赤红壤植蔗坡地坡面径流及溶解态氮磷流失特征

为探究南方高强度、高频次降雨下赤红壤区坡耕地土壤侵蚀及氮磷养分流失的特征,基于野外径流小区原位观测试验,通过测定自然降雨下赤红壤植蔗坡地坡面径流和溶解态氮磷流失量,探讨自然降雨下甘蔗种植对赤红壤坡面径流及溶解态氮磷流失的影响。结果表明：(1)2019年和2020年,径流量分别为1111.3 m~3/hm~2和3269.4 m~3/hm~2,硝态氮(NO~-₃-N)流失量分别为1.39 kg/hm~2和15.60 kg/hm~2,铵态氮(NH~+₄-N)流失量分别为0.37 kg/hm~2和1.02 kg/hm~2,可溶性磷流失量分别为0.20 kg/hm~2和0.27 kg/hm~2。2019年和2020年植蔗坡地径流及溶解态氮磷流失量均集中在6月份,占流失总量的45%以上,硝态氮(NO~-₃-N)是径流氮素流失的主要形式,占79%以上。此外,2019年和2020年5月至8月,侵蚀性降雨场次分别为18次和23次,侵蚀性降雨量分别为407.8 mm和668.0 mm。(2)不同侵蚀性降雨条件下,植蔗坡地溶解态氮磷流失量及其...     

三峡库区典型小流域农业非点源氮磷流失特征

基于2007-2009年的野外观测数据对戴家沟小流域降雨径流与农业非点源氮磷流失的时间序列变化关系及其特征进行研究.结果表明:2007-2009年,戴家沟小流域降雨量和径流量峰值变化一致,二者相关系数为0.904.总氮和总磷浓度变化趋势吻合,但总氮对降雨径流变化响应的灵敏度高于总磷;氮流失浓度受降雨径流变化影响显著,而磷流失则表现出逐年递增的趋势;氮磷比的变化特征与总氮浓度的变化特征一致,且与径流波动有良好的耦合关系.2007-2009年,戴家沟小流域降雨径流量累积百分比峰值出现时刻与总氮、总磷流失量累积百分比峰值出现时刻不吻合,表明流域农业非点源污染具有较大的随机性和分散性,二者没有严格的对应关系.     

赣江下游典型蔬菜地地表径流的氮磷流失特征

在赣江下游代表性蔬菜地设置径流小区, 研究常规施肥条件下蔬菜地生态系统地表径流中氮、磷的流失状况。结果表明, 在连续多次监测期内, 自然降雨条件下常规施肥蔬菜地地表径流总氮平均浓度为10.32 mg⋅L–1, 总磷平均浓度为4.71 mg⋅L–1, 硝态氮与溶解性正磷酸盐是该区域蔬菜地降雨径流中氮、磷的主要存在形态, 故而地表径流流入至附近水体存在富营养化的风险。此外, 蔬菜地降雨径流中氮、磷流失量与降雨量呈极显著的正相关关系。研究表明, 施肥和降雨量是影响地表径流氮、磷流失的主要因素, 针对赣江下游蔬菜地氮、磷流失特点需制定相应的氮、磷流失的防治措施。     

模拟降雨下麻栎林地表径流和壤中流及氮素流失特征

为探讨人工林地地表径流和壤中流产流机制及其氮素流失规律,选择鲁中南山区典型林地麻栎林为研究对象,采用模拟降雨试验方法,研究麻栎林与荒草地的产流及氮素流失特征。结果表明:(1)麻栎林的总产流量、地表径流量、壤中流量分别是荒草地的80.5%、61.4%、162.2%。地表径流产流呈不断增加且趋于稳定的特征;壤中流产流时间明显滞后于地表径流的,产流过程径流量波动比较小,保持相对稳定。地表径流量和壤中流量随时间的变化过程可分别通过对数函数和多项式函数进行模拟。(2)麻栎林的全氮总流失浓度、地表径流全氮流失浓度、壤中流全氮流失浓度为11.5、13.1、8.9 mg/L,分别比荒草地低19.0%、13.8%、8.2%。地表径流全氮流失浓度一般前期较大,而后递减并趋于稳定;壤中流全氮流失浓度在整个产流过程中保持相对稳定。地表径流和壤中流全氮流失浓度随降雨时间的变化过程可分别通过幂函数和多项式函数进行模拟。(3)在整个降雨产流过程中,麻栎林和荒草地的地表径流量分别占总产流量的61.8%和81.1%,麻栎林和荒草地的地表径流全氮流失量分别占全氮总流失量的70.4%和87.0%,径流、氮素的流失都以地表径流为主。与荒草地相比,麻栎林具有明显增加壤中流,减少氮素流失效果。     

