育过程中发挥着非常重要的作用。为了探讨具鞘微鞘藻在荒漠藻结皮形成过程中的作用,通过实验室内模拟藻结皮不同发育阶段,研究了具鞘微鞘藻在结皮形成过程中对藻类生物量、结皮厚度及其抗压强度的影响;同时利用光学显微镜和扫描电镜对藻结皮微结构观察,分析了不同发育阶段沙粒和具鞘微鞘藻之间的胶结方式和作用机理。结果表明:(1)藻结皮形成的最初阶段,结皮状态主要由细菌及小型蓝绿藻分泌胞外多糖的黏结作用和结皮表面有机质层的保护作用维持,但该阶段的藻结皮比较脆弱,抗压强度仅为(12.21±1.58)Pa;当具鞘微鞘藻大量出现后,逐步占据了明显的优势地位,沙粒间的黏结作用被更高强度的具鞘微鞘藻机械束缚力所取代,成为该阶段藻类结皮硬度提高的重要贡献者;(2)随着具鞘微鞘藻接种比例的逐渐增加,藻结皮中的藻类生物量、结皮厚度及抗压强度均呈现出升高的趋势(P0.01),当接种比例增加为80%时达到最高值;然而,当具鞘微鞘藻接种比例为100%时,各项指标却又有所下降。重点探讨藻结皮不同发育阶段沙粒间的胶结形式及微形态变化,深入揭示具鞘微鞘藻在藻结皮形成和发育过程中的作用机理,为旱生藻类广泛应用于荒漠植被恢复与重建过程提供重要的试验数据和理论依据。     

水分对具鞘微鞘藻构建人工藻结皮的作用

为探讨水分在利用室内培养具鞘微鞘藻构建人工藻结皮中的作用,本文研究了不同施水量和施水时间下人工藻结皮中的藻类生物量、结皮厚度、抗压强度和微结构变化.结果表明:利用具鞘微鞘藻在裸沙上接种,无水处理藻类生物量极低,无藻结皮形成.随着施水量的增加,藻结皮开始出现直至形成稳定的藻结皮,藻类生物量、结皮厚度和抗压强度显著增加,藻丝和胞外多糖逐渐增多,与沙粒缠绕成复杂的网状结构.施水15 d,形成稳定的藻结皮,藻类生物量、结皮厚度和抗压强度最高.具鞘微鞘藻形成藻结皮的最适施水量是3～4L·m-2·d-1,施水时间为15 d.土壤可利用水分可促进具鞘微鞘藻的代谢活动和胞外多糖合成,从而增加藻类生物量,提高其耐旱能力,早期的水分获得是其成功形成藻结皮的关键因素.研究结果将为利用荒漠藻类进行人工生物结皮恢复提供重要的理论依据.     

古尔班通古特沙漠生物土壤结皮对土壤氮库垂直分布特征的影响

生物土壤结皮在干旱区氮素地球化学循环中具有重要作用,研究不同生物土壤结皮下不同形态氮素含量的变化,解析生物土壤结皮对土壤养分影响过程和范围,有助于进一步理解生物土壤结皮的生态功能。本研究以古尔班通古特沙漠藻-地衣混生结皮和藓类结皮两种生物土壤结皮为研究对象,以裸沙为对照,测定生物土壤结皮层和0—100 cm内8个土层全氮、无机氮、可溶性有机氮、游离态氨基酸氮、微生物生物量氮等氮库含量,和土壤脲酶、硝酸盐还原态酶、亮氨酸氨基肽酶等土壤胞外酶活性。结果表明：1)结皮层各形态氮素含量和各土壤酶活性显著高于其下层土壤,结皮层和结皮下各层土壤氮库整体上表现为藓类结皮>藻-地衣混生结皮>裸沙;土壤氮库各形态氮素含量和土壤酶活性在垂直分布上均呈现先显著下降(0—20 cm)后稳定(20—100 cm)的趋势;在20—30 cm土层,除裸沙的无机氮、铵态氮以及藻-地衣混生结皮的硝态氮外,其余速效氮(无机氮、硝态氮、铵态氮)含量具有增加的特点。2)土壤各氮库含量与全磷、有机碳、电导率、土壤脲酶和亮氨酸氨基肽酶活性呈正相关,与pH、土壤含水率呈负相关。3)利用氮循环相关指标建立土壤氮循环多功能...     

