赤眼蜂防治小菜蛾问题

赤眼蜂Ｔｒｉｃｈｏｇｒａｍｍａ（Ｔ．ｃｏｎｆｕｓｕｍＶｉｇｇｉａｎｉ,＝Ｔ．ｃｈａｌｏｎｉｓ,Ｎａｇａｒａｊａ,ｎｅｃ．Ｉｓｈｕ）于卵期降低小菜蛾Ｐｌｕｔｅｌｌａｘｙｌｏｓｔｅｌｌａ（Ｌ．）种群密度,但对其幼虫期的天敌不会随即受到影响,相对地提高了天敌的作用。本文在生命表的基础上应用于扰作用控制抬数评价这两者的相辅相成的效果。试验分析结果表明,赤眼蜂对小菜蛾种群动态的控制作用是比较明显的。小菜蛾的产卵高峰期比较长,卵的发育历期比较短,这是应用赤眼蜂的不利条件．赤眼蜂成虫散放后继续扩散,同时不可避免逐日死亡,这也不利于寄生率的提高。本文通过对赤眼蜂成虫扩散行为的观察,结合小菜蛾的上述特点,讨论提高赤眼蜂对小菜蛾防治效果的措施。     

小菜蛾的生物防治问题

本文应用种群数量发展趋势指数和干扰作用控制指数,研究不同菜场的小菜蛾Ｐｌｕｔ－ｅｌｌａｘｙｌｏｓｔｅｌｌａ（Ｌ．）种群动态。在大量而频繁施用广谱性杀虫剂的菜场,小菜蛾的种群数量发展趋势指数高达２９．３。在应用苏云金杆菌制剂代替广谱性杀虫剂的菜场,经过若干世代以后,小菜蛾的种群数量发展趋势指数下降为４．８８,接近于不使用化学杀虫剂的小区的水平（３．４０）。在试验中,散放赤眼蜂Ｔｒｉｃｈｏｇｒａｍｍａ（Ｔ．ｃｏｎｆｕｓｕｍＶｉｇｇｉａｎｉ,＝Ｔ．ｃｈｉｌｏｎｉｓ,Ｎａｇａｒａｊａ,ｎｅｃ．Ｉｓｈｕ）使小菜蛾种群干扰作用控制指数下降为０．２４。施用苏云金杆菌制剂使小菜蛾的种群数量发展趋势指数下降为０．２９,这两种措施在种群数量发展趋势指数比较低的情况下可以防治小菜蛾。散放赤眼蜂和施用苏云金杆菌制剂的处理,种群数量发展趋势指数下降为０．０６,表达了两者相辅相成的作用。即使在种群数量发展趋势指数高达２９．３,也可能受到良好的效果。     

松毛虫卵期几种寄生蜂的共寄生现象及其对寄生率的影响

松毛虫赤眼蜂Ｔｒｉｃｈｏｇｒａｍｍａｄｅｎｄｒｏｌｉｍ　Ｍａｔｓｕｍｕｒａ,白跗平腹小蜂ＰｓｅｕｄａｎａｓｔａｔｕｓａｌｂｉｔａｒｓｉｓＡｓｈｍｅａｄ,松毛虫宽缘金小蜂Ｐａｃｈｙｎｅｕｒｏｎ　ｓｏｌｉｔａｒｉｕｍ（Ｈａｒｔｉｇ）,松毛虫黑卵蜂Ｔｅｌｅｎｏ－ｍｕｓ　ｄｅｎｄｒｏｌｉｍｕｓｉ　Ｃｈｕ和大蛾卵跳小蜂Ｏｏｅｎｃｙｒｔｕｓｋｕｗａｎａｅ（Ｈｏｗａｒｄ）是松毛虫卵期几种主要寄生蜂。通过对上述几种寄生蜂寄生习性的研究表明：赤眼蜂和平腹小蜂不但能寄生新鲜害虫卵,还可以寄生对方已寄生并已发育１—３天的寄生卵,但羽化率均不高;松毛虫宽缘金小峰不寄生新鲜害虫卵,专门寄生赤眼蜂寄生后已发育１—７天的寄生卵,其中又以赤眼蜂发育３—５天的卵寄生率和羽化率为最高。除赤眼蜂和平腹小蜂可以混合使用外,其它蜂种混用都不同程度地存在相互排挤的现象。如果先让平腹小蜂寄生尔后再让赤眼蜂寄生或先让赤眼蜂寄生,尔后再让跳小蜂或黑卵蜂寄生,能够提高卵块寄生率和充分发挥各自天敌的作用。     