典型农作措施对沙溪庙组壤质紫色土坡耕地径流氮流失的影响

明确典型农作措施对紫色土坡耕地径流氮(N)流失的影响可为优化面源污染防控措施提供科学依据。基于2019—2021年沙溪庙组发育的壤质紫色土坡耕地不同降雨等级次降雨产流事件,分析了常规施肥(CK),优化施肥(T1)和优化施肥+秸秆还田(T2)措施下径流、径流中总氮(TN)、硝态氮(NO₃-N)及铵态氮(NH₄-N)流失浓度和流失量的变化特征。结果表明,与CK相比,T1和T2的径流深分别减小了4.24%、12.71%,但减小程度不显著(P>0.05);CK与T1的径流系数相等,且比T2增加了12.5%(P>0.05);相比CK,T1和T2的TN浓度增加了19.35%、25.8%(P>0.05),TN流失量则均增加了11.54%(P>0.05),表明T1和T2的施用也有增加土壤N流失的潜在风险。与中雨、大雨和大暴雨事件相比,暴雨事件的径流深分别增加了6.5%—191.11%(P<0.05),而TN、NO₃-N及NH₄-N的流失量分别增加106.38%—177.14%(P>...     

喀斯特灌丛坡地土壤-表层岩溶带产流及氮素流失特征

喀斯特二元结构发育,地表水大量漏失,养分表现出快速流失的特点,然而养分流失的途径和机制尚不清楚.本研究从喀斯特关键带三维空间的视角,通过监测喀斯特灌丛坡地雨季典型降雨产流和氮素流失特征,基于氢氧稳定同位素技术对主要水文路径“新旧水”比例进行划分,并探讨氮素流失的主要途径和机制.结果表明:深层渗漏和壤中流是喀斯特灌丛坡地主要水文路径,两者分别占降雨量的71%和9%,地表径流仅占2%;深层渗漏、壤中流均以“旧水”为主,“旧水”比例分别为85%、61%;硝态氮浓度在深层渗漏中最高(1.97 mg·L^-1),铵态氮浓度在壤中流中最高(1.18 mg·L^-1),深层渗漏对氮素流失的贡献率达89.4%,显著高于地表径流和壤中流;“旧水”比例与硝态氮、铵态氮浓度和流失总量均表现出显著正相关关系,“旧水”可能是喀斯特坡地土壤-表层岩溶带系统携带氮素迁移的主要介质.以上研究能够为西南喀斯特地区坡地水资源合理配置和养分流失阻控技术研发提供理论支撑.     

竹林坡地径流中泥沙及氮磷载荷特征模拟

采用人工模拟降雨的试验手段,设定6个降雨强度(31.8～114.0 mm·h-1),通过测试径流量、泥沙量、径流中总氮(TN)和总磷(TP)浓度,研究了浙江省2种不同经营方式竹林(用材竹林和笋竹林)坡地(坡度20°)径流的载荷特征及机理.结果表明:用材竹林地的总径流量和径流系数均高于笋竹林地;笋竹林地的径流含沙量和总产沙量远大于用材竹林地;相同雨强下,笋竹林地降雨径流中的TN浓度为用材竹林地的5～6倍,笋竹林坡地径流中TN浓度随雨强增大而减小;用材竹林地降雨径流中TP浓度高于笋竹林地,笋竹林地泥沙中TP流失量是用材竹林地的数百倍;在TN和TP随径流泥沙的流失过程中,产流前期浓度起主要作用,后期径流量和产沙量起决定作用.     

红壤小流域不同利用方式氮磷流失特征研究

从红壤小流域坡地资源合理利用和保护的角度研究了不同利用方式土壤氮、磷流失的特征,结果表明：恢复保护性植被的试验区3,由于其水土流失量最低,氮、磷流失量最小。侵蚀严重的试验区5,由于水土失量最大,磷的流失量最大,但其有效磷、水溶性磷及氮素流失量低于不注重水土资源保持经营利用的试验区1、注重水土保持措施的试验区2和试验区4。由于采用了水土保持综合农林措施,有效地减轻了水土流失,试验区2和试验区4的土壤氮、磷流失量明显小于试验区1土壤氮、磷流失量,红壤小流域不同利用方式中水土保持综合措施能有效地控制土壤养分流失。2000年不同试验区土壤氮、磷的流失主要集中于5、6及8月份,其流失量占全年氮、磷流失量的90％以上,这与当地的降雨季节性分配特征有关。土壤氮、磷的坡面流失方式为推移质流失和径流流失,磷的流失形态主要为泥砂结合态,约占总磷流失量的70％以上。除试验区3以外,其它试验区泥沙结合态氮素的流失量大于水溶态氮素流失量。     

合肥近郊旱地土壤养分径流流失途径的研究

以合肥近郊旱作平地为实验观测区,选择土壤类型为黄褐土,地面坡度在3*以内,粮、油、棉、菜等不同作物组合和不同覆盖率的旱作耕地,对不同降雨强度下径流产生的时间、径流量及其中携带泥沙量进行长期实地观测和连续3年采样(水样和土样)分析,初步查明合肥近郊旱作平地表土和养分的流失与山地和坡地的流失行为显然不同,N、P、K有效养分流失量98%以上是通过"化学侵蚀”流失的;"物理侵蚀”是表土和土壤有机质流失的主要途径(占有机质流失总量的96.14%).     