不同施氮量对桑园红壤耕层酶活性的影响

在广西红壤典型气候区研究施用氮肥对桑园土壤过氧化氢酶、脲酶、酸性磷酸酶和转化酶酶活性的影响,为广西红壤区桑园合理施氮和耕地保育提供科学依据。试验设置3个施氮量水平(N1:120.75 kg N/hm2,N2:172.5 kg N/hm2,N3:207 kg N/hm2),在冬季测定不同氮肥处理下耕层土壤酶活性,并与桑叶产量进行相关分析。结果表明,土壤脲酶和转化酶活性均随着施氮量的增加而增加,过氧化氢酶和酸性磷酸酶活性在中等施氮量(N2处理)下较大。土壤转化酶和脲酶活性呈显著的正相关关系、转化酶和磷酸酶活性呈显著的正相关关系,土壤脲酶、磷酸酶、转化酶活性与桑叶产量呈极显著相关。合理施用氮肥能提高桑园土壤转化酶、磷酸酶、脲酶活性,土壤脲酶和蔗糖酶活性可作为评价桑园土壤肥力质量的指标之一。     

火烧对古尔班通古特沙漠土壤养分和土壤酶活性的影响

以古尔班通古特沙漠2016年6月意外火烧事件为背景,对比分析火烧和未火烧样地区不同土壤深度化学性质、土壤酶活性的变化特征,为全面评估火烧对温带荒漠生态系统的影响提供土壤学依据。结果表明:火烧样地和对照样地土壤养分含量和酶活性总体上均表现为上层土壤(0—5 cm)大于下层土壤(5—10 cm),仅土壤氧化酶(过氧化氢酶)活性表现为下层土壤大于上层土壤。同时,火烧和土壤深度存在交互效应,火烧对土壤特性的影响受土壤深度的限制。土壤化学性质受火烧的影响主要表现在0—5 cm土壤层,尤其是速效养分在火烧之后有显著增加趋势。火烧对5—10 cm土壤层土壤化学性质无显著影响。火烧后,硝态氮(NO3-N)含量显著下降,铵态氮(NH4-N)含量上升。土壤水解酶、氧化酶活性在火烧之后降低,具体表现为,蔗糖酶、脲酶、β-葡萄糖苷酶活性在0—5 cm和5—10 cm土壤层均极显著下降,而碱性磷酸酶活性仅在0—5 cm土壤层显著下降。过氧化氢酶活性则在5—10 cm土壤层活性显著下降。表明上层土壤水解酶活性对火烧干扰较为敏感,氧化酶活性在火烧干扰下相对稳定。从各土层土壤酶活性的变化特征来看,火烧对水解酶活性的影响随土壤深度增加而降低,而氧化酶则呈现相反的趋势。总体而言,火烧显著提高了古尔班通古特沙漠土壤速效养分的含量,降低了土壤酶活性,不同土壤酶对火烧响应的敏感程度不同。为深入评估火烧干扰对温带荒漠生态系统的影响提供一定理论依据。     

六种藓类植物茎的比较解剖学研究

通过对6种藓类植物,即褶叶青藓(Brachythecium salebrosum(Web.et Mohr.)B.S.G.)、湿地匐灯藓(Plagiomnium acutum(Lindb.)Kop.)、侧枝匐灯藓(Plagiomnium maximoviczii(Lindb.)Kop.)、大凤尾藓(Fissidensnobilis Griff.)、大羽藓(Thuidium cymbifolium(Doz.et Molk.)B.S.G.)和大灰藓(Hypnum plumaeforme Wils.)嫩茎和老茎的石蜡切片和显微观察发现,同一藓类植株的嫩茎和老茎,茎结构稳定,不同种藓类植物茎横切面具有不同特征.植物体茎横切面形状、表层细胞的层数、细胞大小和细胞壁厚薄、皮层细胞大小和形状、中轴的有无以及比例等特征可以作为藓类植物的分科分类依据之一.     

Photoregulation of seed germination of wild-type and of an aurea-mutant of tomato

Seed germination of an aurea mutant of tomato ( Lycopersicon esculentum Mill.) is promoted by continuous irradiation with red, far-red or long-wavelength far-red (758 nm) light as well as by cyclic irradiations (5 min red or 5 min far-red/25 min darkness). Far-red light applied immediately after each red does not change the germination behaviour. Seed germination of the isogenic wild-type, cv. UC-105, is promoted by continuous and cyclic red light while it is inhibited by continuous and cyclic far-red light and by continious 758 nm irradiation. Far-red irradiation reverses almost completely the promoting effect of red light. The promoting effect (in the aurea mutant) and the inhibitory effect (in the wild-type) of continuous far-red light do not show photon fluence rate dependency above 20 nmol m⁻² s⁻¹. It is concluded that phytochrome controls tomato seed germination throgh low energy responses in both the wild type and the au mutant. The promoting effect of continuous and cyclic far-red light in the au mutant can be attributed to a greater sensitivity to P_fr.     

Cause of Senescence of Nine Sorts of Flowers

The levels of endogenous phytohormones and respiratory rate in nine sorts of flowers such as Cymbidium faberi Rolfe, Nopalxochia ackermannii Kunth and others were investigated both at full bloom and senescence and meanwhile the effect of exogenous phytohormones on prolonging the blossoms and promoting ethylene production were tested. There is a high content of endogenous ethylene in all the long-lived flowere, about 3–16 folds higer than the short-lived ones. There is a high level of ABA at full blooming flowers of short-lived flowers, in which there is no or only some cytokinins in it, but the ratio of CTK (6BA+zeatin)/ABA is smaller(l.7). The endogenous ABA reached a much higher level at senescence in all nine sorts of flowers, so it is reasonable to consider that it is ABA which plays an important role of regulation in controlling flower's senescence. There is a much higher level of GA3 and zeatin in the long-lived flowers which is not demonstrated in the shortlived ones. The respiratory rate is one of the factors controtling the longevity of flowers, but it does not play a decided role. Application of 6BA and zeatin prolongs distinctly orchid’s longevity, however exogenous IAA through the promotive action on ethylene production, evidently extends the longevity of the flowers of the Nopalxochia ackermannii Kunth.     