两种赤眼蜂对小菜蛾卵的寄生潜能分析

应用生命表技术分析了拟澳洲赤眼蜂Trichogramma confusum Viggiani(T.c)和卷蛾分索赤眼蜂Trichogramm-atoidea bactrae Nagaraja(T.b)在两种繁蜂条件组配下（分别用米蛾Corcyra cephalomica(Stainton)(RM)卵和小菜蛾Plutella xylostella(L.)(DBM)卵繁育）对小菜蛾卵的寄生潜能分析,结果表明：（1）在相同寄主繁蜂条件下,卷蛾分索赤眼蜂在小菜蛾卵上显示出较强的寄生潜能,米蛾卵上所繁的卷蛾分索赤眼蜂（T.b-RM)和小菜蛾卵上所繁的卷蛾分索赤眼蜂（T.b-DBM)的内禀增长率为0.3509和0.3450,而米蛾卵上所繁的澳洲赤眼蜂（T.c-RM)和小菜蛾卵上所繁的拟澳洲赤眼蜂（T.c-DBM)的仅为0.2391和0.1902,T.b-RM和T.b-DBM的每雌平均寄生卵数为70.75和46.13粒,而T.c-RM和T.c-DBM的仅为64.90和31.73粒,但拟澳洲赤眼蜂的雌蜂寿命较卷蛾分索赤眼蜂更长。（2）在不同寄主繁蜂条件下,同种赤眼蜂对小菜蛾卵的寄生潜能以米蛾卵所繁的仔蜂的各项寄生特性参数（内禀增长率,每雌寄生卵量,净生殖力,平均世代历期和雌蜂寿命）均优于用小菜蛾卵所繁之蜂,米蛾卵是其适宜的中间寄主。（3）长期用中间寄主繁蜂,赤眼蜂对目标寄主表现出一定的不适应性,中间寄主的驯化对赤眼蜂的寄生潜能有不容忽视的削弱作用。     

两种赤眼蜂对小菜蛾卵的寄生能力和种间竞争

在实验室内研究了本地天敌拟澳洲赤眼蜂和外来天敌短管赤眼蜂在不同卵龄和不同空间条件下对小菜蛾卵的寄生和种间竞争.结果表明,在0～62 h的小菜蛾卵上,拟澳洲赤眼蜂和短管赤眼蜂单独接蜂时对小菜蛾卵的寄生率、子代羽化率、子代雌蜂百分率随卵龄下降,而后代发育死亡率则随卵龄增加.短管赤眼蜂对各龄小菜蛾卵的寄生率、子代羽化率、子代雌蜂百分率均较拟澳洲赤眼蜂高,而子代蜂的发育死亡率则较拟澳洲赤眼蜂低.两种蜂对小菜蛾卵龄的要求都不太严格,在小于48 h的小菜蛾卵上都能产卵寄生,且寄生率高于50%,但短管赤眼蜂寄生对小菜蛾卵龄的要求更宽松.在两种蜂混合接蜂时,后代中短管赤眼蜂的比例在各处理中都高于50%,且随寄主卵龄增加,当小菜蛾卵龄大于48 h后,短管赤眼蜂的比例高达100%,说明短管赤眼蜂对小菜蛾有更强的寄生能力和竞争能力.拟澳洲赤眼蜂和短管赤眼蜂单独接蜂时,在4～22cm^3空间范围内,各处理间对小菜蛾卵的寄生率没有显著差异,而短管赤眼蜂的寄生率(76.4%～86%)略低于拟澳洲赤眼蜂(88.7%～92.3%).当空间大于53 cm^3时,寄生率显著下降,在102cm^3空间时显著降低到50%.混合接蜂时各处理间寄生率差异不显著.两种接蜂方式对后代羽化率和雌蜂百分率没有太大影响,蜂的后代发育死亡率在两种蜂单独接蜂时随空间而增加.在4～102cm^3空间范围内,混合接蜂后代雄蜂中短管赤眼蜂从80%以上降低到20%以下,说明短管赤眼蜂的竞争能力随接蜂空间的加大而降低.     