厦门城市降雨径流氮、磷污染特征

以厦门岛为研究对象,通过收集代表性样点的降雨径流水样,研究了厦门城市降雨径流中氮、磷浓度及输出特征。结果表明,来源不同的城市降雨径流中氮、磷浓度差异较大,溶解态总氮、硝态氮、氨态氮与总磷的含量分别为1.96~6.77、0.62~4.89、0.35~1.18和0.04~0.66 mg.L-1。降雨过程中氮、磷浓度总体上呈下降趋势,氮浓度波动较大,磷相对稳定。城市降雨径流氮、磷污染受降雨强度、车流量等多种因素影响。城市道路、商住区及工业区径流中氮、磷浓度较高,是城市非点源污染的主要来源,因此对这些区域应重点控制管理。     

Curcuminoids as inhibitors of thioredoxin reductase: A receptor based pharmacophore study with distance mapping of the active site

Curcumin is the yellow pigment of turmeric that interacts irreversibly forming an adduct with thioredoxin reductase (TrxR), an enzyme responsible for redox control of cell and defence against oxidative stress. Docking at both the active sites of TrxR was performed to compare the potency of three naturally occurring curcuminoids, namely curcumin, demethoxy curcumin and bis-demethoxy curcumin. Results show that active sites of TrxR occur at the junction of E and F chains. Volume and area of both cavities is predicted. It has been concluded by distance mapping of the most active conformations that Se atom of catalytic residue SeCYS498, is at a distance of 3.56 from C13 of demethoxy curcumin at the E chain active site, whereas C13 carbon atom forms adduct with Se atom of SeCys 498. We report that at least one methoxy group in curcuminoids is necessary for interation with catalytic residues of thioredoxin. Pharmacophore of both active sites of the TrxR receptor for curcumin and demethoxy curcumin molecules has been drawn and proposed for design and synthesis of most probable potent antiproliferative synthetic drugs.     

A Unique Protease Cleavage Site Predicted in the Spike Protein of the Novel Pneumonia Coronavirus (2019-nCoV) Potentially Related to Viral Transmissibility

正Dear Editor,In December 2019, a novel human coronavirus caused an epidemic of severe pneumonia(Coronavirus Disease 2019,COVID-19) in Wuhan, Hubei, China(Wu et al. 2020; Zhu et al. 2020). So far, this virus has spread to all areas of China and even to other countries. The epidemic has caused 67,102 confirmed infections with 1526 fatal cases     

Comparative morphology of the carpel in the Liliaceae: Hewardieae, Petrosavieae, and Tricyrteae

The young pistils in the melanthioid tribes, Hewardieae, Petrosavieae and Tricyrteae, are uniformly tricarpellate and syncarpous. They lack raphide idioblasts. All are multiovulate, with bitegmic ovules. The Petrosavieae are marked by the presence of septal glands and incomplete syncarpy. Tepals and stamens adhere to the ovary in the Hewardieae and the Petrosavieae but not in the Tricyrteae. Two vascular bundles occur in the stamens of the Hewartlieae and Tricyrtis latifolia. Ventral bundles in the upper part of the ovary of the Hewardieae are continuous with compound septal bundles and placental bundles in the lower part. Putative ventral bundles occur in the alternate position in the Tricyrteae and putative placental bundles in the opposite. position in the Petrosavieae. The dichtomously branched stigma in each carpel of the Tricyrteae is supplied by a bifurcated dorsal bundle.     

Entwicklungsgeschichte und Ultrastruktur von Pollenkitt und Exine bei nahe verwandten entomophilen und anemophilen Angiospermensippen derAlismataceae,Liliaceae, Juncaceae,Cyperaceae, Poaceae undAraceae

Some closely related members of the monocotyledonous familiesAlismataceae, Liliaceae, Juncaceae, Cyperaceae, Poaceae andAraceae with variable modes of pollination (insect- and wind-pollination) were studied in relation to the ultrastructure of pollenkitt and exine (amount, consistency and distribution of pollenkitt on the surface of pollen grains). The character syndromes of pollen cementing in entomophilous, anemophilous and intermediate (ambophilous or amphiphilous) monocotyledons are the same in principal as in dicotyledons. Comparing present with former results one can summarize: 1) The pollenkitt is always produced in the same manner by the anther tapetum in all angiosperm sub-classes. 2) The variable stickiness of entomophilous and anemophilous pollen always depends on the particular distribution and consistency of the pollenkitt, but not its amount on the pollen surface. 3) The mostly dry and powdery pollen of anemophilous plants always contains a variable amount of inactive pollenkitt in its exine cavities. 4) A step-by step change of the pollen cementing syndrome can be observed from entomophily towards anemophily. 5) From the omnipresence of pollenkitt in all wind-pollinated angiosperms studied one can conclude that the ancestors of anemophilous angiosperms probably have been zoophilous (i.e. entomophilous) throughout.

     

Identification and Characterization of the First Equine Parainfluenza Virus 5

正Dear Editor,Parainfluenza virus 5 (PIV5), known as canine parainfluenza virus in the veterinary field, is a negative-sense,nonsegmented, single-stranded RNA virus belonging to the Paramyxoviridae family (Chen 2018). The virus was first reported in primary monkey kidney cells in 1954 (Hsiung1972), then it has been frequently discovered in various