Interconnection of parameters of regulation system of lipid peroxidation and of morphophysiological parameters of mouse liver

A complex analysis of seasonal fluctuations of the mean group parameters of the system of regulation of lipid peroxidation has been performed in liver of Balb/c mice. Association of lipid characteristics and morphophysiological parameters is studied in the Balb/c mouse liver. An inter-connection is revealed between the liver index and the amount of lysoforms of phospholipids, the scale and character of the interconnection differing essentially depending on proportion of phos-phatidylcholine in mouse liver phospholipids.     

龙胆科药用植物化学成分的研究现状

龙胆科植物在我国的分布范围很广,且多数为药用植物,其多数种属的药用植物,至今其化学成分尚未被系统研究。综述了目前龙胆科药用植物的化学成分的研究现状及一般提取方法,对近年来发现的环烯醚萜及裂环烯醚萜类化合物进行了总结,为本科药用植物的更深入研究提供了参考。     

Physiological characteristics of various species of strains of carboxydobacteria

Seven strains of aerobic carbon monoxide-oxidizing bacteria (carboxydebacteria) when growing on CO as sole source of carbon and energy had doubling times which ranged from 12–42 h. The activity profiles obtained after discontinuous sucrose density gradient centrifugation indicated that the CO-oxidizing enzymes are soluble and the hydrogenases are membrane-bound in all strains examined. The CO-oxidizing enzymes of Pseudomonas carboxydohydrogena, Pseudomonas carboxydoflava, Comamonas compransoris, and the so far unidentified strains OM2, OM3, and OM4 had a molecular weight of 230,000; that of Achromobacter carboxydus amounted to 170,000. The molecular weights of the CO-oxidizing and H₂-oxidizing enzymes turned out to be identical. The cell sonicates were shown to catalyze the oxidation of both CO and H₂ with methylene blue, thionine, phenazine methosulfate, toluylene blue, dichlorophenolindophenol, cytochrome c or ferricyanide as electron acceptors. Methyl viologen, benzyl viologen, FAD⁺, FMN⁺, and NAD(P)⁺ were not reduced. The spectrum of electron acceptors was identical for all strains tested. Neither free formate, hydrogen nor oxygen gas were involved in the CO-oxidation reaction. Methylene blue was reduced by CO at a 1:1 molar ratio. The results indicate that CO-oxidation by carboxydobacteria is catalyzed by identical or similar enzymes and that the reaction obeys the equation CO+H₂OCO₂+2H⁺+2e^- as previously shown for Pseudomonas carboxydovorans.Dedicated to Otto Kandler remembering almost three decades of enjoyable cooperation     

Modulation of allostery of pyruvate kinase by shifting of an ensemble of microstates

Since the introduction of the concepts of allostery about four decades ago, much advancement has been made in elucidating the structure-function correlation in allostery. However, there are still a number of issues that remain unresolved. In this review we used mammalian pyruvate kinase (PK) as a model system to understand the role of protein dynamics in modulating cooperativity. PK has a triosephosphate isomerase (TIM)(α/β)₈ barrel structural motif. PK is an ideal system to address basic questions regarding regulatory mechanisms about this common (α/β)₈ structural motif. The simplest model accounting for all of the solution thermodynamic and kinetic data on ligand-enzyme interactions involves two conformational states, inactive E^T and active E^R. These conformational states are represented by domain movements. Further studies provide the first evidence for a differential effect of ligand binding on the dynamics of the structural elements, not major secondary structural changes. These data are consistent with our model that allosteric regulation of PK is the consequence of perturbation of the distribution of an ensemble of states in which the inactive E^T and active E^R represent the two extreme end states. Sequence differences and ligands can modulate the distribution of states leading to alterations of functions. The future work includes: defining the network of functionally connected residues; elucidating the chemical principles governing the sequence differences which affect functions; and probing the nature of mutations on the stability of the secondary structural elements, which in turn modulate allostery.     

（鱼句）亚科花（鱼骨）型鱼类骨骼系统的比较

对我国花型Hemibarbuspattern鱼类作了骨骼系统比较,结果表明,此类型鱼类脑颅较长,副蝶骨平直或稍弯曲,眶蝶骨腹纵嵴发达(铜鱼Coreius septentrionalis例外),下颞窝和咽突中等大,基枕骨后突发达;脑颅中的上筛骨的后突、侧筛骨的外筛突,蝶耳骨的外突、上耳骨的后突、围眶骨和后颞窝等均有明显的差异;咽颅中的舌颌骨、尾舌骨、鳃盖骨和下咽齿的列数等又有显著的区别;附肢骨骼中的腰带骨、脊椎骨中的复合神经骨和第4椎骨腹侧的悬器等也有不同之处。据此,这些差异和区别可作为属间或种间的分类依据。