小菜蛾卵寄生蜂在生态恢复条件下的自然增长

在生态恢复的深圳龙岗生态示范农场,自然寄生于小菜蛾卵的寄生蜂种类逐渐年多1999年9月,首次发现卷蛾分索赤眼蜂（Trichogrammatoidea bactrae)和玉米螟赤眼蜂（Trichogramma ostriniae)自然寄生于田间小菜蛾卵;同时,拟澳洲赤眼蜂（Tichogramma confusum)和碧岭赤眼蜂（Trichogramma bilingensis)在田间也有一定的自然寄生比率。目前,4种赤眼蜂已经在田间自然建立了种群,其中以拟澳洲赤眼蜂数量占优势小菜蛾的自然寄生率为15％,最高时可达29％。表明农田生态条件的恢复对小菜蛾卵寄生蜂有较好的增殖和保护作用,最后提出了在该农场利用赤眼蜂自然控制小菜蛾种群的可能性。     

不同赤眼蜂对灰白蚕蛾卵的偏好性比较

在实验室条件下,利用不同种类和品系的赤眼蜂Trichogramma spp.对灰白蚕蛾Ocinnara varians选择性和灰白蚕蛾对其适合性的差异,筛选防治灰白蚕蛾的有效蜂种和品系,结果表明,在供试的8种赤眼蜂中,松毛虫赤眼蜂Trichogramma dendrolimi、短管赤眼蜂Trichogramma pretiosum、舟蛾赤眼蜂Trichogramma closterae、暗黑赤眼蜂Trichogramma euproctidis和拟澳洲赤眼蜂Trichogramma confusum 5种赤眼蜂较其它3种赤眼蜂更偏好寄生灰白蚕蛾的卵,每雌蜂在灰白蚕蛾卵上的接触次数、寄生卵数都相对较多,且羽化率也都较高.广赤眼蜂Trichogramma evanescens对灰白蚕蛾卵的接触次数最多,为6.60次/雌,但寄生卵数却很少,为4.55粒/雌,羽化率也很低,为27.86%.玉米螟赤眼蜂寄生灰白蚕蛾的卵比较多,为14.35粒/雌,但对灰白蚕蛾卵的接触次数很少,仅1.20次/雌,羽化率也很低,为24.17%.卷蛾分索赤眼蜂对灰白蚕蛾卵的接触次数和寄生卵数最少的,分别为0.60次/雌和2.20粒/雌,且被寄生卵全部不能发育成功.综合分析结果表明,松毛虫赤眼蜂是最适合寄生灰白蚕蛾卵的赤眼蜂种,可作为其生物防治的潜在寄生蜂.     

小菜蛾卵作为赤眼蜂中间寄主的寄生适合度分析

【目的】寻求快速扩繁赤眼蜂种群的寄主,试以繁殖速率较高的小菜蛾为中间寄主,评价不同赤眼蜂种类对小菜蛾卵的寄生适合度并筛选出适合的蜂种。【方法】通过构建稻螟赤眼蜂Trichogramma japonicum Ashmead(简称T.j)、螟黄赤眼蜂T chilonis Ishi(简称T.c)和斑螟分索赤眼蜂Trichogrammatoidea hypsipylae Nagaraja(简称T.h)3种赤眼蜂在小菜蛾Plutella xylostella L.卵上繁殖的实验种群生命表,分析比较其各自的生命表参数,以了解不同蜂种对小菜蛾卵的寄生适合度。【结果】在小菜蛾卵上繁殖的稻螟赤眼蜂的净生殖力R_0、内禀增长率r_m、周限增长率λ与平均世代历期T分别为4.66、0.1633、1.1809、9.2532;斑螟分索赤眼蜂的上述4项参数分别为9.10、0.2177、1.2432、10.1432;螟黄赤眼蜂对小菜蛾卵的寄生能力较差,内禀增长率r_m为0.0338,且其后代性比偏雄,雌雄性比为1♀:6.2(?),以至不能正常传代。斑螟分索赤眼蜂的平均每雌寄生卵数为15.4粒,显著高于稻螟赤眼蜂的10.0粒与螟黄赤眼蜂的8.9粒。【结论】在室内人工培育的小菜蛾卵上繁殖的稻螟赤眼蜂与斑螟分索赤眼蜂对小菜蛾卵的寄生能力较强,尤其是斑螟分索赤眼蜂的内禀增长率r_m与小菜蛾的相近,适合以小菜蛾卵作为中间寄主扩大繁殖,稻螟赤眼蜂次之,而螟黄赤眼蜂并不适合以小菜蛾卵作为中间寄主。     

吉林省产5种百合的核型研究

报道了吉林省产５种百合科植物的染色体数目和核型：①毛百合Ｌｉｌｉｕｍ ｄａｕｒｉｃｕｍ Ｋｅｒ．－Ｇｅｗ１．２ｎ＝２４＝２ｍ（２ＳＡＴ）＋２ｓｍ（２ＳＡＴ）＋８ｓｔ（２ＳＡＴ）＋１２ｔ（２ＳＡＴ）;②有斑百合Ｌ．ｃｏｎｃｏｌｏｒ Ｓａｌｉｓｂ．ｖａｒ．ｂｕｓｃｈｉａｎｕｍ（Ｌｏｄｄ．）Ｂａｋｅｒ ２ｎ＝２４＝２ｍ（２ＳＡＴ）＋４ｓｍ（４ＳＡＴ）＋６ｓｔ（２ＳＡＴ）＋１２ｔ;③兰州百合Ｌ．ｄａｖｉｄ     

稻螟赤眼蜂与二种赤眼蜂对水稻二化螟卵寄生竞争作用

稻螟赤眼蜂是我国水稻二化螟的优势卵寄生蜂,本文在室内条件下,初步研究了稻螟赤眼蜂分别与松毛虫赤眼蜂和螟黄赤眼蜂在水稻二化螟卵上的种间竞争作用。结果表明,同时接入稻螟赤眼蜂和松毛虫赤眼蜂时,寄生水稻二化螟卵(40.2粒)及子代雌蜂总数(32.0头)最多,且松毛虫赤眼蜂平均寄生二化螟卵的数量(26.5粒)明显高于单独接蜂的平均寄生的数量,后代雌蜂比率(76.3%)明显低于单独接蜂时的雌蜂比率,发育历期(10.7 d)明显长于接入同种时的发育历期。而稻螟赤眼蜂和螟黄赤眼蜂共存时,螟黄赤眼蜂平均寄生二化螟卵的数量(10.3粒)、后代雌蜂比率(75.3%)以及发育历期(8.0 d)与单独接蜂时相似;同样,当稻螟赤眼蜂与松毛虫赤眼蜂混合接蜂时,稻螟赤眼蜂平均寄生二化螟卵的数量(14.4粒)、后代雌蜂比率(79.0%)以及发育历期(8.6 d)与单独接蜂时相似,但是,当稻螟赤眼蜂与螟黄赤眼蜂混合接蜂时,其后代雌蜂比率(76.7%)明显低于单独接蜂处理,而发育历期(8.8 d)明显长于单独接蜂处理。总的来看,在二化螟卵上,同时接入二种赤眼蜂时,蜂种间存在一定的竞争作用,其中混合接入稻螟赤眼蜂和松毛虫赤眼蜂时,对水稻二化螟的控制效果最佳。     

SELECTION OF TRICHOGRAMMA SPECIES FOR CONTROLLING THE DIAMONDBACK MOTH PLUTELLA XYLOSTELLA(L.)

Abstract  The parasitization of twenty-nine species or strains of Trichogramma and Trichogrammatoidea on the eggs of diamondback moth (DBM), Plutella xylostella (L.), was tested in the laboratory. Five indexes were evaluated: proportion of female wasps of egg-laying, the number of parasitized host eggs by each female wasp, survival ratio of progeny in each host-egg, emergence ratio and sex ratio of offsprings. The results showed that 23 species or strains were able to parasitize the eggs of DBM and significant difference was found not only between species but also between strains. According to the five indexes, T. trijapitzni (from former USSR), T. pretiosum (from USA), T. nagarkattii (from France), Trichogrammatoidea bactrae( from Taiwan, China), T. chilonis (from Guangdong, China), and T . sp. (from France) showed better performance, among which T. pretiosum, Trichogrammatoidea bactrae and T. chilonis (Guangdong)were considered as suitable candidates to control DBM in the field.     

小菜蛾卵表和雌蛾腹部鳞片提取液的GC-MS分析

来源于小菜蛾Plutella xylostella(L.)卵表和雌蛾腹部鳞片的挥发性化学物质影响着卷蛾分索赤眼蜂Trichogrammatoidea bactrae Nagaraja、拟澳洲赤眼蜂Trichogramma confusum Viggiani、短管赤眼蜂Trichogramma pretiosum Riley和玉米螟赤眼蜂Trichogramma ostriniae Pang et Chen的搜索行为,为明确这些挥发性化学物质的主要成分,本文利用气相色谱-质谱联用仪(GC-MS)对小菜蛾卵表和雌蛾腹部鳞片正己烷提取液的化学成分进行分析。结果总共分离到48种挥发性化学物质,其中卵表中16种,雌蛾腹部鳞片中32种。经NIST数据库检索,并与标准图谱比较,应用色谱峰面积归一法测定各成分的相对含量,结果表明,鉴定出卵表中有11种化学物质,占其总挥发性组分总量的93.95%;雌蛾腹部鳞片中有17种化学物质,占其总挥发性组分总量的88.47%。结果表明,小菜蛾卵表和雌蛾腹部鳞片中的主要成分为12～36碳的直链和支链饱和烷烃及一些脂肪酸衍生物。     

几种赤眼蜂对灰白蚕蛾寄生能力的影响

通过室内功能反应试验,测定松毛虫赤眼蜂T.dendrolimiMatsumura、短管赤眼蜂T.pretiosumRiley、暗黑赤眼蜂T.pintoiVoegele、玉米螟赤眼蜂T.ostriniaePangetChen、卷蛾分索赤眼蜂Trichogrammatoidea bactraeNagaraja、拟澳洲赤眼蜂T.confusumViggiani、舟蛾赤眼蜂T.closteraePangetChen、广赤眼蜂T.evanescensWestwood对广州地区重要园林害虫灰白蚕蛾的寄生能力。结果表明,除卷蛾分索赤眼蜂外,其它7种赤眼蜂对灰白蚕蛾的寄生作用均能用HollingⅡ型功能反应模型拟合。松毛虫赤眼蜂对灰白蚕蛾的寄生能力为最强,短管赤眼蜂和暗黑赤眼蜂次之,最大寄生卵量分别为25.8粒/雌、19.0粒/雌和18.6粒/雌,且在灰白蚕蛾卵内都能发育成功和正常羽化,可进一步进行筛选。虽然玉米螟赤眼蜂和舟蛾赤眼蜂对灰白蚕蛾有较强的寄生能力,但其后代雌蜂率都较低,且玉米螟赤眼蜂不能正常羽化,因此不适宜用来防治灰白蚕蛾。卷蛾分索赤眼蜂、广赤眼蜂和拟澳洲赤眼蜂的最大寄生量都较低,均不超过15.0粒,对灰白蚕蛾卵的寄生潜能不大。     

温度对卷蛾分索赤眼蜂种群参数的影响

通过组建卷蛾分索赤眼蜂 Trichogrammatoidea bactrae Nagaraja在米蛾 Corcyra cephalonica(Stainton)卵上实验种群生命表的方法 ,考察了梯度恒温 17、2 0、2 3、2 6、2 9、32℃和 35℃对该蜂发育、存活和繁殖的影响。在试验温度范围内 ,卷蛾分索赤眼蜂的世代发育历期随着温度的升高而缩短 ,发育历期由 17℃时的 2 0 .77d降至 35℃时的 7.2 5 d。卷蛾分索赤眼蜂的临界发育温度为 11.92和 38.95℃ ,适宜的生长发育温区则介于 2 0～ 2 9℃之间 ,最适发育温度为 2 3.0 7℃。在适宜温度 (2 0～ 2 9℃ )范围内 ,卷蛾分索赤眼蜂的幼期存活率维持在 90 %以上 ,雌成蜂具有较长的寿命 ,7.6 7～ 10 .87d;内禀增长率 (rm)及净生殖力 (R0 ) ,分别介于 0 .2 395～ 0 .4 890和 4 2 .32～ 6 4 .2 3之间。极端温度对卷蛾分索赤眼蜂的生长发育和生殖均有明显的抑制作用 ,在 35℃时 ,其幼期存活率为 12 .98% ,雌成蜂寿命不足 1d,且不能进行正常的生殖活动。温度对卷蛾分索赤眼蜂的子代性比有着显著的影响 ,在 17～ 35℃范围 ,子代雌雄性比随着温度的升高而不断下降 ,17,2 0 ,2 3,2 6 ,2 9℃和 32℃时的子代雌雄性比分别为 6 .73,3.4 8,2 .88,2 .4 5 ,2 .4 1和 1.75 ,温度与子代性比的作用关系可用公式 s=exp(3.5 1- 0 .10     

Biological studies on Trichogrammatoidea bactrae Nagaraja (Hymenoptera: Trichogrammatidae), egg parasitoid of Tuta absoluta Meyrick (Lepidoptera: Gelechiidae)

The tomato moth, Tuta absoluta Meyrick, is one of the most important tomato pests in South America. In Argentina, management strategies include only chemical control. In this work, the parasitoid wasp Trichogrammatoidea bactrae Nagaraja was evaluated as a potential natural enemy against this pest. Biological and population parameters were estimated by developing a life table under laboratory conditions at 25 ± 1oC, 14:10 photoperiod and 60 ± 10% RH. Three cohorts of 26-30 T. bactrae females each were placed with one of the three following treatments: 1 - Sitotroga cerealella (Olivier) eggs on a piece of cardboard; 2 - S. cerealella eggs on a piece of tomato leaf, and 3- T. absoluta eggs on a piece on tomato leaf. The following parameters were estimated for each cohort: survival (egg to adult), longevity, fecundity and oviposition period of females, sex proportion of the F1, net rate of reproduction (Ro), mean generation time (T) and intrinsic rate of population increase (r m). Survival of the T. bactrae immatures was higher than 90% on both, S. cerealella and T. absoluta eggs. The female survival curves corresponded to type III and showed no significant differences among treatments. The three cohorts did not show significant differences between sex ratio, female longevity, oviposition period, fecundity and the population parameters studied. These results indicate that T. bactrae would be a potential biological control agent of T. absoluta.     

Natural Enemies of Sorghum Shoot Fly, Atherigona soccata Rondani (Diptera: Muscidae)

The sorghum shoot fly, Atherigona soccata is one of the most important pests of grain sorghum in Asia, Africa and the Mediterranean Europe. This paper reviews the current state of information on diversity, ecobiology, parasitism levels, and mass rearing of the parasitoids, predators and pathogens attacking different stages of A. soccata . Among the parasitoids, Trichogramma chilonis Ishii and Trichogrammatoidea simmondsi Nagaraja on the eggs, and Neotrichoporoides nyemitawus Rohwer on the larvae are most important. Although 15 species of predators have been recorded, their predation potential has not been assessed under field conditions. Several species of spiders are important predators on eggs. The ecobiology of T. chilonis, T. simmondsi, N. nyemitawus, Spalangia endius Walker and Trichopria sp. has been studied in considerable detail. The parasitism levels are quite high during the post-rainy season by Aprostocetus sp., N. nyemitawus , Opius sp. and S. endius . Augmenting populations of T. chilonis does not reduce the shoot fly infestation under field conditions. Parasitism by N. nyemitawus is greater in sorghum-cowpea intercrop than where sorghum is the sole crop. Mass rearing techniques are available only for T. chilonis and T. bactrae . The constraints and challenges for utilizing the natural enemies in integrated pest management have been discussed.     

Influence of Diaphania hyalinata (L.) (Lepidoptera: Crambidae) egg density on the parasitization capacity of Trichogramma exiguum Pinto & Platner and Trichogramma pretiosum Riley (Hymenoptera: Trichogrammatidae)

The effects of the egg density of Diaphania hyalinata (L.) on several biological parameters of Trichogramma exiguum Pinto & Platner and T. pretiosum Riley were investigated. For that, 24h-old egg masses were isolated in glass tubes (15 replicates; 1 egg mass = 1 replicate), and offered to parasitization by a newly-emerged female of T. pretiosum or T. exiguum 24h at the proportion of one female to 5, 10, 15, 20, 25, 30, 35 and 40 eggs of D. hyalinata. The following parameters were evaluated: number of parasitized eggs, number of individuals per egg, viability and sex ratio. Trichogramma exiguum parasitized more eggs than T. pretiosum when more than 25 eggs were available per female. The percentage of emergence was satisfactory to T. pretiosum in densities up to 15 eggs/female and up to 20 eggs/female for T. exiguum. The number of individuals per egg was not statistically different in both species except in the density of 25 eggs/female. It can be concluded that T. exiguum performed better than T. pretiosum at larger clutch sizes, as T. exiguum parasitization capacity increased as a result of the size of the host clutch size.     

Wolbachia感染对拟澳洲赤眼蜂寿命、生殖力和嗅觉反应的影响

研究了通过共享同一寄主卵,短管赤眼蜂Trichogramma pretiosum体内共生的Wolbachia被水平传递到拟澳洲赤眼蜂T. confusum体内后,Wolbachia对新宿主拟澳洲赤眼蜂的影响。结果表明： Wolbachia的侵染能使拟澳洲赤眼蜂进行不完全的产雌孤雌生殖,增加拟澳洲赤眼蜂子代雌性比例,但却导致了雌蜂寿命缩短和繁殖力降低的生理损失。Wolbachia感染的当代处女蜂及其建立的种群连续5代(F₁～F₅),其子代雌蜂百分率分别为79.17%、76.60%、68.66%、72.58%、68.15%和64.06%,基本上呈现出逐代降低的趋势,并越来越接近对照的63.85%。处女蜂及F₁～F₅代雌蜂的平均寿命分别为4.33、5.50、5.60、6.68、7.32和7.50天,而未感染交配雌蜂寿命为7.59 天;处女蜂及F₁～F₅代雌蜂平均产卵量分别为11.33、70.00、86.41、93.90、102.92和124.38粒/雌,除F₅代外,均显著低于未感染交配雌蜂的产卵量134.81粒/雌。用四臂嗅觉仪测定了Wolbachia新宿主拟澳洲赤眼蜂对寄主小菜蛾的嗅觉反应,结果表明Wolbachia的侵染具轻微干扰拟澳洲赤眼蜂嗅觉反应的负面影响。未感染Wolbachia的拟澳洲赤眼蜂及Wolbachia供体短管赤眼蜂对寄主小菜蛾具较强的嗅觉反应,其雌蜂在小菜蛾腹部鳞片正己烷提取液和小菜蛾卵表正己烷提取液处理区内滞留时间显著或极显著长于对照区。而感染Wolbachia的拟澳洲赤眼蜂F₂代和F₃代雌蜂,尽管在小菜蛾腹部鳞片正己烷提取液处理区内滞留时间比对照区长,但没有达到显著水平;其F₂代雌蜂在小菜蛾卵表正己烷提取液处理区内滞留时间与对照区相比,也没有达到显著水平。随Wolbachia在拟澳洲赤眼蜂种群中垂直感染代数的增加,拟澳洲赤眼蜂对寄主小菜蛾的嗅觉反应恢复正常,在Wolbachia感染后的 F₄～F₆代,雌蜂在两种提取液处理区内的滞留时间均显著或极显著长于对照区。